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Physical child abuse is a psycho-social and health problem that has been ignored for many years. Although the official report of child abuse ignored for many years, and the official reports of child abuse cases are very limited, but there are evidences that show the significant extent of physical child abuse prevalence rate in two regions of Tehran, which are completely different in socioeconomic status (SES) of the inhabitants.

In this cross-sectional research which was conducted in regions XX and III of Tehran in 1996, a total number of 840 children with equal number from both regions, two sexes, and three leuels of primary, middle and secondary school in regions were selected by systematized random selection. Children in two regions were significantly different in family size, the education level of parents, unemployment rate of father, and employment rate of mother. There was 110 significant' difference in the age of parents and immigration rate.

The lifetime prevalence rate of physical abuse was 37 to 16 percent ill region XX with low SES, and 16 to 24 percent ill Region III with high SES with 95 percent confidence rate. Most of the perpetuators were mothers in Region XX. In Region III, equal number of children reported mothers and fathers as the most common perpetuator of physical abuse to them. The most important risk factors were early adolescence, and unemployment of father ill region XX, and adolescent girls and low level of education in region III.

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The evaluation of prevalence and appearing the social disorders involve having exact statistical information during a fixed time series. In Iran, unfortunoutiely, there is no access to this kind of information - at least in this regard.

In some social disorders which originally have risen some misunderstanding and disagreement in their definitions, importance, and soon, the lack of statistic information can be seen much more obviousley.

Child abuse is one of those disorders suffering lack of exact and proper statistical information. This article provides an evaluation of this disorder in terms of its main cayses such as poverty, addiction, and mental disorders

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Objective: This article studies the relationship between child abuse by parents and the appearing of wickedness in their children in future. This survey and its questionnaire are framed on observational learning theory of Bandura & Berkowitz (learning of crime and delinquency with observation of parents behaviors by children). Method: The statistical community is the whole of wicked guilty persons who had been delivered to Khuzestan prisons in 2005. The sample consists of eighty-convicted prisoners that were selected randomly, then they responded to child abuse questionnaire and their judicial dossiers were studied. Findings: The main hypothesis was confirmed. There is a significant relation between above variables. The other related variables consist of literacy, single parenthood, and early divorce in family. With reduction in age and literacy of the prisoners, their crime` intensity increased. Subjects mainly (98%) were male because of specific social circumstances and girls position for parents. A great majority of prisoners (90%) refered to being abused by parents (mainly by fathers) in childhood. Result: The abuse consists of child abuse, sexual abuse and neglect or prevention of food and recreation. Coefficient of child abuse questionnaire by even-odd method obtained 82%. The mean of score in the questionnaire was 60 while low and high range was 20-100 respectively. That it was higher than median of questionnaire score. Researchers suggest the formation of a comprehensive social work system with powerful legal & judiciary tools for following, prevention child abuse cases. Other recommendations consist of recording of child abuse in family, planning and teaching child abuse texts for students.

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Objective: Family violence has enormous consequences and runaway is one of it's major results. Present study compares rates and types of family violence (parents or sibling violence on children, witnessing interparental violence) between runaway and non runaway children. Method: samples includes of: 1) 12-18 years old runaway girls and 8-12 years old boys (street children) that were living in welfare organization centers and 2) 15 boys who were in elementary or guidance school and, 15 student girls who studied in guidance or high school. Two groups were controlled in age and gender factors. CTS scales were completed by participants. Findings: T test results indicated that there is statistically significant difference among runaway and no runaway children in parent's physical and Psychological violence experience. In addition, results revealed that runaway children witnessed more interparental violence. There wasn’t significant difference among runaway and no runaway children in sibling abuse item. Result: High rates of parents' physical and psychological violence toward their children may be one of the most important causes of children's runaway. In addition, high prevalence of witnessing interparental violence revealed that runaway children's home was very stressful.

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Objectives: The running away of girls from home is a complex phenomena and one of the most serious social pathology that resulted from multiple factors in familial, psychological and social domain. in fact running away is an important signal that something is seriously wrong in adolescent life. In this research the effective family factors on the running away of girls are identified .Then on this basis with a preventive outlook, scientific and applied tactics are presented .Through different psychological and sociological theories which everyone tells the theorical frame, it was chosen in the case of integrating. Method: The research method of this study is a case control kind. The statistical society is comprised of two groups: The runaway girls (case group) and non- runaway girls (control group). For identifying the effective independent variables, a control group with considering the same socio-economic and family status of runaway girls has been selected. The runaway girl’s sample were selected in using of the available sample of the girls that were inhabited in intervention crisis centers in welfare organization, the girls’ of control group were selected in using of multistage cluster sampling from 19, 16, 20 district of Tehran. After making a list and confirming the validity of questions by professors of social work and sociology, its reliability was confirmed through cronbach alpha coefficient. This information is gathered by systematic interviews. For data analysis and testing the hypothesis chi square (X2) and Cramer’s V was used for describing the study population and from descriptive statistics. Spss software type 11 was used for data’s reductions. Findings: According to statistical analysis of the data, the main result was obtained: About half of runaway girls had run away history and 12 percentages of them had the experience sexual abuse in family. Runaway girls used drugs and alcohol much more than non runaway girls. Also 28% of runaway girls expressed that their family had the history of drug abuse, around 40% divorce and 22 percentages prison experience. Runaway girls were bothered physically and emotionally more than their match group by their family interruption or family members. Disturbing the family conflict and argument between the runaway girls’ family and they were more than the match group. Results: Based on the comparative study and results chi - square ( X2 ) showed there is statistically significant difference between runaway girls and non- runaway girls on rates of parent physical, emotional and sexual Violence toward their girls and parental issues such as, divorce, addiction, prison experience, conflict and arguments .in fact they are the effective main factors for the running away of girls from home .To prevent this social pathology, we need to raise the awareness of parents regarding the appropriate ways to contract with their teenagers. We also need to identify and protect the vulnerable families.

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Objectives: Child abuse described as each physical or mental damage, sexual abuse or neglectful behaviors toward a child that has been occurred by who is responsible for child’s rearing and welfare, in a way that child’s health and wellbeing will be in danger. There are four domains in child abuse definition: physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect. Maltreatments witch hurt make head injury, burn a child or any kind of harm witch remains for at least 48 hours are some types of physical abuse. Emotional abusive behaviors consist of depriving child from shelter, food, sleep and so forth, oral threaten, criticism, blaming, rejecting, isolating or encouraging child to behave aggressive, sexual or involve in criminal activities. Sexual abuse domain includes: any sexual interactions between child and an adult person (who is at least 5 years older than child) witch had to the child to satisfy adult person (e.g. intercourse, exhibitionism, voyeurism and incest). Neglect’s sub-domains take in to: physical neglect (such as pay no attention to child’s health, sufficient feeding and enough wearing), educational neglect (e.g. refuse of school-registration, let the child to escape from school continuously) and emotional neglect (let the child to use alcohol or substance, ignore partner/spouse’s abusive behaviors toward child). Studies found co-existence of various types of child abuse simultaneously if one of them was occurred. Recognizing high risk families to prevent child abuse was the critical aim of large amount of investigations recently. As other multi factorial phenomena, cultural factors are playing important role in child abuse too, witch is highlighting the needs of cultural researches. The present study was conducted to examine child abuse in Iran. Method: This study aimed at investigating prevalence of child abuse among guidance school students during 1385-1386 in Tehran. Quota sampling in this epidemiological study were based on sex, education level and area location of life variables, and 1350 students (male=785, female=745) were chosen with cluster sampling to participate in study. A pilot study (n=120) ran to estimate made up child abuse questionnaire which made by researchers to cover all domains of child abuse (physical, emotional and sexual abuse and neglect). participants were completed child abuse questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi square. Findings: Findings showed: a) mild physical abuse prevalence was 38.3 percent, b) severe physical abuse prevalence was 35.9 percent, c) neglect prevalence was 20.5 percent, d) emotional abuse prevalence was 62.5 percent, e) the most common abusive behaviors in mild physical abuse domain includes: throw a staff toward the child and pushing, f) the most popular abusive behavior in severe physical abuse domain was kicking the child, g) in neglect domain most common behavior was physical neglect, h) in emotional domain the frequent abusive behavior consist of yelling out at child, marital discords and ignoring the child. Findings also showed there were significant correlations between student’s sex, area location of life, parent’s sex, parent’s education, parent’s job and parent’s divorce and child abuse prevalence. Results: Regarding to present study’s findings and child abuse literature, authorial services must consider high level of child abuse prevalence, and pay more attention to recognize and intervene child abuse situations and finally the most important role of child health services is considering programs to prevent of child abuse consequences (such as, academic deficient, externalized behavior problems, emotional disturbances, …).

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Objectives: Child abuse is a complex phenomena and one of the most serious social pathology that resulted from multiple factors in familial, psychological and social domain. In this research the effective family factors on the child abuse are identified .Then on this basis with a preventive outlook, scientific and applied tactics are presented .Through different psychological and sociological theories include Violence cycle, Self attitude, Resource, Social control, Exchange and Social structure which everyone tells the theorical frame, it was chosen in the case of integrating. Method: The research method of this study is a case control kind. The statistical society is comprised of two groups: The abuser parents (case group) and non-a(control group).In fact the study population of this research include all parents whose children are students in one of guidance schools education organization 15 district of Tehran .The sample is 382 selected .Among all schools (male&female) 6 schools were randomly selected using multistage cluster sampling method then in each school one class of 1, 2 and 3 elementary level randomly were selected then students completed child abuse measuring questionnaire. After analysis information 40 students that had the most abuse grades were selected as case group, 40 students that had the least abuse grades were selected as control group. By using T test there was significant difference between two groups in violence. Then questionnaire was completed by the parents of two groups in order to effective family factors contributing to the child abuse. After making a list and confirming the validity of questions by professors of social work and sociology, its reliability was confirmed through cronbach alpha coefficient. This information is gathered by systematic interviews. For data analysis and testing the hypothesis Independent Samples T Test and chi – square ( ) were used for describing the study population and from descriptive statistics. Spss software type 15.0 was used for data's reductions. Finding: According to statistical analysis of the data, the main result was obtained: there was significant difference between abuser parents and non abuser parents in variables such as violence experience in their family, rate awareness of child growth period trait, rate access to social supports, social isolation and number of family members but there wasn’t significant difference between two group parents in self confidence and social class. Results: Based on the comparative study and results Independent Samples T Test showed there is statistically significant difference between abuser parents and non abuser parents on factors of violence experience in their family, rate awareness of child growth period trait, rate access to social supports, social isolation and number of family members but there wasn’t significant difference between two group parents in self confidence and social class. .in fact they are the effective main factors for the child abuse. To prevent this social pathology, we need to raise the awareness of parents regarding the appropriate ways to contract with their children. We also need to identify and protect the vulnerable families.

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Objectives: In recent years the manifestation of child abuse as a social disaster came into public attention with the help of public media and caused much controversy and various social reactions. It was against this background that in the past few years much endeavors has gone into the criminalization of different forms of this phenomenon by civil, sociological, psychological and criminological agencies. The criminalization of this social phenomenon due to its disastrous consequences in the form of maltreatment and abuse of the children necessitates the carrying out of this task in two major categories: firstly, revictimization of the child in turn becoming a delinquent which is a kind of response to being victimized. Putting aside the adverse victimization and criminological consequences of the child abuse and the necessity of combating them the human rights aspect of child abuse breaches their physical-moral and psychological wellbeing i.e. their human dignity. For this reason child abuse and its varied manifestations must defined in an express and doubtless manner in order to separate them from the reasonable measures necessary for their proper upbringing. Method: This article is written in descriptive-analytical form having used the existing criminological and sociological writings in Farsi and English. Findings: Research has revealed that the Iranian criminal law lacks a comprehensive definition of child abuse. For this reason criminal law has so far failed to provide the necessary safeguards for children against abuse. The boarders of child abuse and reasonable measures for their proper upbringing are blurred. Results: To condemn child abuse as a social phenomenon and its criminalization within criminal law involves providing a sociological-criminological definition of this phenomenon within Iranian society. As such not only duties of parents, guardians, and teachers and …. in providing care and attention for children and students are observed, children's dignity are also protected and safeguarded against different forms of abuse.

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Objectives: child abuse is affected by several factors. The economic situation of the abused child's family is one of them. Poverty, as the lack of capabilities helping people to have a suitable life, plays a great role in defining their economic situations. This article is going to review the influence of some of the obstacles of the human capabilities like the family income, the kind of housing, locality of living and work of the children on child abuse, with a capability poverty approach. Methodology: This article is an excerpt from the results of a review about child abuse. Here, the results of the previous researches about this issue are presented and reviewed within the framework of the social structure's theory. This theory, to some extent, has succeeded in explaining the relation between the social situation, social problem and crime. It has insisted on the stability of kind of violence culture in between the low-income urban classes. Findings: The occurrence of child abuse is affected by capability poverty like family income, the kind of housing, locality of living and the children work. Almost, all the studies on the kind of abuse and neglect on children have confirmed that child abuse is more prevalent among poor families with lower economic condition than other classes. The stresses on people in low economic classes raise the probability of the happening of child abuse much more than middle and high classes. There is a direct relation between the situation of people's house and family capability poverty. In most families with economic capability poverty, the house is rental, small sized, unsuitable, and crowded. The results of the studies confirm that child abuse is more prevalent in families living in such houses. Various studies have shown that in some areas such as low income neighborhoods or suburbs, the prevalence of social problems and crime is more than other localities. This phenomenon has several reasons: First, the people living in the same locality are similar in cultural aspects, ethical disciplines, and beliefs and they are influenced by each other. On the other hand, the outdoor abuses are related to the locality of life of the person and its environmental variations. Researches show that child abuse is more prevalent in mentioned localities. In spite of the laws forbidding the work of children under 15 (79th article of work law in Iran), their existence in the job marketing is noticeable. Although officials have not reported the exact number of employed people between the ages of 9 and 14, the rate between the employed children at the ages of 10 to 14 to the entire population of this age is reported as 2.75 percent. In spite of it, there are many clues for employment of much more children in official and unofficial job marketing. These children are seriously in risk of being abused by adults because there is the least protection and observation at their work location. Results: In poor families, it is impossible or difficult to be met the basic minimum needs of children by their parents. Moreover, because of the priority for obtaining the least income for surviving the family, neglect is significantly more prevalent than middle and high-income families. Poverty as a factor influencing the kind and situation of house can prepare the way for child abuse by the low quality of the house or the feeling of insecurity because of rental housing. All the family living in single room is one of the most potential reasons for sexual abuse. A repeated movement reduces the potential protection in the neighborhood they have lived in for a long time and raises the outdoor risks for children. Poor families are forced to live in less regular areas to spend less on housing. In these neighborhoods there is no urban service. Usually the access to educational and health services is hard or in low quality, so the children are deprived of the least protections. Soon entering to job marketing makes them predisposed to be offended so easily because they do not have the ability to protect themselves from the risks. Finally, although poverty is not the only factor explaining child abuse, from different aspects it is one of the most important ones.

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Introduction: Child abuse not only attack on the today and yesterday children, but makes the faint-hearted adults, humiliation and low self-esteem, which or become isolated individual or to take revenge toward community. This study tries to examine the phenomenon of child abuse, family factors that influence on the base the theoretical framework. Method: The method adopted for this study, was to conduct a survey. Data has been collected by a questionnaire and multistage sampling. Statistical populations are high school first grade students in Shahriyar city that three hundred seventy two of them have been selected by Cochran formula. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Analysis of Variances, Multivariate Regression and Path Analysis have been used for data analysis and test of hypotheses. Findings: The results show that the score of the construct of social isolation, disorder relationships, economic status and family size predict a significant proportion of the variance in the prediction of child abuse in the family. In the research, Variable of disorder relationships in families is highest impact factor and also has with the economic situation variable, in addition to direct effects, indirect effects on the dependent variable. Discussion: The results of this study show that the statistics of child abuse in general, compared with other studies do not show decreased, but The findings of this study reflect a significant difference between the results of some other studies have observed and it is that (emotional) Soft child abuse (emotional) in this study have been overcome on hardware (physical) child abuse.

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Introduction: Child abuse and misconduct with children have adverse effects on their growth and health and  consequences such as anxiety, depression, risk of suicide, antisocial behavior and drug abuse. One of the important components that  affects mental health is social support. Social protection, as one of the critical factors, can decrease the development of mental illness and improve mental health status. It means the more  social support increases, the more the level of health increases and vice versa. Life quality is one of the factors which affects abused child’s quality of life . The world health organization defines the quality of life as an individual’s perception of their position in life in the content of culture and value system in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. Given the importance of quality of life and the perception of social support for mental health,  this study investigates the moderating role of perceived social support on the relationship between mental health and the life quality of abused children.
Method: This  is a  descriptive –correlation study. The  statistical populaion of study included all abused children 7 to 12 years old at Torbat Haidarieh city. The sample size of the study included sixty abused children whose have file and record in social emergency section and have been experiencing one type of child abuse such as negligence, physical and sexual. They were chosen as whole-count. Three questionnaires of perceived social support of family, mental health and life quality were used to collect data for this research. The Kolmogorov- Smironov test was used to determine the normal distribution of data. Then, to examine the relationship between mental health and life quality, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to investigate the moderating role of social support on the relationship  between mental health and life quality.
Findings: Findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between mental health and quality of life (r = .63, p <.0001). It means that with the increase of mental health, the  quality of life increases. Hierarchical regression analysis also indicates that the combined effect of mental health and perceived social support is significant. So, perceived social support has a moderating role in the relationship between mental health and quality of life. In the next step,  follow up tests (Post hoc probing) method were used to show that in what circumstances the perceived social support variable (when perceived social support is high and when perceived social support is low) has moderating role. Therefore, once the combined effect of high perceived social support and mental health and once again the combined effect of low perceived social support and mental health were analyzed (follow up tests -post hoc probing). It became clear when quality of life is low, but social support is high, mental health is high. Also, when the quality of life is high, but social support is low, mental health is low.
Discussion: The results of the study showed that with increasing mental health, quality of life also increases. Concerning the moderating variable of perceived social support, the results also indicate that perceived social support has a moderating role in the relationship between mental health and quality of life. In general, social support is a protective factor against the harmful effects of various types of stress. The perception of social support creates positive relationships, problem-solving skills, and protection skills against emotional and behavioral problems. Social support is considered as an important factor among adult victims and abused children and reduces the psychological effects of stressful injuries, as well as facilitates emotional and cognitive functioning among victims of abuse.

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Introduction: Lifestyle is a mixture of individual patterns and behaviors through life, which forms the culture of a society, which is a category of precise patterns for life. The key reason for the child abuse phenomenon is the way of life and culture that has been incorrectly and erroneously established among people from the commencement and necessitates cultural and social interventions as well as legal interventions.
Method: To examine the relationship between child abuse (physical, sexual, negligence and inattention, malnutrition, emotional) and health-based lifestyle (physical activities, nutrition, addiction, spiritual health, social and psychological health, etc.) in 2021, field research (survey) was done on a sample of 97 parents with children aged 4-18 in Shahrekord city, whose children had been subjected to numerous instances of child abuse (reference organization: Welfare and Forensic Medicine Organization). The subjects' information was attained by completing the standard LSQ and child abuse questionnaires of Mohammad Khani (1998). The research hypotheses were tested via correlation and regression statistical tests.
Findings: The achieved results disclosed a negative and significant correlation between the parents' lifestyle variable and child abuse (beta coefficient = -0.704). The observed results of the regression analysis revealed that diverse lifestyle indicators are suitable predictors for all types of child abuse cases. With the upsurge of more suitable lifestyles, the amount of child abuse decreases significantly. In the present study, social health, addiction, and psychological health were higher predictors to clarify the instances of child abuse, and their role was clearly recognized in the current research (p<0.01).
Discussion: The results of this research revealed the significance of lifestyle and culture in the incidence of child abuse. The analysis disclosed that by establishing social and psychological health indicators and decreasing addiction, it is probable to reduce the occurrence of child abuse and the crimes caused by it.