Akbar Khodabakhshi, Behnaz Gholamian,
Volume 22, Issue 86 (11-2022)
Abstract
Introduction: Introduction: Health is one of the main indicators of development in any country, and investing in this sector has a direct impact on the welfare of society and economic growth. The lack and insufficiency in providing health services is considered as a sign of government weakness. Therefore, it is very important to examine the performance of governments in the health sector.
Method: The present research has investigated the effect of governance sub-indicators on health costs for two groups of low-income and high-income countries. To conduct this research, a balanced mixed data model was used. The total health cost was used as a dependent variable and the governance sub-indicators including six sub-indicators were used as independent variables and the human development index was used as a control variable. We used Eviews10 software to perform calculations.
Findings: The findings of the research in the group of low-income countries confirmed the effect of the following governance indicators on health costs. In addition, all the coefficients of the variables in the high-income group were significant at the 90% confidence level, which means that the better the governance index, the higher the health costs appear to be. The model used in the research also had a suitable fitness.
Discussion: Arguing based on the results of the research, it is recommended to the governance system of low-income countries that have weak governance to reduce political instability and reduce restrictive laws. In addition, removing trade barriers and creating a competitive environment in these countries is a key and inevitable issue.
JEL Classification: I18, O57,
Maryam Mohamadi, Mahdi Shahraki,
Volume 25, Issue 96 (3-2025)
Abstract
Introduction: In order to achieve a higher level of development, countries usually support rapid economic growth policies, which have left many environmental effects, especially for oil-exporting countries. On the other hand, environmental degradation also affects health and human development. Therefore, it is very necessary to investigate the relationship between human development, environmental degradation, and health costs for policy-making. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic relationship between health expenditures, carbon dioxide emissions, and the human development index for OPEC member countries.
Method: This was a descriptive-analytical and applied study that was conducted at the international level using the panel data of 12 OPEC member countries during the period of 2000-2020 and with the econometric method of the vector error correction mechanism in Eviews 10 software.
Findings: The results showed that there is a causal relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and the human development index. The increase in carbon dioxide emissions leads to an increase in health care costs and decrease in the human development index. Also, an increase in health costs led to an increase in the human development index.
Discussion: In oil-exporting countries, the increase in carbon dioxide emissions leads to decrease in the human development index; Therefore, in order to reduce environmental effects in the path of development goals, it is necessary to use clean technologies in production processes. Also, countries should drastically reduce the use of carbon energy sources and increase the share of renewable sources in their energy mix to preserve the ecosystem and increase the quality of life.
