Introduction:
“Dowrehs” were small, informal groups within the Second Pahlavi regime that were formed from the acquaintance of individuals with various social positions, but all of which were created through social capital and with the aim of earning rent and corruption; According to the operational definition of historical studies, dowrehs were small, informal groups throughout society that were linked through bonding social capital, such as family or friends, with a single goal for all members of the group, which was to gain political power or wealth through bonding social capital. They were connected, and due to the high levels of uncertainty due to the severe weakness of linking and bridging social capital in the second Pahlavi regime, participation in the dowrehs was an integral part of the characteristics of all people, especially the elites of the second Pahlavi government. It was not based on specific ideas or contracts, in a way, especially in the late second Pahlavi regime, it was anonymity, variable, completely profit-oriented and relationship-oriented. These dowrehs consisted of an average of 15 people, and their meetings were weekly for the masses and up to four times a week for the political and social elites.. (Azghandi, 1997; Miller, 1969; Zonis, 2008) The dowreh can be considered as a transformed and indigenous type of bonding and negative social capital, because “the existence of personal relations and a limited radius of trust is more relevant with negative consequences rather than distant and impersonal relations ”(Field, 2009) On the other hand, this negative quality of social capital is an alternative norm for bureaucratic neutrality and created strong relations to corruption and social relations based on particularism, To form political corruption with the inevitable help of the government. (Dellaporta & Vannucci, 2016) Therefore, in this article, we examine how the formation of dowrehs and their effect through the three types of social capital (linking, bonding and bridging) on corruption in the second Pahlavi regime and focus on how “dowrehs” As an elevated manifestation of the character of the second Pahlavi elites through bonding social capital, the lack of linking social capital and the lack of a bridging social capital were able to lay the groundwork for systematic corruption?

Method:
The approach of the descriptive-analytical article and research method is qualitative and based on document analysis during the second Pahlavi regime, which is done in line with the theoretical basis of the research; on the other hand, to achieve the objectives of the article, the innovative and combined model of this research is inspired by Huberts’s ecological approach to corruption, which means that in this model, four general Huberts factors including individual factors, individual factors and work relationships, institutional factors and environmental factors, first by bonding social capital and linking social capital and bridging social capital, and then we clarify how to lay the groundwork for corruption; but for this article, and according to the stated subject, we examine the “Dowreh” as an elevated manifestation of the character of the second Pahlavi elite, which was a kind of sequel to the amoral familism relations of the elites in the second Pahlavi era, which proves the existence of either the part of individual factors indicates the weakness of linking and bridging social capital and the strength of bonding social capital, which according to the model leads to corruption.



figure1-1: A simplified model of how corruption occurs in terms of social capital

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Source: Theoretical findings of the research
Findings:
The most important findings of this article emphasize that advancing things with personal relationships were common among the people, especially the second Pahlavi elite; some of the ruling political elites during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, without having a traditional landlord background, promoted themselves to key positions “thus, in the absence of effective political parties, the Dowreh system was an alternative period used by Iranian politicians to discuss, organize, and communicate with their followers.” ”(Miller, 1969) very influential Dowrehs, high financial and personnel facilities and large organizations were under their supervision. There were several other Dowrehs that engaged in attracting and training elites, including the Amini’s Dowreh, the Qureshi’s Dowreh, the Mansour’s Dowreh, the Motaraghi’s Dowreh, the Seyed Jafar Behbahani Friends’ Dowreh , the Dowreh of Hossein Ferdost and the Dowreh of Manouchehr Iqbal and ... (Azghandi, 1997) Individuals within the Dowrehs enjoyed various rents and personal relationships; For example, most cabinet members came from within the Dowreh; a clear and interesting example of this fact can be obtained from the study of Mansour’s Dowreh, because most of the members of his cabinet and then the cabinets of Amir Abbas Hoveyda were members of Mansour’s Dowreh. This intensified in such a way that at the beginning of the twentieth century, the role of political eras was described as follows: “It is to enrich its members as much as possible, before the political wheel puts an end to their power.” (Zonis, 2008) Therefore, our findings indicate that in the second Pahlavi regime, social capital in any form has an effective relationship with corruption through the “Dowreh”, but whether this relationship is positive or negative varies depending on the type and nature of social capital; therefore, it should be said that the “absence” of linking social capital associated with corruption has a positive relationship and the “absence” of bridging social capital has a positive relationship with corruption, and in the other direction, the “existence” of bonding social capital linked to corruption has a positive and direct relationship.
Discussion:
The existence of the Dowrehs signaled that there was no way forward for everyday life other than particularized relations and the use of bonding social capital, and that this made the circle of loyalty of individuals to their acquaintances larger than the circle of their loyalty to the national community thus institutional roles and social relations had become a tool for complying with non-institutional, specific, and short-term demands, which led to systematic corruption because the existence of Dowrehs promoted particularized trust and weakened institutional and generalized trust, and on the other hand reduced the symmetry of social relations and reduced the density of social relations. The general solutions to prevent this complex and counter-development situation are to increase the radius of trust and to create structures and norms for the transition from bonding social capital to linking and bridging social capital; but in more detail, one of the ways to create a norm and cognitive social capital can be considered as reforming the educational system, and one of the existing ways to create structures and structural social capital can be considered as fundamental reforms in judicial, political and economic institutions. Confidence in the sustainability and impartiality of institutions is formed, and in the short term it can be considered as strengthening the capacity and scale of local organizations, decentralization, creating free economic zones, granting civil liberties and transparency.
Ethical considerations
Contribution of authors
All of authors were involved in writing this article.
Financial Resources
In order to publish the article ,it has not received direct or indirect financial support
from any organization.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Following Principles of Research Ethics
we have obeyed all of research principles including piracy ,manipulation etc




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