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" Social welfare " and " social problems " should be considered as two sides of one coin. In this paper, the concept of " social problem " is defined, through reviewing four textbooks, as a situation which is considered as a threat for quality of life or vital values by a considerable number of population but, of course, not necessarily the majority of them. In addition, this situation should contain some social causes or effects and its abolition should require some changes in social policies. Accordingly, poverty, inequality, social deviation, and difficulties in social institutions, i.e. production, administration, general health, mental health, education, and family can be categorized as typical social problems. Functionalist, conflict, and interactionist theories explain social problems differently, and therefore, propose different policies to resolve them. Whereas functionalists considere social problems as those who have arised out of a disrupture between norms and behaviors, conflict theorists regard them as products of an unjust distribution of power, wealth , status, and information . These macro theories do not explain the individual differences in a given social condition this is relinquished to interactionists who emphasize the semantic and interpretive processes, such as labelling and differential assocation as forces on individual to deviate.

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Many countries in Asia is undergoing significat demographic , social and economic transformations which challenge the capability of social security schemes to adapt to new emerging needs and the problem of rising social security costs. The Republic of Korea established the first medical insurance Act in 1963. At that time, The Korean government decided to implement a voluntary insurance scheme in view of the difficulties encountered by individuals and enterprises to pay insurance contributions due to the low level of per capita income and the poor financial situation of the enterprises. However, with the successful implementation of three consecutive Five-year Economic Development Plan initiated form 1962 , the Republic of Korea achieved notable economic progress as well as improvements in social welfare protection. In tire fourth Five-year Economic Development Plan, the government re-examined the medical insurance issue in 0rder to provide the population with comprehensive protection against diseases . In 1996, 97.9 percent of the population covered by the medical insurance program the rest were covered by the medical aid program. The financial resources of the medical insurance system come from contributions paid by the insured person and his/her employer and government subsidies. For health care in rural areas , government-operated public health centers , health sub-centers and primary health care post have been established throughout the country. Health expenditure as a percentage of GNP in the Republic of Korea increased from 2.7 per cent in 1970 to 5.4 percent in 1994 the growth rate is approximately 2.9 percent a year. The future option is to further pursue more effective cost containment policies regulating tile supply and demand sides as well as the rates of medical care fees which affect the entire medical market. The experiences of social security and medical insurance system of the Republic of Korea can be used in the countries such as Iran.

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In contemporary of social science, many thesis and ideas were discussed from the viewpoint of citizenship. This article with a historical approach to the citizenship is trying to provide some definitions and social attitudes to gain social welfare. In order to do this, we have to represent some definitions about citizenship and a tendency toward self - orienting among boys, civil Republican, and marshal Marx theories and so on. Different approaches indicate a bilateral relationship between citizenship and social welfare. Some viewpoints have called social welfare as a part of citizenship, and named it as a law. While some others announced availability of various facilities as a framework to citizenship. Thus in the framework of citizenship we can directly obtain social welfare Also indirectly through obtaining social welfare in different people we can prepare a ground of citizenship.

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According to the third-development program in 1379, government was obliged to design a suitable social security polity and submit it to the parliament for final approval. During recent weeks and after nearly a Two-year delay, a bill was edited by government and sent to the Islamic parliament. This long - term delay indicates the serious differences in the field of law - making and necessary framework for common polity designing. In this article, the writer discusses the controversies in law - making, the third - development program, analysing and evaluating the current' health care and social security, different viewpoints and styles and so on.

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The research discussed in this article consists of the Process ended to propos a structure for social welfare and security which took more than 11 months in social security research institute. The main topics discussed are as follows: 1- The importance of social security and its relationship to economic growth, social justice, human generosity and national honor. 2- The basis and opportunities towards different atitudes about social welfare and security, polity. 3- The portrait of current Iran social security polity in Iran. 4- Social security in international organizations and some chosen countries. 5- Social security and its socio - economic viewpoints in Iran. 6- Choosing the viewpoints, bases, and suitable ideas for Iran and portrait of suitable conditions. The results of this research led to preparing an act on comprehensive social welfare and security that are discussed in some points,

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Human beings faced economic problems first, some 900 Thousand years ago, when forced out of Africa due to resource shortage compared to their numbers and needs. The start of a communal life some 40 Thousand years ago, gave them more protection and strength and their numbers, as well as their needs increased further. The term Oikonomos meaning prudent management of the household resources and means was coined in Greece, when individuals formed families and forced to take care of their own material affairs, perhaps some three thousand years ago, when they enjoyed their freedoms in city state political units. Human beings struggle to gain back some of their political economic freedoms took them more than two thousand years, and still only a small number of them called entrepreneur managed to gain power and position to run their own affairs and lead the way to early forms of democratic governments and a more or less free enterprise system with all its shortcomings. It has taken the individual citizen, the worker, the wage earner almost another one hundred years to have a real saying in the formation of governments, and in their duties and responsibilities towards the people specially those in need. Today in a democratic society, with an economy controlled anti managed by the people, social security of all the people even of the under privileged groups is of prime importance. The combination of democracy and free enterprise has made continuous economic growth and prosperity a reality in a large part of the world. People in Industrial countries in particular, with the highest gains, can afford to think more and more of their own well being and the well being of their fellow countrymen. Incomes are. growing fast anti a larger and larger portion of it is set aside for social security and welfare, people, aside from housing life insurance, and numerous savings, pay more anti more for health insurance, covering not only illnesses, injuries, operations hospitalizations, drugs, rehabilitation needs, also the loss of income for the time spent to recover and go back to work. Governments in countries with free enterprise systems, have made mandatory, a lot of social security coverage. People themselves have aungmented those coverage by devising new programs, new institutions, as well as new instruments. Put together, People living in democratic societies with free enterprise system, today have "safety nets" providing, them with Pensions unemployment insurance, health insurance, old age ]tension, casualties, job hazards and many more coverage for the employed. There are many programs to help the blind, the poor, families with dependent children the head start for preschool poor children, the food stamp for the poor, child care for working mothers, housing for the low income families and the homeless. There are also supplemental security income, mediaids and medi care programs and so on, for low income families, which of course dose not mean that the coverage is universal anti everybody in need is being help out. A developed economy with a more or less free enterprise system allocates between 10 to 15 percent of its GDP directly for health related services and the government share is increasing much faster than of the private sector. The safety net contains many diversified programs to meet the new emerging needs, under a new industrial - social environment. A comprehensive social security and welfare scheme is a luxurious but necessary consumer product, provided only by free enterprise in a democratic society, where the social conscience have the chance to germinate.

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Overcoming “Poverty" has always been the most important strategic goal for the just governments. So their development policies and programs have put an influence on distribution and equality so that they are doing their atmost to make a balance among social groups Homernerni
Iran,  Since 1357, We have observed many fluctuations in strategic
policies.
Tire hidden and apparent inflations, a suitable field for embezzling, a bad economic condition, the 7 year-old war, Inefficient and neutral management system, an increasing rate of social disorders, growing rate of population who are under the poverty line, all have burdened a miserable economic and social conditions to the county and made the “Social Welfare” stand in limbo.
Althogh some measures are taken in 01'der to provide the higher living standard for all , but they have all been insufficient and therefore it needs a total reform in “Social Security System” and "National Welfare” to limit “The Poverty" .
This article reviews the performance of all the organizations and institutions concerned about the mentioned items and their influence on “Public Welfare” and “ Poverty Alleviation” has been evaluated, analyzed and illeustrated

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It cm be said that welfare and its relation to some economic indicators (such as die type of distribution and the desire achieved by people) has a connection to their amount of income and the achieved desire and in the case of social welfare, it is a subordinate of inequality in income.

This article will have an overview on theoretical literature and other subordinated functions according to A.Sen function in brief.

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The concepts “Welfare” and “Security” while combined by the concept “Social” are of new ones born during modern developments. Because of such characteristic, they have got involved in modern social affairs and it seems impossible to make a clear and comprehensive definition for them so that all the experts have a common idea about it. But bringing their formations into account and their applications either, will lead us to a reasonable understanding of them. “Social Welfare” is used to indicate to a condition including economic, social and political one and focuses on human being, society accountability to human being and tries to promote the social potential as a whole in individual and group aspects. “Social Welfare” has although many things in common with social welfare, but has a different attitude toward the problems. In this article, a clear definition is represented for any of these basic items.

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Nowadays, mistreatment with women in family, which is a very common phenomenon all over the word, has disastrous effects and consequences for society. Although domestic violence against women has very long history, but only recently governments in different parts of the word have considered it as an important problem and provided some measures to deal whit the annoying state of women against whom violence is committed.

In Iran, in spite of the lack of official statistics about violence against women, there is some research which shows huge quantity of violence against women. The more the society is poor, traditional, and weak from cultural point of view, the more we have violence against women and it is more serious, as well as it has heavy toll.

Violence against women has inevitable harms to the integrity of family and society, as well a bad effects on family's children. So to deal with this problem we should take strategical and practical steps toward reaction against domestic violence and protection of its victims. This article studies reaction by which we can manage this phenomenon

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Objectives: The development level among the economic different parts of a country as like as its regions is not generally the same. We usually see heterogeneity among the parts of industry, agriculture and social welfare and services of countries. Thus, it is necessary and inevitable to study the development trend economically among the provinces of our country. Presenting good and suitable social welfare and services are from successful economic performance in a country and their improvement cause the increasing people’s welfare. The symmetrical and balanced distribution welfare and services also have a positive effect in increasing of growth and development of countries. Theories of development are divided by unbalanced growth and balanced growth. The followers of unbalanced growth believed that firstly some special regions should be developed, then the development will be spread to other regions through the spread effects. The followers of balanced growth believed that theory of growth pole has not been able to vanish the inequality and duality of different regions in underdeveloped countries. They believed the regional balanced development prepares best conditions and possibilities for general development of all regions of countries. The regional development should be included three agricultural, industrial and social welfare and services sectors. The social welfare and services are included by hygienic, educational services and other suitable facilities for living in cities and villages. The more social welfare and services are presented throughout countries, the more people are enjoyed welfare. The balanced development of social welfare and services in all regions of country are emphasized by all economists. The economists believed regional balanced welfare makes welfare for all the people and is prepared the necessary conditions for training the creative, skillful, healthy and joyful labors, so-called human capital. Having human capital is one of the sign of economic and social development in any country. In this article, we study the development degree in social welfare and services of Iran’s provinces. We want to answer the following question: Is the social welfare and services duality among the provinces of Iran during the studied years decreased or increased? The decreasing social welfare and services duality among the regions of a country is one of the signs of sustainable development. Method: Factor analysis and taxonomy are used for measuring the development degree of different provinces of country. By the above methods, the development degree of provinces are measured .Then, the provinces are classified to developed, relative developed, less developed and underdeveloped regions and finally their social welfare and services inequality are measured and compared in 1373 and 1383.In this research, 54 social welfare and services indices are used for measuring the development degree of 25 provinces of Iran. Findings & Results: The result of research tells us the development level of social welfare and services among Iran’s provinces is increased but its distribution has been more inequitable. Thus, for having a balanced growth and development, the equitable social welfare and services which casue the decreasing poverty and increasing welfare should be spread throughout the country. Presenting suitable and equitable welfare and services in different regions make the conditions for training and increasing human capital and finally having a sustainable development .

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Objective: This paper aims to examine social welfare discourse in the pried of the reformist government in Iran . To do so we examine the discursive elements of President Khatami’s speeches in the years 1376- 1384. We will try to illuminate and interpret the discourse to find its contextual meanings in their socio-historical situation. This research is applicable and significant since it shows both failures and successes of the social welfare discourses examined. It is also theoretically considerable since it provides a ground for comparison of the similarities and differences of this discourse with its counterparts around the world. Method: This research is methodologically based on Michel Foucault’s and Norman Fairclough’s discourse analysis approaches. In this approach a discourse might be examined in three separate levels including describing, interpreting and explaining. Finding: Our research shows that the Reformist social welfare discourse examined has a very specific and clear orientation. The discourse has a certain notion of justice which is based on providing and promoting equal opportunities and insuring accessibility of all citizens to the opportunities. In addition, the reformist discourse analyzed shows that religion and freedom have major impacts on each other. Furthermore, there are Islamic and legal limits on both issues of religion and freedom. This discourse emphasizes on sustainable and comprehensive development policy. In terms of politics, the discourse analyzed accentuates political participation and promotion of the political parties and groups activities. It also stresses on social security and protection of all citizens based on law and regulations. The reformist discourse emphasize on a complete system of social welfare and justice. As can be seen, the reformist discourse analyzed cannot be categorized and likened to one of the current prevalent social welfare discourses in the world such as the discourses of the liberal democratic, social democratic, neo right liberal and conservative discourse. The reformist discourse is different to those discourses since it has an Islamic nature. Given this religious and Islamic nature, the reformist discourse has a different sense and definition of justice, freedom and other social welfare elements. Results: Our examination shows that the reformist discoursed analyzed is oriented and highlighted comprehensive development, justice with religion and freedom and a humanistic approach to social welfare. The reformist discourse analyzed intended and aspired to change the power relations with full consideration of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Our research demonstrates that the reformist discourse analyzed is a very modern discourse of social welfare since it emphasises human development and considers human forces as the main sources of wealth and power. However, we should mention that the reformist discourse could not attract the attention of the poor and the lower classes though the academics and the elites celebrated it and it was appropriate to meet the needs and necessities of Iranian society.

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Objective: In the new social welfare, issues of social capital have been important and are very necessary because today not only social welfare can not simply available and can not be guaranteed by direct economic and material components, but in addition the resources of social society including social capital of different groups of people must be mobilized. Several experimental findings are emphasized on the importance of social capital at promoting level of development and welfare of communities. Studies show that the areas or countries with the relatively high storage of social capital (according to generalized trust and civil commitment) obtain higher levels of growth compared with the societies with lower trust and low civil commitment. In this study , the collective social capital approach in which social capital is defined as collective assets that leads to the effects and the consequences through orientation to collective (Putnam theory) due to it’s authenticity to the subject of research, approved as the theoretical framework in relation of explanation and analysis of social welfare situation. In this research social capital , as Putnam defined , is studied as a collective asset. Therefore, conceptual elements of social capital considered as a set of cognitive and subjective dimensions which formed social trust and social norms in the behavior in social network which totally formed the social capital components. The average scores of these three components has been considered as social capital scores. Also in relation of social welfare, the combination of individual’s social welfare (Bentham theory) that their indicators proposed by social statistics center of Euroup, approved for measurement in this research. The general hypothesis is that: social capital has a positive impact on social welfare any higher amount of social capital leads to higher amount of social welfare. In addition to the general hypothesis , some other hypothesis as especial forms of relationships between variables such as individual trust, generalized trust, institutionalized trust, social solidarity, cooperation, social support, formal participation, informal participation, amount and variety of relationships are measured. Method: The methodology of this research is survey and questionnaire is used for data gathering . Statistical community of research are all households residing in Tehran and statistical unit of the research is the head of family. Sample size are 299 cases that selected by cluster sampling. Findings & Results: The results of research as generally indicate the approval of hypothesis and research expectations about the role of social capital in increasing of social welfare. As results of the statistical analysis show the social capital has positive impact on social welfare that is , any higher amount which social capital may be, the rate of social welfare will be higher. Also all the indices considered for social capital(such as trust, social norms, and social networks) have a positive impact on social welfare these results are consistent with Putnam theories. The research shows that some indicators of social capital which have better situation in research community have a more relationship with traditional aspects of society such as religious informal participation and charity affairs and some indicators that are consistent with modern life such as modern social capital (institutional trust, generalized trust, solidarity and formal participation) are not in a desirable situation.

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Objectives: This research administered with the aim of study the mediator role of attitudes toward welfare development, population needed to welfare, supportive and helping welfare services and welfare policies in relation between empathy and social interest with approaches to social justice in students of Isfahan university. Method: Statistical population of research were the total students of Isfahan university in fall term of 86-87 year. 297 students selected for answer to research questionnaires with using random sampling method. Research questionnaires were: Attitudes toward social welfare with four subscales named welfare development, population needed to welfare, supportive and helping welfare services and welfare policies (total of item were 28), empathy questionnaire with 33 items, social interest questionnaire with 32 items and a questionnaire of approaches to social justice with 9 items. Data analyzed with the use of correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings: Analyses of data showed that attitude toward welfare development play mediator role in relation between Social interest with equality approach to social justice. Attitudes toward population needed to welfare play mediator role in relation between social interest with need approach to social justice, attitudes toward supportive and helping welfare services was mediator variable in relation between empathy and equity approach to social justice and finally welfare policies was the mediator variable in relation between empathy and social interest with need approach to social justice. Results: finding of this research revealed that welfare development only play the role of mediator variable for equality approach to justice, and population needed to welfare only play the role of mediator variable for relation between need and social interest. But in relation between equity with empathy, attitudes toward supportive and helping welfare services play the mediator role and welfare policies only play the mediator role in relation between need approach to social justice with empathy and social interest.

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Objective: Social problems prohibit accomplishment of social development, or at least delay its process. Child labor is one of the social problems. Poverty has a substantial effect in creation and stability of child labor. In this study, we surveyed correlations between child labor and social development at two distinct times to find the direction of their relationship. Method: This is a cross-lagged panel study. Among all of the world countries, 34 countries in different levels of development, that their child labor statistics and social development index were available at 2000 and 2006, was chosen. Findings: Indices of life expectancy at birth, rate of urban population with access to improved sanitation and rate of literate people over 15 years old, had a negative and significant relation with rate of child labor and rate of children under weight for age under 5 and rate of people with 1$ a day, had a positive and significant relation with rate of child labor, but there was not any relation between Gini index and rate of child labor. In the cross-lagged, relations between rate of child labor at 2000 and social development index at 2006 on one hand, and between social development index at 2000 and rate of child labor at 2006 on the other hand, were negative and significant. The difference between these two correlations (-0.78 and -0.87, respectively) was not significant. Results: It could not be said surely that the rate of child labor at 2000 affects social development index at 2006, directly. Also it could not be claimed surely that social development index at 2000 and affects rate of child labor at 2006. But, these relations are indirect. In this study, Poverty, also, is affirmed as main factor of child labor. The more developed a country is, the less child labor a country has, but the direction of this relation is unknown yet.

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  Objective: Social welfare, as a combination of organized system of laws, rules,programs and policies, is one of the most debatable subjects which contain so difference view points. At the other hand due to the different levels of development, we encounter with different welfare regimes. In this paper we are investigating the case in a comparative analyzing manner.

  Method: this paper is developed based on analytic descriptive method, within which the theories of welfare and public sector economy are used as well. Findings: 1) there is a somehow, tautological relation between social welfare from one hand and the level of development from the other hand. 2) We can specify three kinks of welfare regimes ultra-welfare, informal welfare regime, and welfare state.

  Results: 1)-despite of its difficulties, the welfare state regime could construe as the most efficient one.2)-Iranian welfare regime can not be accounted as a

  welfare state regime

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  Introduction: The Health is Regarded as one of the various forms of human capital and affects labor earnings in different ways. since people work as manual labor and remote than industrial equipments in rural regions, the health of rural households is very important. since the aim of development strategies is to augment the social welfare, this paper is organized to study the effect of health on social welfare. For this purpose, the Rawlsian approach to social welfare is selected to investigate the effect of peasants' health on social welfare in Iran.

  Method: The relationship between health and those factors which affect the productivity and hence income of peasants is the core of theoretical discussions. deductive reasoning is used to study the effect of peasants' health on their income and hence on social welfare in Iran. At last, it is tried to present empirical evidence to test hypothesis.

  Findings: On the basis of above mentioned approach, this hypothesis has Found that improvement of peasants' health has increased the social welfare in Iran. based on Russet et al. (1981) who estimated the effect of health on income inequality, regression equations are used to test proposed hypothesis. The dependent variable in regressions is annual average income of a typical rural household and the index of health is both monthly expenditures of a rural household in health and the number of medical centers in rural areas. relevant data that is used to estimate regressions have gathered for 1361-82 period. The method of estimation is generalized method of moments (GMM).

Discussion: This study is about the effect of rural households' health on their incomes and by using the regression analysis show that rural households' health has significantly and positively related with their incomes in last two decades and hence according to Rawlsian welfare improvement measure, has increased social welfare in Iran. This result confirms the proposed hypothesis and so suggests that increase in health of peasants and expansion of medical equipments toward rural regions bring about the level of social welfare and hence development move up. Consequently, the policy implication of this paper implies more attention of policy makers to development of rural regions as providing the basic services such as health

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Introduction: This study tries to find the association between “trust, social networks and Knowledge (as indicators of social capital)” and “Social Welfare” in Tehran. The questions of this study include: “What are the main Factors of social capital and social welfare in Tehran? Which of the eighteen indicators of social capital are effective on social welfare?

 

Method: Statistical population of this study includes people over 16 years in Tehran. 783 people from this city were selected randomly and data was collected by using questionnaire.

 

Findings: Among the 18 indicators of social capital in factor analysis, six factors “Social Communication, Solidarity and Social Integration, Informal charity, Religious and Reciprocal Participation, Attention to public affairs, Formal participation, Network of Friends, Colleagues and Kinships, Public, Individual and Institutional Trust, looking to the future and Security are effective in determine of social capital.

 

Discussion: The results show a significant relationship between social capital indicators and social welfare in Tehran. The major factors of social capital that increases social welfare (both Subjective and Objective) are: Security, Formal participation, Individual and Institutional Trust, Attention to public affairs, Network Kinships.

 

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Interdiction: In this research, for evaluating various economic - social projects, we use welfare economics approach function, in order to calculate the weight of welfare and the marginal utility of income or consumption. If the purpose of government policy from economic and social projects is increasing social welfare through resource allocation between income deciles (through increased consumption or income) so what weight would be appropriate for each docile? It should be mentioned that because the real per capita consumption of each decile is different from the other ones, so equal increases of per capita consumptions, would have different effects on social welfare.

 

Method: To calculate the weights, demand function of food is estimated by using dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS).

 

Findings: Therefore the welfare weights are important in calculation of evaluation of government projects.

 

Discussion: Results suggest that in order to increase social welfare through resource allocation, different weights should be considered for each docile and after calculating the weight, government should choose the plans which results in the most benefits from different aspects (distributive or with Pareto efficiency).

 

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Introduction: Generally, when speak about the" social welfare”, less attention is paid to the fundamental concepts and philosophy of welfare and related social welfare. And usually welfare needs are considered as secondary and Superstructure needs. Welfare needs of the people, which are rarely seen among the fundamental needs and basic rights be considered. Therefore, this causes especially in the case of economic and political constraints to be comfortable regardless of the welfare needs of the people.

 

However, basic concepts of the social welfare, in most intellectual traditions are several key variables, that, These variables are exactly the same concepts which make up the basic core of the "right". Therefore, if the social welfare as a" right" to be seen, Then social welfare is considered as well as the" fundamental rights" of the people.

 

In this paper review of the theoretical concepts of the philosophy of right and the relationship between "right" and" social welfare" were studied.

 

Method: This study by referring to the scientific references as a review research and for developping theoretical Discussions about the philosophy of social welfare has been done.

 

Findings: Findings of this study show that: in majority of the scientific resources and literature, "right" meant to "secured claim and ruling". it means: this claim is supported by political power and always it is the final winner in the conflict with oppositions.

 

The concept of the right is justified based on the principle of human dignity, And what is the meaning of human dignity ? Are they potentially able to move freely in the direction of their inherent dignity? Also, some elements must be provided up to people whom are able to plan and executed them to shed a good life, and In this regard, there are three essential elements: "independence," "freedom" and "resources".

 

On the other hand, if we pay attention to some issues are typically discussed by scholars of social welfare, Most of them refer to the concepts like "justice, equality, freedom and the distribution of resources", and many of the social policies are offered for providing justice and equality, establish freedom and fair distribution of material resources.

 

Discussion: Based on findings of this study, there is a significant relationship between fundamental notions of "right" and "social welfare". And because "Defend the Right" has a high position in social norms and political structures, Therefore, by accepting the fact that demands, needs and expectations welfare of People are stuff of "fundamental right" and this concept Can be used to cover these needs, demands and expectations are as the value equivalent legal value.