---

In general, present article investigate opportunity distribution in higher education among students in four public universities. Coaching Problem: In present societies, nearly the only way for membership in new middle class and finding its own job, is attaining university degree. Moreover, necessary condition for attaining most of high level job and accepting specialized responsibilities in management and business, is taking university degree. Taking university degree on the one hand adds probability of finding better job, better earning and more lessure times, and, on the other hand, reduce the possibility of dismissal. And also, higher education is the most essencial for social promotion and mobility low class children in the society. Because of it, access to higher education is regarded one of important factor to improve social equity. Therefore, the main problem of this article is to investigate students social origin in some universities monitored by Ministry of Science, Research ans Technology (MSRT).In other words, its goal, is answering to this question that wether there is any equity for teaching opportunity in Iranian public higher education (in investigating universities). Method: Present article is based o n a field study that investigates variables of the projects by using descriptive and inferencial statistics. In this project, sampling unit was a student and sample society includes all day students in universities of Tehran, sharif Technology, Shahid Beheshti and Allame Tabatabaee, fhat out of them 511 students were randomly selected and considered characteristics. Face validity of questionnaires were confirmed by relevant experts moreover, Chronbachs Alpha technique was used to assess reliabity of questionaires. For determining Socio-Economic Status (S-E-S), six variables were used: occupation level of father’s job, occupation level of mother’ job, father income, mother income, educational degree of father and educational degree of educational degree of mother. Findings: Project findings showed that in our sample, Socio-Economic Status(SES) are as following,5 percent of students have high level SES,20 percent of them have middle toward up SES,28 percent have middle toward down SES, and 48 percent have low level SES. This findings shows that most of student are belong to low level and middle toward down S ES. Results: The main hypothesis of this project (i.e. “The students with higher SES likely enter more in public universities”) finally was not recognized. Although observational hypothesis was not confirmed, there are some symptoms that makes worried about such a hypothesis be fulfield. At present time, Iranian higher education system has not any effective policy to add access for social low groups to higher education. But, soon or late, necessity of compiling such a program will be appeared, and, for now, we must also be ready to design it.

---

  Introduction: At present different developmental strategies emphasize on public participation in general and women as half of community population specifically in order to achieve development goals. The micro-Credit fund plan for rural women is among plans has been performed by ministry of Agriculture Jahad aims to increase economic activities, welfare services and empowerment of rural deprived women. In spite of many endeavors, the plan hasn’t been welcomed by rural women. Therefore, main research question is answering why most of rural women didn’t significantly participate in this plan?

  Method: To finding a precise and objective answer to the question, families living in villages and have micro-credit fund formed statistical population. A survey method and questionnaire were used to collect data.

  Findings: Findings have shown that variables such as personal characteristics of rural women, meta- individual factors, cost-benefit of participating in micro-credit fund and socio-economic qualities of rural women had a significant relationship with dependent variable. However, independent variables such as: individual characteristics and social status had no meaningful relationship with dependent variable and consequently the research hypotheses rejected. Totally, according to coefficient of determination, independent variables have a significant relationship with dependent variable. As a result, only 0.52 of dependent variable was explained by independent variables.

 

 

  

 

---

 

Introduction: The violence against women consider as a global phenomenon. Many researches show that there are differences in the incidence of violence against women due to unique cultural factors. Therefore, on the basis of differences in culture or geographic area, territory, national or ethnic origin, religion, there are lots of attitudes towards violence against women. Present Study of the various types of violence against women, violence against women within the family and in the field examines how much husbands violent. In this study explain the social factors of Violence by husbands against their wives in the city of Sanandaj.

 

Method: The method of research is survey The population of the study consisted of all women 15-45 years old, is married and resides in the city of Sanandaj. A total of 400 of these women were chosen through multi-step cluster random sampling. Validity study was the construct validity and content validity. It is also Cronbach's alpha reliability for the scale has been used in this research.

 

Findings: While only 6.8 percent of the survey sample said they have not experienced any violence from their husbands, 60.4% of women were under their husband violence and 32.4% of the respondents have experienced medium and large violence from their husbands. Based on the analysis of research data, women's adherence to gender roles is the most explanation husbands' violence against women.

 

Discussion: The women who have accepted roles and gender stereotypes and male domination than women who do not accept these stereotypes, and show resistance against these stereotypes, have suffered less violence from their husband.

 

---

Introduction: Quality of life has always been a key concept and humans sought to find the factors and methods that would guide him towards a good life. According to a NUMBEO report, in 2015, regarding the quality of life index, Tehran rank was 106  compared to other cities from 113 countries. This rank indicates a low quality of life in Iran. Quality of life is a dynamic concept and changes over time. The evaluation  of this concept illustrates the state of human development in a society. Therefore, a continuous examination of the quality of life is essential. In this study, we try to examine the effect of socioeconomic factors affecting the quality of life of citizens of Tehran. Therefore, variables such as social support, feeling of relative deprivation, social happiness and socioeconomic status were considered as independent variables.
Method: The present study was of descriptive–casual type. The research method was survey. Statistical population included all the resident families in Tehran in 2015. The data were collected by  questionnaires and  interviews, the survey was carried out among 420 people in three regions of north, south and center of Tehran (140 samples per region). . To measure the quality of life, the Global Quality of Life Questionnaire was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The tests used to analyze the findings included Pearson correlation test, regression test, path analysis and model review.
Findings:  The age average of respondents was young. More than half of the respondents had a moderate quality of life. In the mental dimension of quality of life, one of the most important results was that more than half of the respondents needed medical treatment for their daily activities. In the objective dimension of quality of life, most respondents assessed the health of their surroundings low. Most of the respondents had low social support, a moderate feeling of relative  deprivation, moderate social happiness, and moderate social economic status. Research findings suggest that social happiness, social support, feeling of relative deprivation and socio-economic status variables effect on more than half of the quality of life changes. Social happiness has the greatest impact on quality of life.
Discussion: The social happiness variable is influenced by the feeling of relative deprivation and social support, and the social economic status variable is also influenced by the feeling of relative deprivation.
The variables affecting quality of life, respectively, with the highest impact, are: social happiness, relative deprivation, and socioeconomic status. Therefore, it can be said that the proper quality of life is created by the feeling of happiness, the lower  feeling of relative deprivation, the higher socioeconomic status and the support that a person receives from his family, friends and acquaintances. Regarding the effectiveness of independent variables (social happiness, the feeling of relative deprivation, economic and social status and social support) in increasing the quality of life of citizens of Tehran, with high explanatory factors and the relationship of independent variables together, addressing all of them requires deep attention and review which should be at the top of social and economic programs of the community. Since Tehran as a metropolis has a large population, the findings of this research can be partially generalized to other metropolises of our country. Thus, the results of the research, which emphasize on two social and economic dimensions, will improve the conditions of the community and improve the quality of life of the people.

---

Today, in order to create political development, the participation of all sections of society in political affairs is essential. Therefore, the participation of women in all social activities such as politics is a prerequisite for political development, so that women even as minorities in politics would contributes to the unfinished democracy of society. Knowing the factors influencing this matter such as self-concept is also important. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between women’s self-concept and their political participation. The research method in this study was descriptive (survey) and purposeful. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire in the form of field operations and statistical population of all women in Tehran at the age of political participation. According to the number of statistical population (3,500,000), the sample consisted of 389 persons based on Cochran formula. The stratified random sampling method was used. The final result of the research is more likely to be based on the research conducted on the components of the research namely one’s perception of socio-economic class, one’s own religion, one’s belief, perception of one’s personality, and one’s perception of one’s own gender. There is a significant relationship between women’s perception of their age, their perception as regards their abilities, and their political participation. Also, a total of 41.7% of the overall variance in political participation is self-explanatory. Thus, it can be said that higher participation implies a crystallization of the characteristics of the political, economic, and cultural development of society. Thus it can be claimed that the more democratic the politics and society are, the more tolerant the culture of sexuality is, the bolder the presence of women is likely to be.

---

Introduction: This is a sociological study of the economic burden on patients writh cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on the behavior change approach in their behavior in Javad Al-Aeme hospital of Mashhad in 2020.
Method: This is a cross-sectional survey conducted on a population of 385 CVD patients of over 50 years of age admitted to the Training, Research and Treatment Center of Javad Al-Aeme hospital of Mashhad. Data were collected through a demographic profile form and a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which were measured using the content validity method and the Cronbach’s alpha method, respectively. SPSS and AMOS softwares and appropriate statistical tests were used for the data analysis purpose.
Findings: The results of regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship of the independent variables of the study, i.e. “socio-economic status”, “living conditions”, and “health-related capital” with patients’ behavioral style and economic status. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that the collected data confirm at an acceptable level the structural model with its extraneous variables, i.e. “socio-economic status”, “living conditions” and “health-related capital”. The total effects of these three variables on behavioral style were calculated to be 0.41. In other words, 41% of the behavioral style changes among cardiovascular patients can be explained by these three variables and 59% of the unexplained variance related to exogenous variables. It was also found that the effect of the behavior change approach on economic burden was -0.49%.
Discussion: Since the behavioral style change, socio-economic status, health-related capital, and living conditions significantly affect the CVD, effective steps can be taken to prevent and control this disease and reduce its costs and economic burden by modifying and changing the patients’ behavioral style.

---