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In the late 20th century, different processes led to creation of a new phenomenon called

“Poverty of Cities" which is a reflection of informal residing. The consequences of this fact due mainly to the unskilled villagers coming to cities increasingly and a failure in economic adjustment in 1980s that slowed down the rate of development resulted in an increase in the number of valnerable social levels especially in developing countries . Therefore the poverty center was gradually transferred and focused in to the big cities.

Mean while, the globalization reinforced the employment and economic activities in big cities in nationwide scales, and left a wonderful effect.

The balanced economy depends on development stability of city dwelling and this fact will be accessed only if the cities become a source of comprehensive productivity, both economically and socially, so that all society levels draw benefit of this development.

It is necessary not to mention informal residing as an obstacle to development since it is considered as a social and economic capital, and it should be empowered.

It is believed that achieving an economic development depends on reducing poverty in these areas.

This fact was stated and focused in Rio Meeting and Human Residing

Charter.

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Since 1970, there has been a continouse struggle between those who believe in an increase and those who think of a decrease in poverty in almost every scientific organization and institutes. Each of these thesis has different attitude toward social policy and its role in socio-economic programs. This article is abstracted from united Nations Centre for human Settlements (HABITAT) which was issued in International Conference about urban Poverty in Monaco and tries to bring up new social policies about urban poverty and decline many unfavorable results derived from adjustment programs

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At the heart of the concept crisis is the notion of endangered condition of an is­sue, number of issues, processes and affairs in the life of an individual, an group, a community, a locality or society as a whole. The sense of being in danger or threatened should be widespread and gradually a consensus concerning the criti­cal nature of the issue on hand should emerge. This paper based upon the present author’s Geo-strategic and geopolitical theory of the Iranian society has claimed that Iran for various reasons has been a crises prone society. Then by using an analytical model consisting of three levels of analysis, it is attempted to present a long list of crises which have shown sustainability in long history of Iran. Among the critical issues mentioned, authoritarian political sub-structure is singled out; Finally by reviewing major changes which have occurred in the past two decades the paper has tried to mention the most critical issues of today among which youth problems, addiction, legitimacy crisis, and housing problems are more empha­sized. As a conclusion the paper points to people’s possible reactions t crises em­phasizing urban riots and unrest

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 The Crisis of New Housing Areas in Iranian Large Cities

In summury, this paper is looking to analyse the relationship between the increas of land value (price) of and descreas of the size of housing units in subdivision process. This situation have caused the increasse of high rize buildings in the con¬text of apartment style development in which the building accapation ratio is high and the vacant land for open spaces have been lost.
Scondly, in this way, the land for urban facilities including schools, parks, and recration areas have been used for housing development. As a result, the urban facilities for residents became as low as could 6 Imagined, the social intakactive related to housing concept have been demolished. Therefore, living in so called new neighbourhood can be com[ared with living in seprated housing unit, in a desert. This situation, has got pardox in front of………urban planning concepts of
housing in Iranian large cities.

 

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The main object of any rational human being is a better standard of living, peace and welfare. Looking at the past, the history of nations around the world shows that most of them have been successful in achieving this goal and the standard of living and welfare of people in most countries has considerably raised. This article seeks to survey the poverty of Iranian households during the last two decades (1983-2003). For this purpose, the authors have gathered and calculated the deflated states of households' expenditure and income published by Iran Statistical Center Yearbooks. The results show that the real consumption of households has decreased during some twenty past years and both rural and urban families have become poorer. Although the Engel's theory indicates that the share of consumed amount of food stuff in the households' budget decreases when the income is increasing, the paper proves that the declining share of expenditure for food of Iranian households is not the evidence of better economic situation.

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Objectives: One of the new world phenomena is Urbanization in under development or developing counties where the rate of urbanization changes has happened more rapidly than in developed areas. So the increase of urbanization in Iran has been high and one of the outcomes of this process is the emergence slums and extension of informal settlement. In urban studies, focus on marginal area is very important. It is clear that if any country ignores informal settlements, urban sustainable development will not be achieved. Method: Our main methods in this investigation were field study, data collected through questionnaire prepared by researchers and validated on pilot study, we also used observation techniques and interviews with related mayors. Sample size was 500 inhabitants on Hamedan informal settlements. Conclusion: Hamedan as the capital of province encounters informal settlements like most Iranian big cities. Environmental and physical upgrading is the first priority of Hamedan informal settlements. Potenital of Social problems and crises are high, participation and social trusts don't show significant indicators. Finally informal settlements in the future will be the main challenges and obstacles against sustainable urban development

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Objectives: This research attempts to deal with effective factors on the youth abnormal behaviors by making use of social disorganization, strain, control and differential association theories. Fast population growth, change in the political and economic construction of rural society, industrial development based on montage and dependent industries, lack of deep harmony between the cultural and technical development, in other words, unfit development in Iran in the present time cause some irregularities and disorders which their result is the growth of social abnormalities and deviations in the cities. Norms are the rules of behavior. The order and conformity in the society is bound to the harmony on these rules. Any actions which do not conform to the accepted norms in a society and violate them are called abnormalities. The crucial goal of the research was to study the social abnormality among the youth. The analytical approaches of the research is social disorganization. To elaborate the analytical approaches, anomie, general strain, delinquent subcultures, control, differential association, and power control theories were applied in this research. Method: The research method was 'survey'. In reality, the type and aims of this research effectuate to prefer it to other methods which affect on abnormality. For measuring the abnormality, self-reported for data collection was used. The sample population was 220 young people living in the suburbs of Sari and Babol (northern cities in Iran) which was estimated through cluster sampling of multiple stages. Socio-economic variable is based on Duncan & Salkind, socio-economic index which is a combination of average indexes of income, education level and job. Family problems variable is the combination of quarrel and family problems which consist of verbal disputes, thrashing and leaving home by parents. Findings: The results of the research showed that the rate of abnormalities among the youth of suburbs of those cities was average. The factor analysis illustrates four sorts like moral abnormality, legal abnormality, ritual abnormality, and customary moral abnormality. Based on the results obtained from multiple regression, association with others, family problems, control failure, labels, alienation, religious beliefs, and socioeconomic status were the significant variables to abnormalities. The path analysis showed that the socioeconomic status, alienation, and abnormality affect the family problems, and also affect the association with abnormal companions, and those in turn influence on the abnormality of the individual. Besides, the rate of abnormality varies from girls to boys. In fact, the abnormalities among boys are more than the abnormalities among girls. Also the differences between the degree of abnormality among those under 18 years of old are more significant. The mean abnormality of those older than 18 years were more than under 18 years old. It can be claimed that as one gets older and associates more with his/her community, the rate of his/her abnormality goes up. Path analysis diagram shows that independent variables not only are directly effective on abnormality but also they have indirect effect on dependent variable. Results: Results show that the youth abnormal behavior is of medium range. They also indicate that factors as socio-economic status, relatives, religious belief, family problems and social control failure are crucial for their abnormality. Due to research's question it can be said that abnormality degree of the youths who are inhabited in outskirts of sample cities is medium. According to the research theoretical framework and based on acquired results from multi-variables and path analysis can be inferred that abnormality as a direct variable makes from various factors which is in casual relation with each other and all its changes are shown by causation variables. In this model, socio-economic base, alienation, label affect on family problems and associating with abnormal friends and them finally affect on person's abnormality. Based on research theoretical model, constructive factors such as low socio- economic base, alienation and abnormal label in outskirts areas are as effective forces to decline society which oblige inhabitants to accept behavioral models. In this area, social control constitutions such as family and schools would be failed. They can’t act normally. Most of outskirts inhabitants don't be able to acquire successful indexes through customary instruments. As a result, they feel angry, privation, umbrage and repulsion which press against them. Due to social pressure and seclusion, special cultures of low-level increase and cause unfit neighboring relations. This independent subcultures cause a set of values and beliefs which are in contrast with customary normality. Inhabitants of this area behave abnormal to harmonize with the subculture values of low-level. Constructive factors such as low socio-economic base, movement and motion, ethnical and racial harmony and separated families cause low organizational cooperation, feeble control and weakness of friendship relations which strengthen abnormal behaviors in this area.

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Objectives: In this article the effects of destruction of abnormal quarter of "Ghorbat" on social capital among residents of Khaksefid will be surveyed with due regard to the existing theories about the social capital (theories such as Coleman’s, Burdieu’s, Fukuyama’s, Putnam’s, Woolcock’s, Narayan’s and so on), related concepts of the suburbanization and characteristics of suburbanization quarters. Ghorbat was the name of an area which was formed after the revolution in 1979 parallel to the expanding of khaksefid which was due to the lack of plan and supervision on urban constructions. The primary residents who were the gipsy settled in this area after the unauthorized constructions in Khaksefid, expanded quickly and turned the Ghorbat to a center of deviation, especially in case of narcotic substances. In order to obtain this goal (measurement of social capital), three indicators consisting social confidence, social correlation, and social participation have been chosen as main indicators of social capital for measuring the amount in past (before demolition of Ghorbat quarter ) and present time. Method: This research is of descriptive-analytic type that has been done by survey method and the data gathered by a questionnaire coined by researcher. The amount of social capital in the past and the present time has been measured by a quasi-panel design plan. The statistical population included of all the old residents of Khaksefid (higher than 25 years old) who had lived at least 10 years in this quarter. Sample size consists of 380 persons chosen by stratified size appropriate random sampling such that Khaksefid quarter was divided to three supposed areas (according to the distance of residence to the demolished area): a) Residents up to 300 meters distance. b) Residents between 300-600 meters. c) Residents further than 600 meters from the demolished area d) The questionnaires have been filled in accordance with number of each supposed area. e) Also the hypotheses of research have been considered by T test, Variance and correlation confident. f) Findings: The research showed that the amount of social capital of Residents of khaksefid was stronger in kinship level than neighborhood, ethnic and local level. Also it was stronger among women than men, among elders than youngsters and among the less-educated than the high or well educated ones. Results: The Results obtained from this research showed that, regarding the past (before demolition of Ghorbat quarter), the social capital among residents of Khaksefid has been decreased and the more the distance of residents form demolished area, the less decrease in social capital occurred. It means that the demolition of this area has more effects on the residents who have lived near this area and their social capital has been decreased more.

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Objectives: Urban population of Sistan and Balouchestan province in two recent decades for many reasons such as rural and urban immigrations and to change many villages to city points has made many intensive revolutions. At the result disintegration dispersion urban regions and disequilibrium in urban hierarchy organization and appearance of primate city is carried out. Due to the capital- oriented policies adopted by the Iranian officials, Zahedan the capital of Sistan and Balouchestan province has maintained its superior position over other cities of the Province froml 956 to 2006. Therefore, no balancing programs have been determined to develop the appropriate urban spaces so for. As a result Zahedans population is now more than the total population of the vest of the Province with the pioneer specialized, economic and political facilities present therein. Method: Research method is combined of documental, descriptive and analytic methods. In this research, the required information and the population data were collected from the valid resources via library methods. Then using the Zipf rank- size model and patterns, the statistical model of levels difference limit and the Lorenz curve, the quality and quantity analyses were carried out. In order to process the data the Mat lab and Excel software’s were used. The goal of this paper is investigation and analysis of urban hierarchy organization, reasons of population fast growth over many of cities, arise problems from disordering in urban hierarchy organization and offering ways for reforms over urban organization of province. Findings: Study findings show that urban hierarchy organization of Sistan and Balouchestan province in 1986- 2006 decades is very disequilibrium and is from primate city type. The finding showed that between 1986- 2006, Zahedan had been the dominate city in the Province. Bang the capital and enjoying welfare services and commodities such as health, military and higher education centers along with the immigrations from neighboring villages and cities have made the population of Zahedan larger. Thus the development of the “Primate City” phenomenon. According to the Lorenz curve model, the differentiation coefficient of the cities of Sistan and Balouchestan province unbalance during 1986- 2006 which indicates the phenomenon of unbalance in the urban hierarchy in the province. In addition, it changed from semi-equilibrium to critical point in 2006. Results: According to for going patterns and models, inequality and imbalance can be obviously observed. The of the urban hierarchy system shows that the vast gap existing between the provinces primate city and the other cities which has caused the imbalance and the cities going faraway from the balance line. The increasing number of small cities during 1986-1996 has contributed to the imbalance in the hierarchical system of the province cities. Small cities apart from being much scattered and geographically remote, lack the appropriate local commodities and potentials. If not noticed sufficiently, small cities will lead the urban hierarchical system of the province to a crisis. In general paying attention to small and middle sized cities and the increase of capital, commodities and services to them, will decrease the local imbalance and will lead the urban hierarchy of the province to balance in a large time.

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Intuition: Poverty reduction should be seen as a part of a wider enterprise to establish a well-ordered and balanced society. Obviously, this target cannot be achieved overnight and it requires many different, consistent and harmonious efforts to attack the causes of inequity and deprivation from different angles. To guarantee less poverty in future means to tackle child poverty today. Children in poverty at present guarantee the persistence of poverty in the future, unless they are the main target of social protection programmes. Hence, the most effective approach to any poverty reduction effort is to tackle child poverty first. Malnourishment and under-nourishment, insufficient health care, and poor schooling, if there is any, are the main causes that breed poverty. Children living in a poor family have prime candidate potential for becoming the future poor. The descendants of the poor remain poor because they are deprived from basic nutrition, health care, and education. This cycle reproduces poverty and the victims end up in copiously documented ‘poverty traps’. Iran with young population, almost 25% below the age of 15, should take child poverty more seriously otherwise the future of the country would be in jeopardy. This study provides an account of the status of child poverty in Iran. The overall figure of child poverty is disaggregated into 30 provinces. Uneven development in different regions of the country is a source of noticeable differences in per capita income (consumption) in different provinces. Hence, poverty statistics show a discernible variation in poverty incidence in different areas. High poverty incidence rate in areas with rich natural resources reveals a basic policy failure plus the fact that poverty reduction programmes can be successful provided that there is a comprehensive, participatory and community-based approach to tackle the problem. Methodology: In this study micro-data collected through Iran Household Budget Survey (HBS) over 1999-2007 is used. The HBS was conducted on a provincially representative sample of close to 30,000 households. Absolute poverty incidence in 30 provinces is calculated and then the ratio of the children under 16 living in poor households to the total number of children is accounted for both in rural and urban areas. Findings: Although, the latest poverty incidence rate in Iran is around %30, child poverty incidence in some cases is markedly higher. For example poverty incidence in Sistan and Baluchestan province for the urban and rural areas are %70 in our sample, in 2007. Nevertheless, overall child poverty incidence in 2007 in the urban and rural areas of the country is %38 and %18, respectively. The lowest urban child poverty headcount rate of %17 occurs in Mazandaran and for the rural areas of %18 occurs in Mazandran, too. Child poverty incidence rates declined during the time frame of the study, while both the rates of poverty incidence and intensity are higher in the rural areas than the urban ones. The highest child poverty rate in Iran has been occurred in the eastern part of the country where was drought stricken region for eight consecutive years. Failure of the drought relief schemes led to massive migration which itself deepened the incidence of poverty.

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  Objective: The most obvious character of Iran’s socio-economic changes in recent decades (1966-2006) is urban and urbanite growth. In the year 1966, only 38 percent of Iran’s populations were urbanite. This figure increased with 5.1 mean growth rate to 54 percent until 1986, and so the urban population share proceeded from rural population. For the first time in Iran, more than half of the populations became urbanite. Now, about 70 percent of Iran’s population is urbanite who is living in 1067 urban points. Urban development has been increased so rapidly in this period that limited many existing opportunities for increasing social welfare and upgrading of urban quality of life. Therefore, in current situation in parallel with urbanization of society, one of the most important research necessities is the analyzing of the consequences due to it like assessment of urban quality of life. In this article the impacts of urbanism growth on urban quality of life changes from 1986-2006 has been evaluated. Method: The research method in this article is descriptive-analyzing. In this way, the changes of quality of urban life in 1986-2006 in the base of objective index, first describe by process framework and then analysis with regard to urbanism growth. The indexes which the changes of their share, per capita are assessed consist of housing, sanitation, education, communication, energy and tourism. The basic information is gathered by documentary and library methods from statistical sources and official reports and sometime has been completed by personal recourse to respective organizations. Findings: Under the influences of expedite growth of urbanism in 1986-2006, the indicator urban quality of life in Iran has reduced in many indexes like housing, education, tourism, sanitation and health (sick bed). The number of urban households without house has get from 25 to 29 thousand household and in spite of relative stability in the number of rooms and shrink of space of delling units, the density of person in a room had increased from 0.6 to 0.8. Teacher per capita has been decreased from 16 to 14 teachers per 10,000 person. Also, professor per capita with growth rate of only 0.5 percent in a more unfavorable process has been reached from 0.08 to 0.04 per student. In the case of sickbeds, the same changes can be seen from 27 to 24 beds per 10,000 person. In others indexes sanitation and health, and also communication and energy urban quality of life had been increased. This increase for medical laboratory had shown a growth from 5.8 to 9.4 laboratory per 10,000 person. The number of cell

  phones with a 10 increase had been reached from 16 to 3188 cell phone per 10,000 people. The number of housing unit having telephone also has increased from 25 to 85 percent. Besides, from the energy index point of view in 2006, 98 percent of housing unit are accessed to electricity and 85 percent to gas which in comparison to similar index in 1966 shows significant increase. Results: Urban quality of life has been influenced extremely by rapid urbanization. Rapid urbanization has lessened the share and per capita of many indexes or controlled the positive changes and by this has a serious influence on social aspects of urbanization. In this situation, it is necessary in parallel with urban and urbanism development the study of assessment of urban quality of life in national and regional scale are considered continually. In fact, the capacity and rate of urban development in Iran not only should be evaluated by quantity and physical criteria, but also by survey of its influence on urban quality of life.

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  Objectives: Fars province includes 24 townships and urban districts that are highly different in terms of ecological condition, area and population congestion. For example, Shiraz urban district has a high population of 1.3 million while in other urban areas such as Bavanat, Pasargad, Farashband and Arsanjan less than 20 thousand people live. There are considerable differences among the Fars urban areas in other aspects and especially in economical fields. Great differences among the Fars urban areas assert the necessity for more consideration to the less developed urban areas in provincial programming. Such a programming and aiming at the especial areas needs to rank the different areas priority. This study aims at ranking the Fars province urban areas based on a composite development criterion.

  Methods: In order to rank the urban areas, fuzzy and numerical taxonomy

  approaches were used. Regarding the complexity of selecting the appropriate indices indicating the development level we focused on the indices that are more cited in development economics. These indices, as aggregate groups, are demographic, sanitation and health, communication and newspapers, education, public and recreational facilities, cultural, and economical and welfare indices. Each of the groups contains detailed indices, amounting to 29 indices totally. The dataset comes from Fars province 2006 census and annually expenditure survey of 2006. Our sample also contains the urban areas of Fars province.

  Findings: The findings showed a slight difference among Fars urban areas in terms of demographic, sanitation and health and education indices, accounting only for 23 percent of combined development index. The individual weight of the above indices is also 6, 10.38 and 5.89 percent, respectively. While more than 77 percent of differences were generated from other indices. Based on the fuzzy approach the higher is the weight of a special index, there will be more difference among the areas in terms of that index. Based on the fuzzy approach urban areas of Shiraz, Bavanat, Arsanjan and Farashband were found with the highest rank in terms of the development level. While Ghir and Karzin, Zarrindasht, Pasargad and Mamasani were recognized as the regions with lowest development ranking.

  Results: The findings of the study showed that there are low differences among the Fars province urban areas in the case of demographic, sanitation and health and education fields and most of the differences in urban areas resulted from public and recreational facilities, cultural, and economical and welfare indices. It was also found that the fuzzy approach is more powerful in ranking as compared to numerical taxonomy.

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Objectives :One of the household's economic welfare indices is their quality of consumption commodities mixture during a given period. In Economics, the commodities are classified luxuries , necessities and inferiors by income elasticities of demand . When most of commodities in households'consumption basket are necessities and inferiors , the conditions of household's consumption are improved and its welfare is increased . In this article , we want to find "Are the consumption mixtures of urban households improved or disimproved during 1368-87 to 1351-67?" Methods : The used models of Engel curves are estimated by panel data during two periods .Then, income elasticities of demand of commodities are calculated. Findings : During 1351-67 , Cereals products , Oil Fats , Tobacco products and Clothing and footwear were inferiors and the other commodities were necessities in urban households'baskets .But during 1368-87, Medical Care and Health Services , Transport and Communications ,Recreation, Entertainment and Cultural Services were luxuries and other commodities were necessities . Results : Since during 1368-87 some of the food commodities changed from inferiors into necessities and some non-food commodities have been changed into luxuries , thus we take a result that consumed condition and economic welfare of Iranian urban households have been worse during 1368-87 to1351-6

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Problems statement: New millennium started while more than half of world population lives in cities. This issue requires attendance of the citizens in affairs managemanet along with necessity of equipment, demands and needs. The important point is barriers and prohibiting factors which prevent participation. This article intends to answer these questions by reliance on research findings in 2009 that how much the Tehran citizens tend to participate in urban affairs and what factors they follow and what their contripation in urban affairs? Methodology: It’s a survey using questionnaire and interview to gather information. For sampling, districts of the city were classified in terms of economic and social differences and then 1370 families were studied on the basis of population of each group in 22 districts of Tehran. Finding: Reinfocement of participation requires motivation, feeling of attachment to others and societies. The more the scope of attachment to city and district, the more the tenency of person to participation n urban affairs. Reinforcement of participation equires awareness, trust, satisfaction feeling and tendency to cooperation with urban associations and establishing strong relationship between citizens and urban managers. There should be trust and experience of cooperation with urban associations so that people become satisfied in addition to better performance. When the people are not sufficiently aware and are not informed of the strategies, they will not be satisfied with associations relating to ubran affairs and consequently, there will be no other participation. Although extent of participation of the persons in Tehran urban affairs is law, there are some differences between the districts. Results: Participation in urban affairs can be regarded as external requirements of the urban problems which are realized by democratizing the society, decentralizing and empowering different classes. In this regard, organized, Formal and planned models will be the best strategies along with spontaneous participations.

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Objective: Today some of the problems and difficulties in developing countries are related to the manner of their internal migrations. Each year millions of the rural population in the developing countries decided to migrate to the urban areas of these countries and this phenomenon has had negative consequences in the cities. In fact the migration that itself is created by many factors is a reason that helps to more imbalances in social, economic and political problems of a country. One of the results for rapid urbanization in Iran is increased migration to the urban centers and the crisis of villages escaping. This problem has many various social and economic difficulties such as crisis of land and housing, shortage of employment, and formation of slums in the cities which attract migrants. Method: The required information has been gathered from the detailed results of censuses for the populations and housing during 1986-2006. At first, the growth rate for the cities population has been calculated during 1986-1996 and 1996- 2006 periods and then through calculating population of each city in the beginning and at the end of each decade. Findings: Increased ratio of immigration in Iranian cities during the two recent decades was found. During 1996-2006, 873 cities in Iran had seen immigration and 118 cities were exposed to emigration, from which 16 cities are regarded as small towns. The percent of immigration in Iranian cities increased from 70.91% during 1986-1996 to 86.27% during 1996-2006. During the two decades under study, the procedure of emigration has been reduced in all the cities and also the number of the cities which send the migrants has reduced and the ratio of the cities that attract migrants has increased considerably. Increasing the percent of small towns which attract the migrants during 1996-2006 indicates the inclination to urbanization, increasing the number of small towns in the country urban hierarchy and formation of crisis for escaping from villages. Conclusion: During the two decade of our study, the cities of Talkhuncheh, Kharaju, Kumele, Rine, Asgaran, Jupar, Jirande, Nafaj, Joshghan_O_Kamo, Nokhandan and Dehaghonbeh had no migration, 171 cities had intensive immigration, 702 cities had weak immigration, 16 cities had intensive emigration and 112 cities had weak emigration. The phenomenon of emigration is particularly observed during 1986-1996 in small towns and small cities. During the two decades under study, the cities of Mohamaddieh in Tehran province and Masjed Soleiamn (a medium city) in Khuzestan province had maintained the procedure of their emigration. This problem expresses the continuance of emigration in those cities. During 1996-2006, the secondary cities and large cities in the country had more immigration due to the existence of the employment and abundant facilities and services compared to the last decade. During 1996-2006, immigration was increased in large cities. The highest level of immigration in large cities is related to Karaj, Mashhad, Isfahan, Tabriz and Shiraz. These cities have made difficult easy access to the facilities and services for the suburbs due to attraction of social and economic services and caused imbalance in access for optimum distribution of the facilities. In other word, they have created a kind of imbalance in the national level and they have caused to attract the migrants toward themselves. Tehran with concentrating the economic, social and political facilities and other services as well as being influenced by international economic and technological changes can dedicate the most ratios of migrants to itself at the country.

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Objective: How indicators of poverty have reacted to the economic variables in urban areas? The intensity of each of these economic variables on urban poverty is to what extent? The main purpose of this study is assessing "the effect of macroeconomic variables on urban poverty". Method: The study is based on macroeconomic data over the years 1984 to 2006 and developed an econometric model identifying the effect of economic variables on poverty in urban areas. First the relationship between economic variables and poverty as general was expressed, and then, for the analysis of the role of economic variables on urban poverty, an econometric model is created. Findings: The increase in GDP per capita, construction and current costs of state, and direct and indirect taxation cause to decrease urban poverty, while the increase in unemployment rate cause to increase urban poverty. Conclusion: Unemployment rate causes to increase both poverty indexes in urban areas, although its effect on head count index is more. The unemployment is considered as the main factor of poverty in urban areas. The effect of unemployment rate on the percentage of the poor is higher than the poverty gap.

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Objectives: This article evluated urban upgrading achievements and challenges of the Urban Upgrading and Housing Reform Project conducted in Iran during the period 2004-2009. Method: The assessment is provided both at the project level and in the target informal settlements of Bandar Abbas as a case study. Data and information were collected through a desk review, a beneficiary assessment conducted in Bandar Abbas, and a set of interviews held with project stakeholders at the national level and in Bandar Abbas. Findings & Conclusions: One of the most important achievements of the project it is making positive attitude to the informal settlements in public level. Alsoseries of interventions including streets improvements, water piping schools construction, chanel reform, and construction of hygiene an medical centers have resulted various benefits for local inhibitant. Yet the project faced with the challenges and difficulties and have disappointed some of it’s appliances.

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Objective: This article probesto answer that which are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of citizens’ participation in civic affairs in Tehran? This is achieved through studying social, cultural, economic, politicalmanagerial, legal, and spatial-physical aspects of the subject -- providing the basis upon which planners can formulate strategies and models for citizens’ participation in short-, medium-, and long-term plans. Method: Benefiting from a qualitative approach and relying on in-depth interviews and open questions, information on social, cultural, economic, political-managerial, legal, and spatial physical aspects of citizen’s participation has gathered with the aim of providing a SWOT analysis. A statistic community consist of 60 prefessors, urban planning and social science experts, and public sector officials were selected from the several University of Tehran and Socio- Cultural Bureau of Tehran Municipality have been selected and Studied with aimed and accessable sampling. Findings and Conclusion: The Results indicated that citizens’ participation in Iran specially in Tehran faces with the number of structural, socio-cultural, political-managerial, legal, and juridical impediments. Despite the current impediments various strengths and oppor tunities for stabilishment and empower of citizens’s participation in civic Affairs exist for there more weaknesses and thresats of participation from the citizens and city management has affected the partiction. yet the neccessity citizens practipation in the affairs is not be recognized by the Urban managers and cibizens. The citizens participation is mostly superfacial and symbolic.

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Objectives: This paper studies the social relationship among inhabitants in Sardasht as a Kurdish city in west-south of west Azarbayjan province. The exploration of urban social relationship is located in the center of urban sociology and anthropology theories.according the Sardasht city faced with growth of urbanization, so it is necessary to explorate this subject. Method: Three levels of social relationship: kinship, neighborhood and friendship for discription and explatoion of social relationship with inspired from ecological and compositional perspectives have been used and survey method to conduct this research. Fidings: The findings of this research indicate that the average of social relationship in three levels is high and adapted to compositional approach characteristics. Although diiferences is seen between Urbanized characteristics and level of social relationship but this differences is only between age and educational relationship which neigh borhood and also educations and kinship relationship, about other variables is not significant relationship. Results: Finnaly age and education are two variables that explain social relationship changes in the kinship, neigh horhood and friendship between sardasht in habitants.

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  Introduction : This article with purpose of evaluating the degree of adolescent’s satisfaction of public urban environment leads to studies concerning public environment and adolescent and children experiences in urban space with emphasizing youth - friendly city model.

  The aim of this research is to assess the youth’ satisfaction of urban public environment and identify the effective factors on the satisfaction of the youth living in Azarbayjan district. The main considered question in this research is that what factors affect the degree of the youth satisfaction in Azarbayjan district of urban public environment?

  Method: In this research, statistic population is adolescents between 13-17 who is living in Azarbayjan district. Sampling has been calculated by random systematic sampling method with 333 people.

  After studying and surveying theories, concepts and global experiments especially the theory of youth-friendly cities, definition of terminology, the factors affecting the degree of satisfaction of the youth and the main variables in satisfaction are determined. From this base, the degree of youth satisfaction with creation of experimental model of satisfaction assessment (value tree) and surveying 5 variables and 11 criterions in 4 levels is evaluated. Then, by using questionnaire technique, the data of statistical samples was collected. By using SPSS software, the data and statistical analysis such as T test, correlation analysis of multi-variable regression and path analysis was extracted. Validity and reliability of questionnaire was tested by factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. The result of factor analysis shows that the experimental models of satisfaction in case study is a suitable model in assessment of the degree of satisfaction.

  Findings: According to the results of the research, any of the three main variables of the research, which are “access to services”, “social security”, “residential background” and lateral variable “physical features of residence” have significant relationship with dependent variable “youth amount of satisfaction in Azarbayjan district” (p<.01). Only the lateral variable “social - economical origin” is not significant.

conclusion: Finally, the degree of the youth satisfaction in Azarbayjan district, was estimated in low level (5>2.82>1) with vision as the most effective factor on the degree of youth satisfaction of Azarbayjan district