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Introduction: Reliability and tranquility for human in the face of dangers and diseases have a big influence on private life and growth of social and economic society. The common insurance in Iran is health insurance that exists in two kinds:

 

Basic health insurance and complementary insurance. With the growth of technology and high costs of treatment, it seems more appropriate that health insurance is needed in Iran, thus, Iran's health is promoting.

 

Method: Data has been collected from reputable internal and external resources and internet. American's Dollar is used for comparing financial data.

 

Findings: Situation of health system and non-life insurance in Iran have been studied and compared with world, a number of developed countries, Islamic and middle East countries.

 

Discussion: A model for developing health complementary insurance in Iran has been presented.

 

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Introduction: Family physician program is one of the most important policies that has been proposed in the past decade in the field of health system. Hence the importance and necessity of  studying it originate from the importance and the status of health in development and welfare of a society. Therefore, this study  aims to investigate  the status and the process of the implementation of the Family Physician Program in Iran's health system. This study answers these questions that what is the  historical, legal and execution background of family physician program? And what are the challenges and obstacles to implement this program?

Method: This research was a  qualitative study applying the purposive sampling method . .Data were collected through applying interview and document analysis techniques. The data drawn by interview were analyzed using content analysis, which was  based on coding.

Results: Concurrent with detecting  the historical, legal and execution  background of the family physician program, executive barriers were identified   based on four categories: “dependency of plans to person and the impact of management and government changes on the national program”, “challenges emanating from the way  the tenth government supports  family physician program”, “cultural challenges” and “illegality and lack of political determination and commitment of senior officials”.

Discussion: Family physician program that has been gradually introduced in the health system since 2002 should have been implemented across Iran, according to the existing law such as the fourth and fifth development plans. However, in practice  its implementation  was limited to villages and two provinces of Fars and Mazandaran and with different procedures . This study showed that many of the economic, social, political and cultural conditions  which had a key role in the success or failure of any program and should be taken into account in policy making were not satisfied.

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Introduction: Since one of the main areas of understanding of social policy, and that of health policy, is the attention to how the government focuses on the economic, social, political, and cultural development of the country; therefore, it can be traced to its development through the evolution of countries. This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the changes in the health system of Iran during development and development programs before and after the 1979 revolution.
Method: The present study was conducted using a comparative method with qualitative content analysis technique based on data collection from valid sources related to the health system in Iran (including medicine, health, etc.) ,the text of development programs ,evaluations , andrelated reports. In this way, the success or failure of development and development programs before and after the Islamic Revolution was compared to achieve social policy objectives, including health policy, and the impact of previous programs on future policies and programs. The research data were extracted from first-hand sources, second-hand sources,  previous evaluation, and research reports, and they were analyzed using the basic concepts of institutionalization approach.
Findings: In addition to analyzing the impact of developmental plans and development on the changes in the health system, and showing the trend of these changes, the differences and similarities between developmental plans and their impact on health system orientation were counted.
The main difference in the planning of the two study periods is the orientation of the established governments; in the government of Pahlavi and modernization of the country happened based on the nation-state andlarge-scale decisions and policies, but in the government of the Islamic Republic, establishing social justice is the basis of large-scale policy making and the welfare of the people. It is also part of the realization of these goals. Another difference is that there was not a long history of programming in Pahlavi era and strategies for achieving goals, and development plans were often conducted with the guidance and involvement of European and American experts and planners. Moreover,hardware infrastructures, such as asphalt roads and railways, appropriate communication facilities, and software infrastructures, such as the level of education and desire to participate in the advancement of programs are very insignificant, and this impediment has been an obstacle to many of the development goals, especially in the field of health.. However, in the post-revolutionary period  due to the particular circumstances of the revolution, the thinking of the mid-term planning was abandoned (the sixth development plan was generally ignored), and attempts to approve the development plan had not survived until 1988, but development plans one after the other was developed internally by experts and, in some cases, by modeling afterother countries. Besides, the required hardware and software infrastructure was provided to a large extent, and implementation of health and medical programs was facilitated more easily.  the planning differences in the two pre and post-revolutionary phases is related to foreign relations and international conditions. In the second half of the year, with the exception of the short period after the nationalization of the oil industry, there was little international pressure on Iran’s economy. After 1332 the American influence onIran’s politics and economy, and financial advisers hasalways been advocating for a dependence on the United States after implementing the policies of the White Revolution. After the 1357 revolution, consideringthe anti-capitalist ideology of the revolutionary architect from the very first days of opposition to the United States and other influential countries, such as the Soviet ::::::::::::::union:::::::::::::: and the United Kingdom beganas a result. After the revolution,the country has always been subject to international tensions and pressures. The imposition of eight years of war, the confiscation of the properties of the state and the Iranian people in the United States, the adoption of a variety of economic, scientific, and military sanctions, and ultimately, the boycott of Iranian oil purchases over the past decade have been examples of the measures that have always been an obstacle to the implementation of development and justice promotion programs.
The most important similarity of development planning and social policy before and after the revolution is the dependence of the program resources on the proceeds from the sale of oil, which is the main component of the development and development costs of oil money, and ithas two major consequences for the health system: The formation of the rentier government, the reduction of government accountability to the public ,the creation of uncertainty in the provision of resources for development programs, and the failure to implement many social policies, including health policies. The other similarity of the administrative system before and after the revolution is thatthe scope of the government’s involvement in the administration of state affairs and recruitment has had its roots in both corruption and ineffective administration. Finally, as it is the case in many developing countries, the share of health financing has been very low, and the efforts made to transfer part of health care to the private sector have not been so successful; hence, allocating more funding to the health sector can help improve the health of the people.
Discussion: After seven decades of development planning in Iran, despite the advances and changesmade in the health sector, equity in health, especially in the treatment sector, has not yet been achieved, and inequalities in access to health servicesstill exists, and its cost is high and has increased over the past decade, partly due to rising health care costs and the other part because of lower income levels and an increase in the gap between income groups, which is not reflected in the objectives of development plans in other headings, especially the economic headline. Therefore, the success of the implementation of health policy and the realization of social justice depends on developingprograms based on data and rational and realistic estimates, moving towards mixed plans (guiding grammar), and implementing fundamental structural reforms in social and economic planning.


 

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Introduction: The health system as the main custodian of health in Iran has a history of nearly a century and during this period has witnessed many changes to the current form and structure. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the formation and evolution of the health system and the policy-making process in it with an interdisciplinary perspective. 
Method: The research has been conducted in a historical way and historical texts about the health system and its sub-sectors including health care and education have been reviewed and analyzed with an institutionalist approach.
Findings: The government, civil society, private sector, family and international institutions have been the main agents of health policy in Iran from the beginning until now, which in the context of situational, structural, cultural and external factors have directed the health system and its developments in Iran. They have been effective.
Discussion: Although the government has been the main agent of health policy in Iran from the beginning, but many institutional factors have been effective on its efficiency and performance in the field of health, and this institution needs more serious attention to community elements to formulate health policies and pave the way for social justice. Civility and the characteristics of families and leaving matters to the private sector, and in this way interaction with international institutions and the use of their experiences, especially in the field of health is of particular importance.

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Introduction: Responsiveness is a main component of the health system which is related to the social characteristics of the society. The aim of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness of the health system in the slum areas of Ahvaz.
Method: In this cross-sectional study, 385 residents of the marginal areas of Ahvaz city were selected by multi-stage sampling method Data were collected using Socio demographic-checklist and WHO responsiveness questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS V22 applying descriptive statistics tests, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and t-test.
Findings: The age range of the participants was 18 to 97 years with an average of (42.84±16.56). Women constituted 66% of the research population. 76% were married, 26% were illiterate and 4.4% had university education. 85.7 percent of participants under 5 million people. 66.2% used government service providers. 80% had health insurance and 15.1%  had supplementary insurance. Performance of in-patient services was better than outpatient services in terms of responsiveness. Aspect “Choice” received low score for outpatient and inpatient services. Almost 13% of respondents perceived some sort of discrimination while receiving inpatient service. Responsiveness of the participants in this study was significant relationship in all aspects with the type of service provider (charity/private/government), in the aspect of communication with the type of service provision (outpatient/inpatient), in the aspect of informed choice and confidentiality with the having supplementary insurance.  
     Discussion: Paying attention to the quality of facilities, access to social support and choice is suggested as a criterion with points for planning for change in order to improve the responsiveness of the health system in marginalized areas.

 

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Introduction: For over a century now, the medical discourse has played an important role in shaping the meanings and experiences of pregnancy and childbirth. In this research, a part of the mechanisms of the health system related to pregnancy and childbirth in the economic, political, social, and cultural context of contemporary Iran has been studied.
Method: Multi-field ethnography was conducted, and individual and group interviews were carried out in two public and private hospitals and several other treatment centers in different areas of Tehran and their online components during one year (2020-2021). The findings of this research are the result of the thematic analysis of the data obtained.
Findings: The hospital represents a part of the class system, hierarchy, and unbalanced power structure in the society outside the hospital. The pregnant body faces different types of judgments in the process of referral to delivery based on the economic and cultural class in which it is placed. The level of visibility and objectification of the pregnant body also varies depending on the type of hospital and the fees paid. The difference in economic and cultural capital and the imbalance of access to information also affect the views and decisions of families regarding the date of birth, pregnancy care, the birth process, and “unhealthy” and “abnormal” fetuses.
Discussion: Pregnant women are not a homogenous social class, and due to the intersection of the conditions in which they are placed, they are led to develop a kind of unequal nation whose coordinates are the first step in the quantity and quality of services offered by the health system.
 

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Introduction: Since its establishment in 1304 to now (1394), the health system in Iran has witnessed many changes and developments, it has had successes and improvements in many areas, and it has performed unsuccessfully and beyond expectations in some areas, and knowing the reasons for them can Explain some of the issues and challenges of health policy in the country.
Method: The current research, within the framework of the institutional approach and using the path dependence model, seeks to examine important and influential events on the evolution of the health institution. The research method is historical and the required information has been collected by referring to historical texts about the health system and its sub-sections.
Findings: According to the results of the research, the focal point of the formation of the health system in Iran goes back to the establishment of Dar al-Funun in the Qajar period; Then, in the course of its developments, three main historical moments can be identified: the victory of the constitutional revolution and the formation of the National Council, the establishment of the Pahlavi government, the victory of the Islamic revolution and the establishment of the Islamic Republic. In each of these periods, according to the course of events and the goals of the governments, changes in health policies have taken place, the results of which have been manifested in the current health system of Iran.
Discussion: Dependence on oil income, low budget of the health sector, and weakness of the government’s health policies are among the long-standing features of the health system in Iran. which have made it a challenge to achieve the main goals of social policy, i.e. modernization and expansion of justice, and health policy has been affected by it, like other sub-sectors of social policy.