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This paper explores the development of social services in Japan in terms of the broader concepts of welfare Orientalism and Occidentalism . The focus of this paper is on the roles-both negative and positive-played by the "West" in the construction of Japanese social service provision, not only literally in the form of foreign advisers in the early Meiji and post-war Occupation periods, but also metaphorically as a "model" for Japanese social policy makers either to emulate or to avoid . It concentrates in particular on the system of voluntary welfare commissioners called the minseiiin seido and how their role has been variously integrated in the light of ideas about how social welfare has 'developed, and should develop, in the future in Japan in comparison with "Western" societies . The significance of these debates extends beyond welfare since, underlying them, are fundamental ideas about the role and the nature of the "person", the "family", the "community", and as well as the concepts of "civic duties", "rights" and "citizenship", and how these may differ in Japan and North American and West European societies, leading thereby to very different social ideas about "welfare" .

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Many countries in Asia is undergoing significat demographic , social and economic transformations which challenge the capability of social security schemes to adapt to new emerging needs and the problem of rising social security costs. The Republic of Korea established the first medical insurance Act in 1963. At that time, The Korean government decided to implement a voluntary insurance scheme in view of the difficulties encountered by individuals and enterprises to pay insurance contributions due to the low level of per capita income and the poor financial situation of the enterprises. However, with the successful implementation of three consecutive Five-year Economic Development Plan initiated form 1962 , the Republic of Korea achieved notable economic progress as well as improvements in social welfare protection. In tire fourth Five-year Economic Development Plan, the government re-examined the medical insurance issue in 0rder to provide the population with comprehensive protection against diseases . In 1996, 97.9 percent of the population covered by the medical insurance program the rest were covered by the medical aid program. The financial resources of the medical insurance system come from contributions paid by the insured person and his/her employer and government subsidies. For health care in rural areas , government-operated public health centers , health sub-centers and primary health care post have been established throughout the country. Health expenditure as a percentage of GNP in the Republic of Korea increased from 2.7 per cent in 1970 to 5.4 percent in 1994 the growth rate is approximately 2.9 percent a year. The future option is to further pursue more effective cost containment policies regulating tile supply and demand sides as well as the rates of medical care fees which affect the entire medical market. The experiences of social security and medical insurance system of the Republic of Korea can be used in the countries such as Iran.

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According to the third-development program in 1379, government was obliged to design a suitable social security polity and submit it to the parliament for final approval. During recent weeks and after nearly a Two-year delay, a bill was edited by government and sent to the Islamic parliament. This long - term delay indicates the serious differences in the field of law - making and necessary framework for common polity designing. In this article, the writer discusses the controversies in law - making, the third - development program, analysing and evaluating the current' health care and social security, different viewpoints and styles and so on.

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The research discussed in this article consists of the Process ended to propos a structure for social welfare and security which took more than 11 months in social security research institute. The main topics discussed are as follows: 1- The importance of social security and its relationship to economic growth, social justice, human generosity and national honor. 2- The basis and opportunities towards different atitudes about social welfare and security, polity. 3- The portrait of current Iran social security polity in Iran. 4- Social security in international organizations and some chosen countries. 5- Social security and its socio - economic viewpoints in Iran. 6- Choosing the viewpoints, bases, and suitable ideas for Iran and portrait of suitable conditions. The results of this research led to preparing an act on comprehensive social welfare and security that are discussed in some points,

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This article deals with budgets social of and health cares and social security during the last two decades and brings their its influence on social welfare into consideration. The author lays emphasis on an increasing growth in social expenditures after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The author continues discussing credibility ratio from GDP and sets up a series of analyses, and comes to this conclusion that the growth hasn’t raised more than $4 per person which doesn’t seem enough for Iranian citizens.

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Human beings faced economic problems first, some 900 Thousand years ago, when forced out of Africa due to resource shortage compared to their numbers and needs. The start of a communal life some 40 Thousand years ago, gave them more protection and strength and their numbers, as well as their needs increased further. The term Oikonomos meaning prudent management of the household resources and means was coined in Greece, when individuals formed families and forced to take care of their own material affairs, perhaps some three thousand years ago, when they enjoyed their freedoms in city state political units. Human beings struggle to gain back some of their political economic freedoms took them more than two thousand years, and still only a small number of them called entrepreneur managed to gain power and position to run their own affairs and lead the way to early forms of democratic governments and a more or less free enterprise system with all its shortcomings. It has taken the individual citizen, the worker, the wage earner almost another one hundred years to have a real saying in the formation of governments, and in their duties and responsibilities towards the people specially those in need. Today in a democratic society, with an economy controlled anti managed by the people, social security of all the people even of the under privileged groups is of prime importance. The combination of democracy and free enterprise has made continuous economic growth and prosperity a reality in a large part of the world. People in Industrial countries in particular, with the highest gains, can afford to think more and more of their own well being and the well being of their fellow countrymen. Incomes are. growing fast anti a larger and larger portion of it is set aside for social security and welfare, people, aside from housing life insurance, and numerous savings, pay more anti more for health insurance, covering not only illnesses, injuries, operations hospitalizations, drugs, rehabilitation needs, also the loss of income for the time spent to recover and go back to work. Governments in countries with free enterprise systems, have made mandatory, a lot of social security coverage. People themselves have aungmented those coverage by devising new programs, new institutions, as well as new instruments. Put together, People living in democratic societies with free enterprise system, today have "safety nets" providing, them with Pensions unemployment insurance, health insurance, old age ]tension, casualties, job hazards and many more coverage for the employed. There are many programs to help the blind, the poor, families with dependent children the head start for preschool poor children, the food stamp for the poor, child care for working mothers, housing for the low income families and the homeless. There are also supplemental security income, mediaids and medi care programs and so on, for low income families, which of course dose not mean that the coverage is universal anti everybody in need is being help out. A developed economy with a more or less free enterprise system allocates between 10 to 15 percent of its GDP directly for health related services and the government share is increasing much faster than of the private sector. The safety net contains many diversified programs to meet the new emerging needs, under a new industrial - social environment. A comprehensive social security and welfare scheme is a luxurious but necessary consumer product, provided only by free enterprise in a democratic society, where the social conscience have the chance to germinate.

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The concepts “Welfare” and “Security” while combined by the concept “Social” are of new ones born during modern developments. Because of such characteristic, they have got involved in modern social affairs and it seems impossible to make a clear and comprehensive definition for them so that all the experts have a common idea about it. But bringing their formations into account and their applications either, will lead us to a reasonable understanding of them. “Social Welfare” is used to indicate to a condition including economic, social and political one and focuses on human being, society accountability to human being and tries to promote the social potential as a whole in individual and group aspects. “Social Welfare” has although many things in common with social welfare, but has a different attitude toward the problems. In this article, a clear definition is represented for any of these basic items.

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Expansion and development of social security and overcoming sickness, aging, unemployment, poverty risks and so on have always been a strategic goal and also a long – term strategy for all communities and governments in the world. This aim is a powerful instrument for making security, stability and social equity. For reaching to this purpose First should be setting the quantitative and qualitative objectives and compare those with macro structure of economical, social, cultural and political systems of each country. Even though in Iran has been made many efforts for social security system development in the last fifty years and this development also protect great number of urban workers, but this trend has not been compatible with basics of social security systems like comprehensiveness, sufficiency and universality for Iran's new society. For above reasons and with attention to deep economical and social changes, especially movements from centralized economical to decentralized economical structure (Market Economy), should be review conformity between social security systems with market economy factors. Of course breach of market economy regulations will give cause for imbalance between social security fund's incomes and outcomes and reduces social security services level in long term which is against basic human needs. This article has been studied relations between social security system (social insurance and social protection) and economical structure for scientific analysis of social security role in Iran's economy

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Housing Poverty in Iran may be interpreted differently for urban and rural areas. In urban areas, it reveals itself in informal settlement and is escalating. But in rural areas, it is usually due to poor construction material and structure, and also the number of rooms. In general, poverty is more widespread in rural areas and housing poverty is more so. In this article, I intend to show that the lack of a social policy for providing housing, that means the shortcomings of housing planning and social security systems and accord between the two, is the main cause of the governments inability to alleviate housing poverty and subsequently to establish social justice.

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Objective: Social Security as an essential element for modern life, formed in follow of world wide evolutions in concepts of rights and political thoughts of governing. In spite of many researches in the field of social security from social, economic, political and historical view points, there were not often legal analyses in this matter. Method: The purpose of this paper is to study the social security creation and completion process according to the history of global conventions and provisions. Findings: There are two per-suppositions for this research: the relation between rights and duties, afterwards social security as one part of human rights.

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Objectives: Social security is a key factor in human life. Despite its importance, only recently, sociologists carried out research about it. In this study, we try to define societal security and conduct a comparative study about it. We try to measure the level of societal security in different regions of Tehran and then to compare them. Method: The research is carried out in two regions of Tehran (south and north), and the main tool is questionnaire. The sample size is 420. Finding & Result: It shows that each region has its own level of societal security. The global index shows that in the north, the level of societal security is significantly higher than the south. To live in the north of Tehran, produce less emotional Security on the contrary, in the south financial and professional security is significantly lower. Societal Security is a Socio-cultural Phenomenon, therefore, its realization needs the collaboration of the whole social network.

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Objectives: Social security organizations play a central role in financing health care expenditure around the world. In Iran, statistics show the average yearly per capita growth of social security health care expenditure (SHE) in current and constant price is 15.6 and 2.3 percent for the period of 1961 -2003 respectively. From theoretical points these expenditure must remain or decreasing in constant price over time and only factor that cause the increase is real income. So, this article tries to give an answer to this question: what factors determine the changes of yearly per capita health care expenditure of Iran Social Security Organization over the time? Methods: The health insurance approach theory of determinants of the SHE suggest, in order to answer the above question, SHE (dependent variable) must examined against three major groups of explanatory variables (independent variables): economic, demographic, and health stock variables. The method in this paper is regression analysis with a simple Cobb-Douglass cost function. After collecting data and examining all estimating methods, the cost function estimated with ordinary lest square (OLS) method and this method fit data very well. Findings: The main findings of the model are following: 1-real health insurance premium has a positive, elastic and significant effect on SHE. 2-health price index has a positive, inelastic effect on SHE.3-cities with over than 100000 inhabitants has a positive , elastic and significant effect on SHE.4- government public health expenditure has a negative, inelastic effect on SHE.5-number of retirements has a negative and inelastic effect on SHE.6-the real per capita income has a positive and inelastic effect on SHE.7-number of physician pre adjusted population has a positive effect on SHE.8-number of unretired population has a positive effect on SHE. 9-asymmetry information and supplier induced demand have positive and significant effect on SHE. 10-real expenditure on health administration has a positive effect on SHE. When the residuals estimated from the regressions are subjected to the ADF unit root test the conclusion is that they are stationary. The results also suggest the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is not spurious, but it is a co integration relation. Based on the co integration technique, it is found that the dependent and independent variables demonstrate long run relationship. Results: This paper has shown a relatively simple model focusing on a key group of variable, namely economic, health stock and demographic can explain the raise in SHE. There are evidence of existence of supplier induced demand (SID) that makes Iran’s social security organization health expenditure increase over the time. It is necessary to control the behaviors of physicians who induced demand. There are evidence of existence of moral hazard and adverse selection makes SHE increase over time in constant price. Numbers of big cities and health price index have positive effect on SHE. Government health care expenditure has negative effect on SHE. Per capita income has positive effect on SHE. In general, what emerges from these exercises is that changes in the economic, demographic and health stock variables produce persistent changes in the SHE, and these findings don’t support the contention that the per capita real income is the only major determinate of the per capita real health care spending. In order to decrease the speed of SHE growth the main way is to control these variables and decrease their effect on SHE over time.

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Objective: The aim of present study was to investigate the rate of awareness and satisfaction of people under the social security insurance after the execution of records improvement scheme in the city of Kashan during the years 2004 to 2005. Method: To achieve this end ,a descriptive survey design was utilized .All the individual who benefited from the social security insurance in Kashan comprised the intended target population from which 300 participants were randomly selected .The research instrument was a researcher developed questionnaire consisting of 23 close-ended questions .A five-point likert scale was used for rating the responses .Chronbach’s alpha coefficient formula was used for calculating both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis . The validity of the questionnair which happened to be 0.98 .The former measured frequency , percentile and values while the latter enlisted such statistical techniques as one-variable t-test , independent t-test ,Analysis of variance (ANOVA) , tukey test and pearson product moment formula . Finding: The findings revealed that the rate of awarness and satisfaction of the insured individuals were above the average refenence level at the p-level of 0.01 . The results of the tukey test indicated that the rate of satisfaction and awareness of the participants with an associate degree or higher level certificates was more than those with lower level degree.The responses also differed significantly according to the length of insurance record. Infact , individuals with an insurance record of above 21 years showed a greater rate of awareness and satisfaction compared with those whose insurance record won below 10,11 and 20 years. In the some view , individuals with an insurance record of 41 years possessed higher rates of awareness and satisfaction in compared with those with insurance records below 40 , 31 and 30 years. Finally , comparing awareness and satisfaction average values revealed that the participants’ responses differed significantly according to sex. Overall, the rate of awareness and satisfaction for male participants was higher than that of females. Results: According to tha findings,factors such as insurance record,sex and level of certificates have a positive relation with the rate of satisfaction and awareness of insured individuals. Also there is a positive relation between the rate of satisfaction and awareness, that means the higher degree of satisfaction arrive at the higher of awareness.

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Introduction: Neoliberals claim on the necessity of falling back and decreasing the social security costs basically relies on this argument that in the current situation which the world system is increasingly moving toward globalization, such costs cause damage to a country`s economic and social conditions, and decreasing social security costs and receding from welfare state are the necessary, if not sufficient, conditions for any country to develop. This viewpoint completely disagrees with classic’s (who defend welfare state) who believe social security costs is the necessary condition to improve welfare of people and to ensure fair distribution of incomes. This research is going to test these two contending theories in Iran. Method: To analyze the relation between socio-economic development and social security in Iran and to test hypotheses derived from theoretical frameworks, considering official statistics published by relevant institutions and organizations, regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient tests used to examine and test the mentioned hypothesis. Finding: The results of applying different regression models show that on the one hand, the costs of social security has had positive effect on economic growth in Iran but it`s effect is less than job and capital’s, and on the other hand, social security development is associated with a decrease in poverty but its effect has not been significant because of budget constraint and stronger effects of factors such as inflation. Conclusion: any attempt to quantitative and qualitative expansion of social security should be in such way that in addition to invest on the development of the job and capital resource, policy makers should pay more attention to insurance development.

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  Introduction: With rapid growth of population and increase need to social security, construction of comprehensive system of social security is a need and for designing a comprehensive system, it is necessary to study and apply acceptable as well as efficient fundamental principles.

  Literature Review :The social security system has a series of common and particular principles. In some cases the legal system of Iran has failed to reconcile social security system with the tenets of social security and there are many defects in this area. The main purpose of this article has been the critical study of the application of the governing principles of social security in Iran's law.

  Conclusion: Iranian Social Security System has faced with major challenges which lead to increase of poverty, unemployment and decrease of productivity and finally based on the results, hardly, there is achievement of social security principles.

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Introduction: Security is one of the fundamental components of social welfare and women as the human wealth of any society have an effective role in promoting the social transcendence and goals. This study aimed to determine the social factors affecting the sense of security in women of Sanandaj city.

 

Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 18 to 65 year old women of Sanandaj city and 250 samples were selected by multi-period clustering sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data gathering. Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation, Tukey and regression tests.

 

Findings: There was no significant relationship between women’s sense of social security in Sanandaj city and economic and social status, appropriate clothing, religiosity and the use of mass media, but there was significant positive correlation between women's sense of social security and social protection (p=0.0001 r=0.399) and place of residence (p=0.0001 r=0.502). These two parameters predicted approximately 30% of the variance of the women’s sense of social security in Sanandaj city.

 

Discussion: Parameters of place of residence and social support security are effective on women’s sense of social security in Sanandaj city and the poor economic status, street harassment and wife abuse are major concerns of many women in this city.

 

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Introduction: Effective Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solutions are essential to the successful implementation of national social policy including social security reform and also the design and strategic management of integrated social security programs. This study was performed in order to investigate the impact ICT on citizens’ social security and the amount in which they feel secured.

 

Method: This study is a survey and is practical. The statistical populations of the research were region 2 citizens of Urmia city. In order to achieve the research purposes, we made a main hypothesis and three subsidiaries hypotheses. The tools consist of a questionnaire containing 17 questions in order to test these hypotheses. After evaluating the validity and reliability, 327 people were chosen as statistical population according to Morgan table and Stratified random sampling. Finally, all the questionnaires were collected and then the information was categorized and summarized. Descriptive and inferential analyses (Pearson correlation test) were also used to do the data analysis.

 

Findings: For more detailed conclusions, social security is classified to three components social trust of citizens, social policy and economic identity. The results showed that among the region 2 citizens of Urmia, ICT have a positive impact on social security. It was also concluded that ICT has had the greatest impact on social trust.

 

Discussion: According to the finding of this study, ICT can become an enabling tool for wider socio-economic security development. When properly used

 

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Introduction: Nowadays, social security system is seen as one of the most important mechanisms of social justice, which is shared by all theories of the state, from the liberal state to the welfare state, and even post-welfare states with some differences in the level of importance.
In Iran, states made special attempts to create a  social security system by the beginning of modernity. The social security system, in accordance with ILO treaty 102 (1952), constitutes a commitment to society for social and economic harm to provide citizens with advantages and benefits because of income termination or serious reduction caused by illness, pregnancy, job accidents, unemployment, disability, old age, death as well as increase in the cost of treatment and maintenance.The present study by two measures: first, principles dominating desirable social security and its standards; and second, common patterns in executing this system, has a descriptive- analytical approach.
 
Literature review:  In contrary to common belief, legal structure of Iran’s Social Security System has no shortcoming  in terms of the imperative principles for a desirable and effective system and the relevant principles, including universality, equality, government support,  minimizing the support, comprehensiveness, prevention and empowerment have a strong foothold in Iranian subjective rules.
Moreover,, the status quo can be considered  in terms of the selected pattern. Meanwhile,  the path of transformation from traditional patterns including saving and intervention and third party guarantee to an incremental path of advanced patterns such as occupation – based and social security general system with general law approaches should be considered.  Therefore, the social security system of Iran is not in a disadvantaged state in terms of selecting an appropriate model and in terms of the historical evolution of patterns in the transition from traditional to modern and it is not far from standard systems.
 
Discussion: The present study can be summarized as follows: the legal system of social security of Iran, as a system that requires, on the one hand, to be in line with the individual’s independence from the state's support , and, on the other hand, to cover and generalize the minimum rights of citizens in the field of desirable social security due to the adoption of universal principles and the selection of appropriate models, is facing many problems in policy-making, regulation and implementation.

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Introduction: Mass media plays a crucial role in information distribution and thus in the political market and public policy making. Theory predicts that the information provided by mass media reflects the media’s incentives to provide news to different types of groups in society, and affects these groups’ influence in policy-making. A few empirical studies have tried to assess the effect of media on policy outcomes. Some key findings from this literature suggest that access to mass-media empowers people politically and, as such, increases their benefit from government programs. A review on researches published on public policy in media, reveals that the major subject is the dominant role of government in policy making. Ward (2008) describes media and television policy under intensive influence of government and the atmosphere of political regime in the country. He believes that the media firms do not  act in a vacuum, but they operate in political and historical context which forms the nature of their activities and shape the structure of television and media. So, the political regime has a considerable effect on media industry and its operation. Graham (1992) argued that social responsibility of governments drives them to regulating and controlling the television and media industry and aims to select a method to dominate the public regulation on media market as a mechanism for pervasive distribution of media products with diversity and quality necessary for society. Smith (2009) investigates the media policy of British government against television. He believes that in past two decades media policy of British government against television has changed, and development of digital broadcasting caused to the emergence of a more complicated system of policy in the country, which involved new participators like stakeholders, media owners and political institutions and etc. Smith implies that new media policy of British government has changed from media government to media governance. Throw (2009) investigates governments' approaches toward media control, and introduces Authoritarian, Communist, Social Responsibility and Libertarian as approaches governments take, facing with the media. Vivian (2008) in a same perspective categorizes most common approaches of governments toward media in four liberalistic, totalitarian, capital democratic, and social democratic. In fact, he introduces a political tendency of parties as their approach to media policy
Mass media plays a crucial role in information distribution and thus in the political market and public policy making. Theory predicts that the information provided by mass media reflects the media’s incentives to provide news to different types of groups in society, and affects these groups’ influence on policy-making. A few empirical studies have tried to assess the effect of media on policy outcomes. Some key findings from this literature suggests that access to mass-media empowers people politically and, as such, increases their benefit from government programs. Considering media policy making for a variety of reasons, including facilitating decision-making, decision-making, information and communication technologies and the quality of communication and interaction of the social security organization with the main stakeholders and social partners are essential for the social security organization.
Method: Policy-making plays an important role in the sphere of public media and shapes the sphere of communications in any society. The content and structure of the media and particularly their understanding about the role they should play is under influence of the dominant policy with regards to compiling the rules and regulations pertaining to the country’s media; This policy determines the objectives and path for the media manager and thus understanding the policy is one of the most fundamental issues which need to be considered in media management. This research has a qualitative approach and using the Grounded Theory and interviewing tool and Purposive sampling, designed the media policy making model for Iran's Social Security Organization.
Findings: The Politics of Media Policy provide a critical perspective on the dynamics of media policy and offers a comprehensive guide to some of the major points of debate in the media today. While many policy makers boast of the openness and pluralism of their media systems, policy-making plays an important role in the sphere of public media and shapes the sphere of communications in any society. The content and structure of the media and particularly their understanding about the role they should play is under influence of the dominant policy with regards to compiling the rules and regulations pertaining to the country’s media; therefore, the complicated and ever-changing governmental rules and regulations have significant consequences for the future of the media. Basically, policy-making orients the activities and objectives of the media in a country. Media management is in practice not possible without considering the major policy that governs the media sector. This policy determines the objectives and path for the media manager and thus understanding the policy is one of the most fundamental issues which needs to be considered in media management. The present research aims to conceptualize the idea of policy making in media and offer a theoretical framework to shed light on the components and the nature of such policy making. To reach this goal, in this research, using interviews with experts (who have been working in the field of media and communication and media sectors of the Social Security Organization for at least 10 years) and reviewing the literature, the media policy making model of the Iranian Social Security Organization was presented.
Discussion: policy making model of the Iranian Social Security Organization was presented. Since no comprehensive definition was found for media policy through review the literature, the first step was to use the scattered findings about this subject and conduct interviews with the related experts to provide a common definition of media policy that could also referred to the future studies. As the result of interviews, important criteria of the media policy making model include inputs, processes, and outcomes. Inputs are considered from the perspective of organizational capabilities and the nature of the challenge. The process in this model includes media policy actions that are influenced by the image of the organization and the environmental factors, and the results and consequences are categorized in six dimensions.
 

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Introduction: Governments are expected to adopt proper policies to promote health indicators and to control and decline social harms. However, current social harms statistics and types as well as age range of people who are involved in them show an unsuitable situation. Lack of convenient policy underlies poor interdisciplinary work, inadequate resource management, and arbitrary decision. There are many barriers which prevent social harms to be well identified and figured out: politicians and the public must intend and demand special consideration towards social harms; media activists should be concerned about it instead of focusing only on trivial or unsolvable topics; remarkable research evidence must be provided, and social harms must be well conceptualized as they vary time to time and place to place. The present study has been conducted to provide a list of recommended policies in order to control social harms in Iran, utilizing experts’ opinions.
Methods:This is a qualitative and applied-developmental research study, conducted implementing a Delphi method. Delphi is a systematic data gathering method through which experts’ opinions are obtained as regards a particular subject or question. In this study, during three rounds, experts answered written questions anonymously. The participants could see feedbacks of others and change or insist on their viewpoints. Finally, the research team continued the procedure until they felt that relative consensus has been reached Twenty experts were asked to participate in the study. The experts were selected based on some criteria that could enable researchers to reach the study goals. They all had academic and scientific reputation, and they were also nationally known for their works on the topics related to the present study, either in social harms field directly or germane areas, such as sociology, social health, social work, social policy, economics, etc. They had also prominent practical experience in the fields that assured researchers that they are knowledgeable in the study topic. Since this method is inherently time consuming, the participants should have been provided with sufficient time to answer and get to know the topic. All recommended parts of Delphi method including controlled feedback, results analysis, and consensus were respected until  the best possible agreement was reached.
Findings: Results were discovered differently in any round. In pre-round stage, one single open question was posed and 52 policies were taken out. In order to purify the received responses, 48 items were sent back to the participants. In the next rounds 31 policies were agreed upon and in the last round, experts noted that one of the items must have been divided into two, accordingly 32 policies were identified, and it was assessed and pointed out that the participants have agreed on 32 policies. Some of the most prioritized subjects were identified as, continuous monitoring of social harms, attention to community-based approaches, special attention to economic issues, attention to expanding alternative dispute resolution, developing happiness and hope, inter-organizational cooperation, attention to religious and social values, futurism, attention to high-risk areas, removing parallel and ineffective organizational structures, continuous assessment of social health, providing social and cultural attachment for programs, attention to educational centers, training specialized and professional persons, attention to virtual space and social media, healthy lifestyle, social identity, improving health-care, social support promotion, social inclusion, social responsibility and social demanding, attention to social responsibility of corporations, decreasing workplace stress, using mass media, using capacity of urban and rural management system, sense of social security, recreations, occupational training and empowerment, international communication and insurance coverage.

Discussion: Based on the findings, it can be claimed that despite all the efforts that have been made, there is still a long way to go to reach a satisfactory point to be able tackle social harms. Results of the present study revealed that except for addiction field that has already been made, macro-level social policy as regards social harms seems necessary to be built. Just by taking a macro-level policy into account, it will be possible to design pathways to avoid arbitrary decision making, to get all capacities, either in GO or NGO parts together, to begin an inter-organizational coordination, to manage sources effectively, to determine priorities for policy making, to administer programs comprehensively, inclusively, and adequately, and finally, to do a better work division among related organizations at different levels. It is, of course, a noticeable progress that high ranking politicians did acknowledge that we are still several years behind compared to the way social harms change, since it helps scholars and managers to address the problems and find ways to solve them. Since social issues are interrelated, governments are supposed to make policies by which all indicators of health, including social health indicators become continuously investigated and along with changes of social issues, particularly social harms, policies become flexibly modified. Media and civil society would be good partners for governments to adopt and implement policies against social harms.