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This research was conducted to distinguish the physical, social and mental problems of elderly in Tehran. The method of this study is based on survey research. Data was collected by questionnaire, from residents of district 13 in Tehran. To do so, random sampling has been used to select a sample of 300 persons who come to elderly cultural center. Hafezieh center and Piroozee park in district 13 in Tehran. Data was analysed by SPSS. According to this research, from 300 people, aged 60 and over (52 percent women), 32.3 percent of the sample were illiterate, and 3 percent were single. 55 percent of the respondents had economic problems. 25.6 percent had difficulties doing activities of daily living. 21 percent expressed dissatisfaction with their current living condition. 27.3 percent did not have medical insurance. 24 percent of the respondents had moral and emotional problems, such as depression, anxiety, boredom and need for counseling . The elderly people in Tehran, particularly women face multiple problems, regarding economic, physical, social, mental and emotional. These problems influence the quality of life of the elderly people. This study shows that a more accurate social welfare program for elderly is of essence to provide better and fulfilling life

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Objective: increase of patient's rights observance is one of the important goals of therapeutic group activities which will have useful role in improving health of the patient. Meanwhile, many physicians play important role in providing better services. Most of the physicians imagine themselves in a position that they are authorized to determine destiny of their patients. In some cases, they have fatherly behavior toward their patients. Although they regard the patient as having sound mind and allows him to make decisions about him , they do for them what they deem fit. On this basis, we seek to answer this question that to what factors patient's right observance and better therapeutic services are subject and what strategies can help increase observance of patient's rights? Method: in this article, necessary information was gathered with use of references available in the libraries and sites in a quality type study and then some questions were constructed for interview. For this purpose, 20 patients, 10 patient companions and 10 physicians (40 persons) were interviewed in Tehran Shariat Razavi Hospital and participants have mentioned their experiences with regard to the raised subjects. All interviews were recorded and written and interviews analysis has been done simultaneously with writing the texts and with use of content analysis. Findings: contents appearing in this study relate to increase of patient's rights observance in patients and their companions' view including participation of patient in decision making, allocation of enough time for listening to patient's talk, receiving mental support, respecting the patient's view, giving enough information to the patient, satisfaction with treatment, responsibility of physician to patient, right to ask patient and listen to reasonable answer by the physician , close communication of patient with physician and suitable feedback of the physician. Barriers to observance of patient's rights in physicians' view include low public culture, crowd of patients, lack of hospital equipment, small and ancient space of hospital, lack of labor and time, hard access to physician, incorrect procedures of treatment in private centers, regulations of hospital and overtime hours of physician. Conclusion: the studied hospital depends on Social Security Organization. Generally, rights of patient in this hospital are observed in weak level. On the one hand, low public culture and lack of the patients' awareness with regard to provisions of Patient's Rights Charter which requires accurate planning in the field of education. On the other hand, lack of hospital equipment and manpower are regarded as barrier to increase of patient's rights observance with regard to crowd of patients and regulations of hospital and incorrect procedures of treatment in private centers. Paying attention to this attitude can help the authorities create better conditions with regard to needs and culture of the patients for increase of patient's rights observance.

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Introduction: Based on previous research findings, identity styles and responsibility have important influences on behavior in adolescences. Identity styles are a mix of skills, ideologies and childhood assimilations that make a coherent and integrated totality and provide continuity of past and a direction for future. Responsibility is a kind of commitment that a person accepts for his own values, believes, job and family. Thus, the main aim of this study is finding the relationship between identity styles and responsibility with educational achievement in 15-18 year-old adolescents in Tehran. Method: Descriptive method (correlation) has been used. Population has been all of the students of district 3 who studied at public high schools in Tehran. (4676 students). Six hundred students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Students completed the Berzonsky Identity Styles Inventory and California Responsibility Questionnaire. Also, educational average of two semesters in years 2008 and 2009 were obtained from school files. Data was analyzed by stepwise regression. Findings: There was a significant relationship between informative identity styles, normative identity styles and responsibility with educational achievement but not with avoidance / diffusion identity style. Conclusion: Results of this study have shown that there is a relationship between identity styles and responsibility with education achievement and this relationship does not differ between the two sex.

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Introduction: The wishes of people are not created in a purely personal and individual way, but the objective position of people in society determines the ceiling of wishes. Dreams or wishes of people are influenced by external conditions and differ depending on the living conditions of individuals. Wishes are different from one another; the desired wishes of a particular class for the other class are impossible and unattainable, which reflects class distance in groups of society. 
Method: The results of this study have been obtained by qualitative method through a deep interview technique among the young people living in Tehran. 
Findings: The findings of this research show that there is a concord between objective fortune and subjective wishes, and people’s wishes are distinct based upon economic and cultural capital. The youth  living in north of Tehran are sure about achieving their wishes.  
Discussion: Despite the lack of enough and adequate means for living and working in the community after graduation, in the beginning the structure of Iranian educational system is very promising, but in practice, a large number of these graduates after receiving higher degrees, will become disappointed because of failures in the labor market. Therefore, working and living outside of Iran has become a dream for many young people regardless of their class base.