Volume 22, Issue 85 (8-2022)
refahj 2022, 22(85): 181-220 |
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Atefifar H, Agajani Marsa H, Mohseni Tabrizi A. (2022). Analysis of Patterns of Interventions to Prevent High-risk Behaviors in Families. refahj. 22(85), 181-220.
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3933-en.html
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3933-en.html
Keywords: Family-based Prevention, Family, Care Strategies, High-risk Behaviors, Social Health, Care, Grounded Theory.
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Introduction: Families are constantly trying to protect their members from engaging in risky behaviors. Behaviors that are increasingly common among adolescents and young adults. High-risk behaviors are behaviors related to public welfare that are associated with unintended consequences (Richter, 2010). The most common high-risk behaviors among adolescents according to Rashid’s (2015) research are hookah experience, smoking, sex, violence, and the experience of drinking alcohol. The prevalence of high-risk behaviors disrupts family continuity and community health (Niazi et al., 2017). Sociological harms can include the reduction of social ties, disruption of social order, creating more gaps between age and gender groups in society. Iran’s situation in social harms is among the most vulnerable countries and it has reached a critical state (Nourbakhsh, 2017).
The main and fundamental goal of this research is to understand the social world and the facts made by families in preventing the family from the occurrence and prevalence of high-risk behaviors. An analysis of family protection strategies, schemes, knowledge and ways to protect families can be effective in better understanding of existing gaps and future research and study needs. Rising concerns about the use of drugs, psychotropic drugs, alcohol, and high-risk behaviors in general require research to improve family care strategies.The findigs of Rogers and McKinney’s (2019) study showed that internal problems predict the relationship between parents, the quality of child relationships, and high-risk behaviors (Rogers & McKinney, 2019); findings of Pinheiro et al.’s (2020) research , Conducted with the participation of Brazilian adolescents, indicate a reduction in high-risk behaviors in pursuit of religious beliefs and a better quality of life (Pinheiro et al., 2020); Demir-Dagdas and Child’s (2019) study explains that in youth and adults, religious affiliation predicts lower alcohol and marijuana use (Demir-Dagdas & Child, 2019); another study by Marsiglia et al. (2016) in Mexico found that parental cultural differences were associated with high-risk youth behaviors (parental cultural differences lead to family differences and gaps in parental supervision decisions) (Marsiglia et al., 2016); According to research by Lippold et al. (2019) it was found that incompatibility of parental knowledge increases high-risk behaviors in Teenage girls (Lippold et al., 2015).
A study examined the literature on families about family efficacy and risky adolescent behaviors; Kao et al.’s (2014) study showed that family efficacy (ability to manage different situations in the family) is related to the level of high-risk behaviors (Kao et al., 2014). Baker and Vellman’s studies show a relationship between family interaction and the amount of alcohol consumed. Also, the role of family relationships with abstinence alcohol and drugs explains (Baker & Vellman, 2014).
Method: This qualitative study has a hermeneutic and constructive-interpretive paradigm and hermeneutic and constructive-interpretive paradigm and in-depth and semi-structured interviews were used as data collection techniques. The interview was conducted in three different time periods in order to collect additional data (Babbie, 2011) and to obtain theoretical saturation, especially to increase the validity of the data.
To analyze the data, grounded theory method, with open, axial and selective coding process has been used in order to analyze the data and achieve the final theory. The participants included families from Tabriz and sampling was done through purposeful sampling and with the participation of 26 families, theoretical saturation was achieved.
Findings: The purpose of data analysis is to discover patterns between data, patterns that refer to the theoretical cognitions of social life (Babbie, 2011). The main structure of data analysis was based on coding. The purpose of data coding is to categorize or formulate a theory (Flick, 2012).
The coding operation was performed in three ways: open, axial, and selective; The open code extracted from each interview consisted of an average of 24 independent sentences, five sentences and 272 words. After open coding, by searching for analytical concepts of data, subcategories were extracted and compared with each other and, if necessary, connected and merged between them. The main categories were obtained by data mining and construction and meaning mining on the subcategories. The main categories are given in the table below:
Findings from selective coding lead us to a theoretical model, a triple model for explaining the rules of family care against high-risk behaviors: 1. Inefficient care strategy (lacking effective strategy); 2. Impulsive care strategy; 3. Process care strategy.
Discussion: Thoughts, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and family literature make fundamental decisions and strategies in caring for high-risk behaviors. Care strategies are created, nurtured, and developed under the influence of the thoughts, attitudes, and experiences of all family members. In families that do not have the ability to make decisions to deal with important and long-term issues such as high-risk behaviors, no strategy will be created. Effective care strategies are shaped by education and socialization. Each type of care strategy has a set of characteristics, causes and underlying factors of formation; feeling of helplessness is the most important feature of an inefficient care strategy model. Impulsive and emotion are among the characteristics of immediate strategy and the most important features of process care strategy are family cohesion, intimacy, creativity and predictive power in the family and high level of self-confidence.
The most important underlying factors for the formation of each of the care strategies are:
Socialization rate, quality of family cohesion, power structure, intimacy status, religious affiliation and socio-economic status (SES) of the family.
Basic-skills training for parents (Guastaferro et al., 2021) can improve the strategic level of the family in the field of care (Mohseni Tabrizi, 2017); It is also recommended to provide cultural-educational interventions to increase family intimacy and cohesion (such as group sports programs for family members, implementation of dialogue-based programs and expression of emotions between family members to improve the level of care strategy. Research by Han et al. (2012) confirms similar activities to improve the level of intimacy and affection (Han et al., 2012).
Ethical Considerations
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed in producing of the research
Funding
The present study did not have any sponsors.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Follow the ethics of research
In this article, all rights relating to references are cited and resources are carefully
Introduction: Families are constantly trying to protect their members from engaging in risky behaviors. Behaviors that are increasingly common among adolescents and young adults. High-risk behaviors are behaviors related to public welfare that are associated with unintended consequences (Richter, 2010). The most common high-risk behaviors among adolescents according to Rashid’s (2015) research are hookah experience, smoking, sex, violence, and the experience of drinking alcohol. The prevalence of high-risk behaviors disrupts family continuity and community health (Niazi et al., 2017). Sociological harms can include the reduction of social ties, disruption of social order, creating more gaps between age and gender groups in society. Iran’s situation in social harms is among the most vulnerable countries and it has reached a critical state (Nourbakhsh, 2017).
The main and fundamental goal of this research is to understand the social world and the facts made by families in preventing the family from the occurrence and prevalence of high-risk behaviors. An analysis of family protection strategies, schemes, knowledge and ways to protect families can be effective in better understanding of existing gaps and future research and study needs. Rising concerns about the use of drugs, psychotropic drugs, alcohol, and high-risk behaviors in general require research to improve family care strategies.The findigs of Rogers and McKinney’s (2019) study showed that internal problems predict the relationship between parents, the quality of child relationships, and high-risk behaviors (Rogers & McKinney, 2019); findings of Pinheiro et al.’s (2020) research , Conducted with the participation of Brazilian adolescents, indicate a reduction in high-risk behaviors in pursuit of religious beliefs and a better quality of life (Pinheiro et al., 2020); Demir-Dagdas and Child’s (2019) study explains that in youth and adults, religious affiliation predicts lower alcohol and marijuana use (Demir-Dagdas & Child, 2019); another study by Marsiglia et al. (2016) in Mexico found that parental cultural differences were associated with high-risk youth behaviors (parental cultural differences lead to family differences and gaps in parental supervision decisions) (Marsiglia et al., 2016); According to research by Lippold et al. (2019) it was found that incompatibility of parental knowledge increases high-risk behaviors in Teenage girls (Lippold et al., 2015).
A study examined the literature on families about family efficacy and risky adolescent behaviors; Kao et al.’s (2014) study showed that family efficacy (ability to manage different situations in the family) is related to the level of high-risk behaviors (Kao et al., 2014). Baker and Vellman’s studies show a relationship between family interaction and the amount of alcohol consumed. Also, the role of family relationships with abstinence alcohol and drugs explains (Baker & Vellman, 2014).
Method: This qualitative study has a hermeneutic and constructive-interpretive paradigm and hermeneutic and constructive-interpretive paradigm and in-depth and semi-structured interviews were used as data collection techniques. The interview was conducted in three different time periods in order to collect additional data (Babbie, 2011) and to obtain theoretical saturation, especially to increase the validity of the data.
To analyze the data, grounded theory method, with open, axial and selective coding process has been used in order to analyze the data and achieve the final theory. The participants included families from Tabriz and sampling was done through purposeful sampling and with the participation of 26 families, theoretical saturation was achieved.
Findings: The purpose of data analysis is to discover patterns between data, patterns that refer to the theoretical cognitions of social life (Babbie, 2011). The main structure of data analysis was based on coding. The purpose of data coding is to categorize or formulate a theory (Flick, 2012).
The coding operation was performed in three ways: open, axial, and selective; The open code extracted from each interview consisted of an average of 24 independent sentences, five sentences and 272 words. After open coding, by searching for analytical concepts of data, subcategories were extracted and compared with each other and, if necessary, connected and merged between them. The main categories were obtained by data mining and construction and meaning mining on the subcategories. The main categories are given in the table below:
| Main categories | |||
| Attribution to a pure and noble family | Providing all needs | Affective interactions | Prohibition and creation of social restrictions |
| Self-care & Self-control skills | Parental monitoring and control | Impact of friends and peers | Verbal expression and advice |
Findings from selective coding lead us to a theoretical model, a triple model for explaining the rules of family care against high-risk behaviors: 1. Inefficient care strategy (lacking effective strategy); 2. Impulsive care strategy; 3. Process care strategy.
The most important underlying factors for the formation of each of the care strategies are:
Socialization rate, quality of family cohesion, power structure, intimacy status, religious affiliation and socio-economic status (SES) of the family.
Basic-skills training for parents (Guastaferro et al., 2021) can improve the strategic level of the family in the field of care (Mohseni Tabrizi, 2017); It is also recommended to provide cultural-educational interventions to increase family intimacy and cohesion (such as group sports programs for family members, implementation of dialogue-based programs and expression of emotions between family members to improve the level of care strategy. Research by Han et al. (2012) confirms similar activities to improve the level of intimacy and affection (Han et al., 2012).
Ethical Considerations
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed in producing of the research
Funding
The present study did not have any sponsors.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Follow the ethics of research
In this article, all rights relating to references are cited and resources are carefully
Type of Study: orginal |
Received: 2021/07/20 | Accepted: 2022/04/24 | Published: 2022/08/8
Received: 2021/07/20 | Accepted: 2022/04/24 | Published: 2022/08/8
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Social Welfare Quarterly
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