The aim of this article is to review drug demand reduction activities in Iran and com- pare hem with the current scientific findings and experiments around the world.

Drag demand reduction could be viewed as integration of three approaches: prevention, treatment and harm reduction. Prevention programs try to reduce incidence rate of substance abuse in the community by means of different kinds of initiatives however, only the subset of preventive measures which are comprehensive, multicomponent and durable in design have been proved efficient. Furthermore, here is robust body of evidence that long-term treatment and care are exclusively effective interventions. Since he treatment compliance is substantially low among most of drag users and in advent of increasingly spreading of fatal infections like AIDS and hepatitis through sharing injection drag use, harm reduction activities has become the first priority in demand reduction domain.

Iran has got the first rank in the world regarding the percentage of opioid drug use. Supply reduction view has prevailed in drag control system in contemporary history of Iran. Fortunately, drag demand reduction movement has been in progress during the last decade nevertheless, there are significant deficiencies and obstacles in terms of legislations, strategic planning, official structure and quality and quantity of activities in Iranian demand reduction system.

It's crucial for Iranian professionals and officials to further their activities in the field of demand reduction

The aim of this article is to review drug demand reduction activities in Iran and compare them with the current scientific findings and experiments around the world. Drug demand reduction could be viewed as integration of three approaches: prevention, treatment and harm reduction. Prevention programs try to reduce incidence rate of substance abuse in the community by means of different kinds of initiatives however, only the subset of preventive measures which are comprehensive, multi-component and durable in design have been proved efficient. Furthermore, there is robust body of evidence that long-term treatment and care are exclusively effective interventions. Since the treatment compliance is substantially low among most of drug users and in advent of increasingly spreading of fatal infections like AIDS and hepatitis through sharing injection drug use, harm reduction activities has become the first priority in demand reduction domain. Iran has got the first rank in the world regarding the percentage of opioid drug use. Supply reduction view has prevailed in drug control system in contemporary history of Iran. Fortunately, drug demand reduction movement has been in progress during the last decade nevertheless, there are significant deficiencies and obstacles in terms of legislations, strategic planning, official structure and quality and quantity of activities in Iranian demand reduction system. It's crucial for Iranian professionals and officials to further their activities in the field of demand reduction.

Objectives: In 1380, there were 3,761,000 drug users. They included 1,158,000 addict and 1,390,000 drug abusers. In Iran, around 65 percent of drug dependent men are married. In spite of the important role of their wives in the family, the problems of this group have not been investigated yet. This study aimed to determine their problems. According to the opinion of these women social problems are the most important. Therefore this paper discusses their social problems in order to assess necessary social supports. Method: A qualitative study was designed based on focus group discussions (FGD) and in depth interviews. A total of 20 addict men from two age categories, 33 addict men’s wives from three age and education categories and several therapists selected from a referral drug abuse treatment center in the eastern district of Tehran. Information was collected based on open questions. These categories included social aspects, social and interpersonal relationships, satisfaction with the relationships and family security. Findings: Four categories of social problems were found in the 6 FGD and 15 in depth interviews. These categories included social aspects, social and interpersonal relationships, satisfaction with the relationships and family security. Social rejecting and labeling were expressed by most of the interviewed persons. Most of them declared that their relationships had been limited. In most meetings women took part without their husbands and their relationships were restricted to persons who were accepted by the addict husband, such as other addicts and drug dealers. On the other hands, the family security has been threatened by the addict husband, neighbors and other people in society. At the same time, most husbands were not aware about such problems. Results: Wives of addict men are one of the disadvantaged groups of the society. Destigmatization of the families, involving the families in self help groups and providing needed social services are recommended.

Objective: Problems of substance abuse in young population and students are very important in all societies, because these groups are investments of communities to produce technology and science. In other hand, youth is a high risk group to tendency and usage of substances. Almost all of substance abuse researchers and theories agree with this views that substance abuse cannot be considered merely personal, physical or social problem. This problem has bio-psychosocial impact on personal health, family relationships, and society. The purpose of the present study was investigating substance abuse rate among Governmental (State) university students in Iran.

Method: present study was a cross sectional research. Studied sample consisted of 8373 university students (3372 male and 4980 female with 21 didn’t response).From all five regions of Iranian Governmental universities five university (Esfahan, Ferdossi, Kerman, Raazi, and Tehran) were selected randomly. The study subjects were selected by using cluster random sampling method based on gender, faculty and residence statues (dormitory). Substance abuse questionnaire (taromian, 1385) was used in order to gather required data. Content validity of data gathering instrument was confirmed by substance abuse professionals, and its reliability was suitable.

Findings: Descriptive data indicated that 92 percent of study subjects were in the age range of 19-25 (8/30 percent married, 90/60 percent single, and 0/60 percent separated). Data analysis of the present research indicated that the proportion of students who have used Ghalian, Tobacco, Alcohol, and Opium, at least once in their life, were 30 (46/89 male, 18/54 female), 20 (33/71 male, 10/60 female), 13 (22/81 male, 6/37 female) and 2/80 (5/75 male, 0/88 female) percent; and also 20/70, 13/90, 10, 1/50 percent in the last 12 months respectively. The onset age of almost all substance abuse was at ages from 13 to 18. Also substance abuse often occurred in their friend’s home, at the dormitory with friends, family parties, and recreational trips with fiends.

Results: With regard to the availability of traditional substances and alcohol, the rate of substance abuse in students was low. Instead, the student population was the high risk group and adolescence was the critical period in using Ghalian, tobacco, opium and other new substances. The finding of the research revealed that the friends were indicator factor and more important factor than the family in the onset of substance abuse.

  Introduction : The purpose of this study was to examine some factors associated with adolescent substance abuse, by using the theory of planned behavior ( TPB ) framework.

  Methods: This study has been a cross sectional one. A measure consisting of TPB constructs was developed and administered to a sample of adolescents in Tehran, Iran. Data was analyzed to assess the association between TPB constructs and demographic variables and behavioral intention.

  Finding: Totally, 433 male students aged between 11 and 19 were studied. The analysis has shown that drug abuse behavioral intention was predicted by TPB constructs ( attitude, subjective norm but no perceived behavioral control) and tobacco use. Behavioral intention was associated with mother`s education grade and exited the tobacco and substance user among family members and friends too.

  Conclusion: Findings have indicated that substance abuse might be predicted by TPB constructs and associated by some demographic variables.

  Introduction: The aim of this study is exploring the resiliency process in Darrvaze Ghar neighborhoods of Tehran teenagers and youths with the substance abuse through discovering dimensions of experiences.

  Method : The present research was carried out by using a methodology of qualitative research using grounded theory based on Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The study focused on Darrvaze Ghar neighborhoods of Tehran in 2011. Data was collected through open unstructured interviews and focus group discussion. In total, 14 interviews with 12 teenagers/youths were held and focused group discussion was held with 7 participants.

  Findings: Findings of the research have shown that 5 major elements are affecting the resiliency process of teenager and youths with the substance abuse as fallow:

  1) Targeted efforts and hope for the future to identity achievement

  2) Employing strategies to maintain their

  3) For overcome cultural factor and social nasty stigma, underdevelopment, risky environmental and concern of safety issues

  4) Identity achievement

  5) Experiencing facilitator and confounding factors. The most important part of the other elements around it is identity achievement.

  Conclusion: The result uncovered, be confirming , the achieve meaning of life , achieve success are issues that are formed and resulted through process of resiliency with the drug abuse. Resiliency process of Darvaze Ghar teenager and youths are begging from training childhood and with efforts to overcome obstacle and achieve success will be continued .

Introduction: Drug abuse is a phenomenon with social, cultural and economic dimensions. This problem has affected on large part of the workforce in many countries. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of youth attitude to substance abuse.

Method: using previous  questionnaire’s we designed primary repository of items which then executed on a sample of 510 student’s of universities across the country in 2011-2012 .We selected this students with a multistage sampling. For assessing the validity and reliability of this questionnaire we used of exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach's coefficient were used.

Findings: exploratory factor analysis revealed that 25 items in the model were loaded on 5 factors. These 5 subscales explained about 61 percent of variance of all construct. internal consistency of the total construct was satisfory as Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.82.

Discussion: The size and diversity of participants, validity of the results, and the relative shortness of questionnaire, made it a perfect tool for measuring attitudes of young people to drug abuse.

Introduction: We need a different approach for prevention of social problems such as addiction in university students. Medical students need more attention because they are more familiar with some of the drugs. This study aimed to develop a model for this group.

Method: Along with an extensive literature review, we developed a preliminary model and used Delphi method to validate it. We collected comments of 30 social problems experts, who have good experiences in the field of prevention of substance abuse in students, by email from April 2014 to August 2015 during three rounds of Delphi study.

Finding: For the prevention of addiction and other social problems among the students we must consider these principles: Emphasis on quality of life, active participation of the students in the prevention programs, and considering cultural differences in planning. These are main principles in this approach.

Discussion: Using opinions of a wide range of experts on prevention of addiction, using participatory approaches to cover the weaknesses of previous models are the most important strengths of this model.