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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between identity styles and self-efficacy beliefs (personal and collective) and to compare them in Iranian and Afghan high school student boys who inhabit in Qom city. This study is of a special importance since it is a multi-cultural and comparative study between Iranian and Afghan nations. Method: Subjects were selected from all the high school students of the Qom city. They were 231 Iranian high school boys and 132 Afghan high school boys. By cluster sampling, we chose two region from four and two schools from each region. We used Berzonsky’s Identity Styles Questionnaire, Bandura’s Personal Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Kim and Park Collective Self-Efficacy Beliefs. Finding: There was a significant direct relationship between informative identity style and normative identity style with personal self-efficacy beliefs and collective self-efficacy beliefs. On the other hand, a significant negative relationship was observed between confused identity style and identity commitment. Conclusion: Informative identity style with collective self-efficacy beliefs and normative identity style with personal self-efficacy beliefs and collective selfefficacy beliefs was higher in Afghan high school boys.

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Introduction: Couples adjustment is one of the important aspects of adjustment in marital life. It refers to a situation in which wife and husband feel satisfied due to being with each other. Present research aimed to investigate the relationship between irrational beliefs and marital adjustment of couples in Esfahan City.

 

Method: Among couples who had referred to a counseling clinic in Esfahan, 62 couples were selected in convenience. They answered to Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976) and Irrational Beliefs Test (Jones, 1986). 

 

Results: Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant and negative correlation among dyadic adjustment with cognitive components such as: need for others’ approval (-0.24), high self-expectation (-0.14), tendency to blame (-0.11), reaction to deprivation (-0.21), emotional irresponsibility (-0.13), high concern along with anxiety (-0.22), avoiding from problems (-0.11), helplessness towards change (-0.10), dependency (-0.25), and perfectionism (-0.18) respectively.

 

Discussion: Analysis of regression showed that cognitive components can explain %25 of variation in dyadic adjustment. Findings emphasize on the importance of consultant programs before marriage. Also, the findings will be beneficial for training consultants in clinical centers. In addition, such programs preserve mental health of couples and their lives permanently besides of saving therapeutic costs.

 

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Introduction: Juvenile offence has been a national persistent social problem. Current strategies in prevention and decrease delinquent behaviors are still distant from a comprehensive and holistic resolutions. One critical limitation in the existing strategies for decreasing juvenile delinquency is the deterrent role of religious factors. Most of the sociological surveys in this field are about family^’s problems and the effect of religious belief. This surveys show a tremendous impact of religion on children^’s ethical growth, but unfortunately this facttor hasn’t been concerned. This carelessness in religious concepts and lack of information about this reality that religious belief can decrease harmful upshots has led to increase the amount of aberrant behavior statistically.

Hirschi is correct to assume "the existence of a common value system within the society or group whose norms are violated." Religious belief is theorized to be an element of social control that can constrain the natural tendency toward delinquent behavior in addition to other domains of social control such as family, school, and neighborhood.

Hirschi argues that those who have a belief in the legitimacy of the hegemonic system of values in a culture are most likely to follow it. If adolescents can share a moral doctrine and social rules, they are more likely to share in pro-social behavior. Persons who strongly belief in the moral validity of shared social values and norms are less likely to deviate from them. Those whose acceptance is weak have a greater propensity to behave in a deviant manner. Also, he proposes that variations exist in the extent to which people believe social rules should be obeyed because some believe in conventional values more strongly than others. This study tests the central hypotheses concerning the belief element of social control Theory. In social control theory religious belief and allegiance to the society values ​​and moralities is a deterrent factor in the participation in deviant activities such as running away from home. To sum up, maladjustment in teenagers or children behavior, namely running away from home can be mentioned as a characteristic phenomenon at first sight, though due to its directly wrecked effect on society it should be considered as a harmful upshot to the public. Also, most of researches have been limited to number of the girls running away and the matter of girls' tendencies has been left inattentively.

In this paper, sociological clarification about Religious belief impact on attitude to run away from home in school girl has been discussed.

Method: Data has been collected by descriptive research design and via self-administered questionnaire, and subjects of the study method. Using a sample of 370 high school girl students from urban areas of Babolsar city. Accordingly, information has been collected at the base of questionnaire, 1597 individuals were investigated that all were high school students educating in Babolsar high school in 91-92 educational year. Data were analyzed by using the Lisrel software have been selected by means of a two-stage cluster sampling method and stratified proportional.

Findings: In general, structural equations Lisrel has shown that the research hypothesis was confirmed, and religious belief have (-0 .31) deterrent effect on tendency to run away from home. Belief variables are strongly related to deviant behavior.

Those who do not hold strong beliefs in conventional values free from the bond and therefore are more likely to commit deviant acts.

 Discussion: The result of research indicates that most conventional religious belief encourage adolescents to embrace the tenets of the religion which proscribe delinquent behavior. An adolescents' religious belief is a highly important factor in their lives. Hirschi suggests that it is not that people need to rationalize their wrong actions, but some people feel less obliged to comply with the moral code than others. In other words, people vary in the amount they feel they need to act morally.

The argument is that religious youths feel obliged to act morally and therefore will refrain from delinquent activities. Finally, if a youth believes it is wrong to violate the formal (laws) and informal (social norms) rules, the youth will not engage in delinquent. The study provides empirical support of claim that adolescent belief may deter serious delinquent behaviors directly and independently. To sum up, the present study finds that adolescent religious belief is directly related to serious offenses. There is an inverse relationship between religious beliefs and commission of serious offenses.

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Introduction: On the eve of the third millennium, the family is the fundamental social institution and marriage commitment is to maintain the stability and health of the system. Marital commitment means how much your spouse value family relationships and how sustain the marriage incentives. To improve marital and family relations, especially the increase in marital commitment, it is necessary to obtain the relevant information about these structures and to identify factors that affect them. As well as understanding the relationship structures can play a role in education projects and interventions are associated with the satisfaction of couples. Thus, analyzing the factors that play a role in maintaining marital commitment is very important. This study examined two styles of lovemaking and dysfunctional relationship beliefs.

Refers to this love style how people define love or not love. In this study, the order of the Relationship Beliefs is mentality that couple to have their marital relationship and have accepted it as fact. Dysfunctional Relationship Beliefs, including beliefs and thoughts are unreasonable have created problems in relationships. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the role of love style and relationship beliefs on marital commitment.

Methods: This study is a descriptive correlation study. The population of this study included married employees Azad University of Arak. 108 women (48%) and men (52%) of the sample were selected. The average age of subjects was 39.2 years old, with a standard deviation 5.43 years and the average length of marriage was 16.5 years. After a description of objective research and stressing that the information will remain strictly confidential, participants were asked to anonymously into three questionnaire Relationship Beliefs, love style and marital commitment. Questionnaires' view are as follows: Relationship beliefs list to measure irrational beliefs communication in marriage by Eidelson and Epstein (1982). Subscales of the questionnaire are: Disagreement is destructive, partner cannot change, mind reading is expected, sexual perfectionism, and the sexes are different. Hendrick and Hendrick love style questionnaire by using the Theory of Lee of love built in 1986.

The questionnaire contained 6 styles such as Eros, Storge, Ludus, Mania, Pragma, and Agape. Marital commitment questionnaire of adherence to his wife and marriage measure has been developed by Adams and Jones in 1997. The questionnaire has 44 questions that in a five-point scale, three-dimensional marital commitment includes personal commitment, moral and structural measures. In order to compare the marital commitment, Relationship Beliefs and style of lovemaking between women's and men's t-test was used. To examine the relationship between marital commitment with each of the love styles and relationship beliefs irrational Pearson correlation was conducted to answer the question which of the components of relationship beliefs irrational and style of lovemaking can predict their marital commitment variance from stepwise regression analysis was used.

Findings: In this study, between women and men in terms of irrational Relationship Beliefs sexual perfectionism was significant difference, so that the belief in men than women. It was also found that there was a significant relationship between the duration of the marriage and marital commitment, whatever the duration of the marriage is marital commitment is reduced. The correlation between variables, correlation coefficient marital commitment with the irrational relationship beliefs, the disagreement is destructive equal 0.28

and the partners cannot change was 0.24. Stepwise regression results showed that disagreement is destructive belief, as predictor variables, predictors 21% of variance of marital commitment. So that the disagreement is destructive belief and plays a significant role in predicting marital commitment. The correlation between marital commitment was the Eros love style equal 0.49, mania 0.31, agape 0.42. According to the results of Eros, mania, agape love styles are significant predictors of marital commitment.

Discussion: Since the commitment consider as a decision to continue the marriage it is necessary to help couples to learn communication is a set of skills that can be learned and grown and strengthen their marriage therefore contribute to the stability of the family. This can be achieved by implementing training courses for people getting married, to give up their irrational beliefs to change or modify communication. Also, the results of this study confirm the relationship between the lovemaking style and marital commitment to predict the marital commitment. This knowledge helps to provide appropriate strategies be adopted.

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Introduction: Adolescence is a sensitive and high-risk period in life which may turn people into drug use and addiction. However, modification of people's attitude towards drugs is an effective way of preventing addiction. Therefore, this hypothesis can be suggested that modifying the attitude of adolescent towards drug could be effective in preventing drug addiction in a society. However, prior to modifying adolescents’ attitude towards addiction, it is important to understand their attitude in the first place. This study investigates the tendency of high school students in Marivan to addiction.
 
 
Method: The study was a cross-sectional survey. Using cluster random sampling, 385  public high school students studying in the first, second and third grad were selected. After omitting the incomplete questionnaires, 367 questionnaires were analyzed.
Findings: According to the  descriptive findings, 60.35% of students were male and 39.65 percent were female . 33.5 percent of students studied  in the first year of high school, 30 percent in the second year of high school and of 33.5 percent  studied in the third year of high school. The correlation between the "commitment" and “drug addiction tendencies” variables among students after controlling other independent variables (consistency, involvement and belief) decreased from (-0/471) to (-0/394). Also, the correlation of the "involvement" variables after controlling  other independent variables (commitment, consistency and belief) decreased from (-0/139) to (-0/118). The partial correlation between belief and consistency with the dependent variable (the tendency to drug use), was respectively, -0.097 and -0.076. Multivariate regression analysis showed that multiple correlation of four  variables (commitment, involvement, consistency and belief), with “tendency to drug use” was 0.532 (0.532 = R). The amount of the adjusted coefficient (R²Adj.) showed that 28.1% of the changes in drug use tendency were predicted by the variables of commitment, involvement, consistency and belief. In addition, the value of F test  (13.661) and the significance level (0.001) shows that the model is significant at 0.99%.
Discussion: The findings of this study, confirms the foundations and underlying assumptions of Hirsch’s social bonding theory. Thus, the components of "commitment", "consistency", "belief" and "involvement" have an impact  on delinquency and deviation (the tendency to consume drugs in this study) and are inversely correlated to it. The greater the amount of commitment, involvement, consistency  and belief among students are, the lower is their tendency to drug use.