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The psychological effects and mental health issues in natural disaster is one of the most important affairs which have got less attention. There have been a great amount of health and social policies confronting with these physicaly and financially problems. This selection deals with the importance 'of mental health in natural disasters and the lack of psychiatrits psychologists and counselors skillful in these fields. International and domestic researches, observation results in different earthquake areas and performng clinical interviews, all together result in inevitable harms to minds and feelings in natural disasters. It is obvious that the presence ol' officials, psychologists psychiatrits, and social workers will be of great advantage in face to face speaking with and providing supports for persons afflicted by natural disasters.

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Having a positive approach toward the affairs also involves a comprehensive and systematic one in order to represent suitable solutions coincided with social realities. Under the current situations, one of them is called Social Capital which is refered as Missing Link . Although this term doesn’t have any background in social literature, but its importance and usage in almost any field of social science have got a special level and its expansion is visible in the field of Mental Health.

This article is involved with answering questions such as:

!supportLists]-->1-    How can social capital provide a context for mental health promotion in individual, group and social relationships?

!supportLists]-->2-     How should these projects and plans be modified by the concept of social capital?

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This study tests the validity of two significant theory of unemployee's mental health. The first theory latent deprivation model proposed by Jahoba argved that paid work provided both manifest and latent functions that associated with financial income and psychological needs respectively. The second theory is the agency restriction model, considered individuals to be ‘socially embedded agents striving for purposeful deter- mination.

Participants were assessed on measures of psychological distress, the latent functions of employment, financial strain, neuroticism and a measure of labour market satisfaction. Results show that latent functions of employment and financial strain were able to contribute to variance of psychological distress. Findings are related to former mentioned theories.

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Considering the importance, complexity, and the scope of mental health programs in Iran, it is certainly impossible to provide a comprehensive overview of these programs in one article. However, a brief review of these programs can help to illustrate the accomplishments of the programs and to identify the mental health needs of the country and the challenges to be met. The aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of the history of mental health movement in Iran and attempt has been made to review the changes, progresses, achievements, needs, and the current challenges. Reviewing the history of the mental health in Iran indicates that over the past 50 years, significant progress has been made in the field of mental health. The most important accomplishment in this regard has been the integration of mental health into primary health care. The success of this program has resulted in the acceptance of this program as a model proram for the other countries in the region. In addition, significant progress has been made in other areas as well, including, child and adolescent mental health, suicide prevention, drug abuse treatment, and provision of mental health services in natural disasters. However, in spite of these achievements, there remain many problems and deficits which require serious and continuous efforts, cooperation of general public and the mental health professionals, public and non-governmental organizations. In addition, considering the complexity and the scope of the issue of mental health, improvement in the administrative structure of the mental health system and supporting research projects aimed at evaluating the mental health programs are necessary.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mental health of adolescents and young people in Tehran. The sample included 464 girls and boys from age 15-30 years. The GHQ-28 scale designed by Goldberg and Hiller (1979) used for screening the mental illness people from normal ones. This test composed of 4 subscales: anxiety disorder, somatoform disorder, social dysfunction and depression disorder. The result of this study indicates that 29.3 percent of people have mental illness, and there is a significant difference between males and Females and between single people and married people. Also there is a correlation between age and mental health and the most prevalence disorder is social dysfunction.

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Objective: Divorce as a phenomenon leading to instability of the families can affect children’s life in different aspects, and have been studied in different researches. This study is on mental health and self-esteem of children from intact families, children under paternal custody and children under maternal custody. Method: In this study ninety students (boys) in three groups of thirty from Islamshahr junior high schools were chosen (boys under paternal custody and boys under maternal custody and boys from intact families) and careful attention was paid to matching The tools in this study were Cooper Smith self-esteem questionnaire (adolescence form) and General health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Findings: The result demonstrated a higher degree of self-esteem and mental health in children from intact families then in children from divorced families (both for paternal custody or maternal custody). Taking about self-esteem although, there weren't any considerable differences between boys under paternal custody and those who were under maternal custody, but the total of mental health score in the second group (e.g. boys under maternal custody) was more than the former one. Furthermore, the subscales in the first group have gotten higher ranks.

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Objective: The present study was designed for prediction of adolescents risk behaviors on the basis of positive & negative mental health. For this purpose 6 domains of risk behaviors were studied: violence, suicide, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, substance abuse and unsafe sexual relationship. Method: Subjects were included 385 adolescents (197 girls & 188 boys) 14 -16years old that were students in grade one to three of high schools in region 5 of Tehran in 83-84 educational year. In order to collect the data, demographic characteristic questionnaire, GHQ-28, psychological well-being scale (p.w.s) and risk behaviors checklist were used. Findings: The findings indicate that there is significant difference in most of positive and negative mental health indicators between adolescents with risk behaviors and those haven’t. Result: The results of this research demonstrated that both of positive and negative mental health's involve in incidence of adolescent risk behaviors. Therefore both of dimensions of mental health should be paid attention for designing of preventive interventions.

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Objectives: Employment Commitment reflects the degree to which a person wants to be engaged in paid employment. The aim of current study is to investigate interaction between employment commitment and employment status in affecting psychological distress. It was hypothesized that correlations between employment commitment and psychology distress are negative for employed respondents and positive for unemployed. School leavers, after first year in high school, participated in this study and responded to instruments in 3 years of their adult working lives. Method: Research instruments have been General Health Questionnaire and Employment Commitment. Conclusion: Findings confirm this hypothesis that the employed and unemployed respondents show reliable differences in the form of the relationship between employment commitment and psychological distress.

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Objective: The purpose of this scientometric study was a quantitative analysis of mental health research concerning women in Iran. All scientific papers published in a 30year - period (1973-2002), in both national as well as international scientific journals, were brought into consideration for this study. Method: Articles are indexed in the "Databank for Iranian Mental Health Researches (IranPsych)". The articles in which the samples or the main subjects were females, considered as mental health in women. Authors assessed these studies for the following data: year of publication and language, specific fields and subject topics, research design, location of data collection, financial supports, gender and academic degree and the status of collaboration among authors. Findings: Out Of 3031 articles, 239 (%7.9) were related to mental health in women. Most have been published in general medical journals and the overall trend of publications shows arise. The first authors in two - third of the articles were women and the most common area of research was psychology. The most common research topic was psychological factors affecting medical condition, especially gynecological and obstetrical problems. There were a few articles about old age female mental health or occupational mental health. There were no mental health professionals among the authors of 20% of the articles. Results: It is suggested that collaboration should increase among mental health groups and other clinicians. Subject topics about women in rural area, health service, occupational mental health and elderly female need further research.

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Objectives: Today, Problems such as poverty, failure in education, unsuitable living milieu, high degree of insecurity in society including violence and collisions, and misfortunes in personal life such as parents' divorce, losing job and coercive migration are among the factors that severely affect student's health. Based on the concepts presented by the scholars, adaptation to new environment, conformity with the society, participation in civil and collective activities and a feeling of being responsible are considered as the basic characteristics of mental health. This article is intended to study the correlation between social capital and psychic health among students of Tehran and Shiraz universities. Method: In order to measure the social capital, the three indexes of social trust, social support and social participation are utilized the research method is survey, making use of questionnaire. The population under study are students of the universities of Tehran and Shiraz. In order to facilitate and accelerate the research process and to save time and cost, it was inevitable to select 500 samples from the statistical population, making use of line table and the systematic randomization method. In this research, a Cranach is made use of for reliability, and external validity for safety of the validity of the questionnaire. For testing the hypotheses, the statistical methods of coefficient of correlative and variance analysis are utilized. Moreover, for measuring the research model, the Discriminate Analysis technique is utilized. Findings: The data marks that social participation as an index of social capital has the most significant correlation with the psychic health among the students from the two universities. While the index of social support among the students of Shiraz University has been higher than that among the students of TehranUniversity, the index of social trust among the students of Tehran University has been higher than that among the students of Tehran University. Research findings also show a significant correlation between the variables of job, marital status and gender and psychic health. Results: Results of the research emphasize on interaction trust, financial, mental-social support, self-esteem, family network and the participation in the host society, to maintain their mental health. The results of this study show that students with high level of social capital would be more likely to enjoy mental health and adapt to the new cultural situation. Berry has also addressed the role of social capital and the existence of supportive networks in facilitating acculturation. He believes that higher social capital cause higher levels of mental health and quality of life.

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Objective: The aim of this present study was to evaluate mental health status of professional and unprofessional drivers in road car accidents resulted to severe human damage or death (serious accidents) in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 453 drivers who were condemned in mentioned car accidents, using convenient sampling method. The study was conducted from March, 2006 to December, 2006. The fields of study were road police stations, all through the country. Evaluation was done within the first 24 hour of accident. All drivers completed a demographic questionnaire and revised form of Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90-R). We used Farsi version of SCL-90-R which has reliability of 80-97%. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation (SD) and frequency), chi square test and T test for independent samples. We calculated odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence interval (CI), as indicated. Type I error (&alpha) was set at 0.05. Findings: There was not any statistically significant different between professional and unprofessional drivers in SCL-90-R subscales. Mean (±SD) Global Symptom Index (GSI) in professional and unprofessional drivers was 0.86±0.58 and 0.86±0.55, respectively. In addition, GSI was higher than cut of point for normal Iranian population (0.81) for both groups. Totally, 209 drivers (46.1%) had GSI higher than 0.81. Odds ratio (OR) for having GSI higher than 0.81 for professional groups was 0.904 (95% CI: 0.566-1.444). Mean (±SD) Positive Symptom Total (PST) scores in professional was 45.8±24.5 and in unprofessional was 47.7±22.9. Mean (±SD) Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI) in two groups were 1.6±0.43 and 1.5±0.42, respectively. There was not any statistically significant difference between two groups, according to these three scores. In both groups, the mean score for paranoid ideation, obsession and compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity and depression subscales were higher than other subscales. Sixty-three of 106 drivers who hah history of previous serious car accident and 43 of 335 individuals who had not such history had GSI higher than 0.81 (p=0.001). OR was 2.12 (95% CI: 1.36-3.30). OR for having higher GSI among who used medicines related to sleepiness was 2.01 (95% CI: 1.14-3.53). Results: The study shows that mental health problems and using medicine (especially sedatives and hypnotics) may result in higher probability of serious car accidents. It seems that intervention in such domains may be beneficial to prevent such accidents.

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Objective: The main objective of this study is to explore the relationship between "emotional perceived social support" and "mental health". Furthermore, the present study seeks to investigate the direct and indirect effects of gender, religiosity, and social class (as sources of social support), as well as social support, on mental health status. Method: The study has been conducted via survey method and data collected by self-administered questionnaire. The universe of the study was students of the Mazandaran University, and 400 students were chosen through proportional stratified random sampling. Mental health status is measured by SCL-25 and social support is measured by the multidimensional scale of perceived social support by Zimet (1988). Findings: Almost one third of the students recognized as having proper mental health. More than half of the students received high level of social support, and family was its most important source followed by important others and friends. Female and those who were belonged to higher social class enjoyed the higher levels of social support. Furthermore, there was a direct, significant relationship between perceived social support and mental health, and gender difference in the rate of mental health is proved, showing that the male students enjoyed better mental health status than females. The relations of social class and religiosity with mental health of students were not significant. Also, gender, social class, and religiosity were associated with perceived social support. Finally, applying multivariate regression analysis, it has been appeared that the rate of students’ mental health was under direct influence of such variables as perceived social support and gender. Furthermore, such variables as social class and religiosity had indirect effects on mental health, through increasing social support. However, perceived social support was the strongest predictor of the students’ mental health. Conclusion: Enjoying high level of social support is a source of proper mental health. With respect to findings of this study, it is necessary that policy makers, focus on ways of promoting social support and religious beliefs, and pay more attention to mental health issues among female and lower social class students to increase their coping skills.

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Objective: In Iranian society, women as half of the population play an important role in employment and social development. Hence, addressing the issue of women’s working and its relationship with their health status is inevitable. On the other hand, evidence suggests that in addition to medical interventions, health depends on socioeconomic conditions like job classifications. Method: It’s a cross-sectional study on 160 women working in welfare centers in Tehran. Participants were recruited using a multistage cluster method. To measure the variables, checklist of personal data with demographic variables and General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) were used. Findings: Between mental health and job classification, there was a significant correlation (p<0.005). Comparing job classifications on a one-to-one basis showed a significant difference in mental health between manager and expert women, so that, managers had less mental health than experts. Conclusion: Managers and policy makers of organizations, as well as health planners, should pay more attention to job which seems to be a social determinant of women’s mental health.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of cognitive behavioral group training of life skills on mental health of women with handicapped spouses in Isfahan. The study was experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. Participants included 80 women with handicapped spouses in Isfahan who were supported by Welfare Organization. These women selected with random sampling and randomly assigned in groups. Measurement instrument was GHQ-28. The results suggested significant differences (F=84.19, p=.001) between the groups, indicating that cognitive behavioral group training of life skills had significant effects on mental health of women with handicapped spouses.

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Introduction: Different approaches had identified different explanations about the causes mental diseases incidence. The biological and psychological approaches believe that it is a physiological stressful conditions or childhood experiences. Whereas, the sociological schools believe that the main factor of these diseases are unequal social structures, social roles, absence of social supporting sources and social capital. Litlerature review The studies show that increasing the level of mistrust leads to decrease the level of social commitment, social cooperation and increase in the social pathologies. Social capital declines the effect of negative events in life (such as losing job or family problems) and will make the long – run problems (such as long – run mental and physical diseases) tolerable. this research reviews sociological approaches to the social capital and health, to detect the mechanism in which social capital affect mental health to the theoretical (causative and interactive)related to the topic. The findings based on the literature reviews show that social capital, social and supportive networks lead to feel well, decrease anxiety (stress), increase the strengthen of defensive system of the body and finally improve the mental health. conclusion This study attempt to detect the mechanism in which mental health is affected by social capital regarding interactive models and theoretical models (causative – linear) includes the models in the macro, median and micro levels. Finally theoretical models of Nan Lin and James Colman were chose as the final models which could study these two variables in the median level.

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Intorduction: Mental health is the main part of social welfare and the social capital is an important variable for wellbeing and social health. Results of some studies show that, in Iran, women have higher level of psychological disorder and lower social capital than men. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between social capital and mental health in women and men. Method: to analyze the relation, we implement a survey on a sample of 300 persons working for ministry of education. Was selected The instrument applied in this research was Goldberg mental health inventory. Three indicators including social confidence, social support and social participation applied to measure social capital. Finding:There was a significant relationship between social capital and mental health. Also there were significant differences between women and men. The finding of multiple regression showed that social participation, social support, personal trust, generalized trust, gender and age, explained %40 of mental health’s variance. conclusion: Our findings determine gender-specific limitation of social capital as a resource for mental health. a Finding which needs more attention infuture studies.

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Introduction: due to the fact that the negative effects of burnout on human resources, paying attention to this phenomena is increasing among managers. Meta-analysis, with integrating the result of different studies, determines the effect size of relationship between burnout and mental health. Method: In this study, by using meta-analysis method, the effects of relationship between burnout and burnout's dimensions (Emotional exhaustion, Depersonalization, Reduced personal accomplishment) was studied. So among 16studies, 10 studies which methodologically accepted were selected and meta-analysis was done on it. The research tool was meta-analysis checklist. Finding: Burnout has high relation with mental health(R= -0/514). Emotional exhaustion relation with mental health is higher than average(R= -0.445). Depersonalization relation with mental health is average(R= -0.344). And reduced personal accomplishment relation with mental health is lower than average( R=-0.275). Discussion: Integrating result shows that burnout has high relation with mental health.

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Introduction: The objectives of millennium development goals basically are about health topics, nondiscrimination and equality, especially gender equality. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between dimensions of gender inequalities perception and mental health among employed women. Method: In this study a non-experimental, co-relational research design was used to determine the relation between variables. The population of the study was employed women in Social Security Organization in Hamedan. 202 women were selected by stratified sampling method. The perception of gender inequality was measured by questionnaire and the validated Iranian version of the GHQ is used for measuring of mental health. For analyzing data Pearson's correlation was used. Findings: Results showed 44.6% of women had the lowest mental disorders and 45.1% of population expressed their sense of gender inequality high and very high levels. Discussion: There was a positive significant relationship between gender inequalities perception, it's dimensions, and mental health as the less felt of the gender inequality had better individual’s mental health.

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of components of social capital on the mental health of slum dwellers living in the slums of Arzanan and Zeinabieh. Coleman's and Putnam's point of views were used as the theoretical base and W.H.O. 28-item General Health Questionnaire was used to measure mental health. Methods: This study is a survey research and the technique of data collection has been questionnaire. The research population consisted of all the residents of Arzanan and Zeinabieh regions of Isfahan who were 16 years old and above, whom 357 individuals, were selected via a cluster sampling technique. The independent variables consisted of trust, participation in local activities and organizations, social solidarity, and informal norms. The dependent variable has been mental health. Findings: The findings have shown the mean of trust has been 2.62 and participation is 2.63, which were below the theoretical average of 3. The mean for solidarity was 3.21 and for informal norms was 3.06, which were above the theoretical average of 3. The mean for mental health was also 3.06. Discussion: The results indicated that trust (r=0.115), social solidarity (r=0.187), and informal norms (r=0.289) were significantly related to mental health. There was no such relation between participation or age and mental health. Regression analysis showed that social capital could explain about 13.5 percent of the variance of mental health.

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Introduction: Adaptive ways of coping with stress are as a major component of mental health. The aim of this community based participatory study is to investigate the coping mechanisms in married women in order to develop appropriate intervention programs to promote mental health.

 

Method: This is a descriptive study which investigates the coping mechanisms in 200 married women 18-65 who residents in district 22 of Tehran based on random sampling and participatory approach. The tool is Folkman and Lazarus’ way of coping questionnaire.

 

Findingss: Most ways used to deal with stress, was planful problem solving and less wise methods used by participants was confronting coping. In 50% of cases, the married women used emotion based coping. Also, there was difference between educational stage and the number of children and some ways of coping.

 

Discussion: It seems that, implementing an appropriate interventions program related to adaptive ways of coping dealing to stress is effective in mental health and quality of life promotion.