---

This paper introduces the concept and main ideas presented by scholars concerning social capital. Objective: This paper only intends to serve as a platform based upon which discussions about key concepts, core elements, and current debates surrounding social capital may be presented. Moreover, it should be viwed as an attempt at introducing the ways in which. Conceptualization of social capital has been carried out. Findings & Result: The main premise of social capital is the fact that social relationships of various nature should be regarded as valuable assets that can be used for material gains and other benefits. The paper also shows that social capital far from being clear, well defined or understood, has been used in so many ways leading to confusion with negative consequences. This justifies a review of various attempts at conceptualization of social capital. At the end issues such as determinants, sources, benefits and dimensions of social capital however briefly are reviewed.

---

Objectives: The Social capital can be considered as one of the major concept of development-centre approved in studying of poverty. The importance of these two social variables is to the extent that in both modern theoretical and practical approach, the production of social capital is considered as one of the most useful strategies in poverty alleviation. Therefore based on the importance of the role of the social capital and its direct relation ship with the promotion of social welfare and poverty alleviation, we test this hypothesis through a comparative study of this variable for the homilies sponsored by the Committee Emdad Imam Khomaini in Ghazvin as representative of families under poverty and rich residents of the city. This study test the hypothesis stating that there is a significant difference in the average of social capital and its components (social trust, social relations and participation and organizational membership) between the poor and the rich families. Method: This is a survey - based study .The data is collected through questioner. The target group under the statistical study is the families sponsored by the Committee Emdad Imam Khomaini out of which a group of 311 families from the poor and 50 families from the rich have been selected by Cochran equation through random analysis a system. Data processing and the statistical analysis are conducted through the spss software package. Findings: The findings of the study show that there is a significant difference in social capital and its components between the rich and the poor. Also the finding shows that poverty has a negative strong correlation with the social capital and the poor have lower average of social capital and its all components. The social capital is approximated as the following regression analysis (equation): Social capital= 68.04+9.10 (welfare situation of family) +2.450 (gender of families chief Results: This research shows that the amount of social capital for individuals and groups is depended to the situation of poverty and privation. Poverty has a negative impact on social capital. The outcome of this relationship is that the effort for increasing the amount of social capital may has useful impacts on poverty reduction because, social capital in regard of convertibility process of capitals, can provide the necessary conditions for promoting the welfare level of the poor and private actors.

---

Objectives: This paper studies the social relationship among inhabitants in Sardasht as a Kurdish city in west-south of west Azarbayjan province. The exploration of urban social relationship is located in the center of urban sociology and anthropology theories.according the Sardasht city faced with growth of urbanization, so it is necessary to explorate this subject. Method: Three levels of social relationship: kinship, neighborhood and friendship for discription and explatoion of social relationship with inspired from ecological and compositional perspectives have been used and survey method to conduct this research. Fidings: The findings of this research indicate that the average of social relationship in three levels is high and adapted to compositional approach characteristics. Although diiferences is seen between Urbanized characteristics and level of social relationship but this differences is only between age and educational relationship which neigh borhood and also educations and kinship relationship, about other variables is not significant relationship. Results: Finnaly age and education are two variables that explain social relationship changes in the kinship, neigh horhood and friendship between sardasht in habitants.

---

 

Introduction: The aim of this Study was to investigate the Factors that impact on the Living Pressures of Female-Headed Households in the cities of Kashan and Aran & Bidgol.

 

Method: This study is based on Survey Method and the Data Collection Tools was Questionnaire. Population Sample of the Research is 206 individuals and the data were collected in June 2013.

 

Results: The Experimental Data showed that: Along with lower Living Satisfaction, Social Trust and Social Support, Living Pressures level goes up, and vice versa. Also, In parallel with the rise in Responsibility and the Number of People Under Supervision, Living Pressures goes up, and vice versa. In the Multivariate Analysis and Path Analysis, Regression Tests showed that: Along with lower Living Satisfaction and Social Support, Living Pressures level goes up, and vice versa. Also, In parallel with the rise in Living Pressures level, Responsibility level goes up, and vice versa.

 

Discussion: This research suggests that factors such as Lack of Life Satisfaction, Weakness of Social Trust, Weakness of Social Support, and Having so much Responsibilities, lead to increase the amount of Living Pressures in Female-Headed Households lives. These results are consistent with previous theoretical and experimental results of some studies. In other words, Female-Headed Households are living inadequate consent, in relation to Family and Community do not have much confidence, do not get adequate support from Family and Community, have Multiple Roles and Responsibilities in their lives. Hence, feel and endure a lot of Pressure in their lives.

 

---

Introduction: social capital is the most important of concept that considered by scholars, in this sense health scholar considered it in particular way. This study examine the relationship of social capital and social health with theatrical analysis of researches and studies that did in this arena. There are two approach: first approach assumption that two concepts are independent and social capital is independent variable, and social health is dependent variable.in Second one, there is conceptual blending between them.

Critical review: there are three different approaches to social health determinants of health, social health of society and social health of individual. Determinants of health is trying to identify and determine the variables that provided condition and areas were effected on social health. Social health of individual is the process of citizenship in social affairs. Indeed if people social participations are more in the society, not only individual social health will increase but also have consequences that social health indexes will strengthen. In other word, these three approaches are the complete pattern of social health that have own policies, planning, performance and results. Therefore, it seems that it’s better to consider all approaches simultaneously for accurate and fair assessment of social health condition in a country.

Discuss: individuals with the same social and economic status may have different level of social capital. Thus, individual and psychological characters could explain this different. In other word, with regarding that social health is subjective known as an aspect of social capital that is being indicate of personality potential for developing relations. Blending view include psychological aspect in related to social capital and social health that is individual capacity for participating in the society.

---

Introduction: Employment and the achieving a desirable job is considered to be the most basic needs of a society. Unemployment has been considered as a destructive social, economic and cultural phenomenon and its elimination has always been one of the main concerns of officials. One of the important issues in the Iranian society is the unemployment of educated people in all academic fields. Information and statistics show the failure of  well-educated young people to find a job. However, a group of students has succeeded in finding a job. This study, by relying on the theory of neoclassical scholars in economics and the theorists of social relations network in sociology, explains how these individuals find their desirable job.
Method: This research was a survey and its population included students of Kharazmi University in three levels of undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD at Karaj and Tehran branches. Data were collected through a questionnaire with a sample size of 544 people.
Findings: The informal relationships (social relations network) play a much larger role than the official paths of job search in student employment. Strong social relationships in comparison to weak social relationships, lead to more employment and academic relationships play a very limited role in student employment. Moreover, the findings showed that students from urban areas used social relations network more than students from rural areas and students whose parents had higher education used the social relations network for employment more than students whose parents had lower education.
Discussion: Employed students have mostly found their jobs through informal relationships and formal job search paths have little effect on student employment. In other words, official job search channels such as recruitment agencies, official job placement sites and job advertisements have not played a significant role in student employment. Only 22.4% of the students indicated that they had found their job through official job search channels, while 77.6% of the students found their job through informal relationships. The social relations network helps people to meet specific needs such as employment. In other words, employment or lack of employment depends largely on the social relations network of individuals. The findings of this study showed that extensive interaction among individuals for obtaining resources and social and economic opportunities is an important issue in economic sociology studies. Considering the results of this study, it can be concluded that the network of social relations is effective in analyzing the labor market in Iran.

---

Short Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between emotional self-regulation and responsibility with social relationships among sixth grade elementary students in district 19 of Tehran. 327 students were selected from sixth grade elementary students who were 2250 in the academic year of 1396-1997. The Hegelian Social Relationships Questionnaire (2013), Hoffman & Kashden’s (2010) Emotional Self-Regulation Questionnaire, and Wellbeing Responsibility Questionnaire (2001) were administered to the sample group.The results showed that there is a significant relationship between emotional self-regulation and social relations of students. Among the components of emotional self-regulation, “tolerance” was the most important factor in predicting students’ social relationships. On the other hand, the results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between responsibility and social relations.The results showed that with 99% confidence it can be concluded that between “responsibility” and “social relations” was equal to 0.146. In other words, “responsibility” alone accounted for approximately 1.2 percent of the changes in students’ “social relations”. The results of regression model analysis also showed that by increasing one unit of responsibility by 0.146 units, students’ social relations score increased .

---

Introduction: Social capital is a complex and multi-dimensional construct and concept, and it implies to a phenomenon that the main source of its creation is the sphere of social interaction. Social capital can be considered as the sources that has been created as a result of social relationships in the past, and at the present time, it facilitates collective action. In this study, we seek to describe the status of social capital, based on the four main constituent components: social trust, social relations network, social participation and social norms in Iran, in 2014-2015 (1393).
Method: This research is a quantitative-descriptive study that was conducted through survey and questionnaire tools in a cross-sectional study in December 2014 and January 2015 (Azar and Dey 1393). The population of the study includes people aged 15 years and older living in urban and rural areas of Iran. In this research, by systematic random sampling and cluster sampling, 37,200 people were selected as sample from all over Iran.
Findings: The findings showed that the people of Iran have more trusting to the individuals and groups closest to themselves; are more participation in the collective activities of these groups; and if needed, they provide more social support to these people.
Discussion: We can conclude from this study that the status of bonding social capital (within a group) and bridging social capital (between groups) in Iran is different and people have more bonding social capital than bridging social capital. According to this result, strengthening social capital, especially in the dimension of association relations, social participation, strengthening civic institutions and motivating civic activists, which can increase the bridging social capital in society, is recommended.

---

Introduction: "Dowrehs" were informal groups within the Second Pahlavi regime that were formed from the acquaintance of individuals with various social positions, but all of which were created through social capital and with the aim of earning rent and corruption; in this article, we focus on this question that did the "Dowrehs" in the second Pahlavi government have this capability to lay the groundwork for systematic corruption through bonding social capital and lack of linking and bridging social capital?
Method: The approach of the descriptive-analytical article and research method is qualitative and based on document analysis during the second Pahlavi regime and the combined model of this research is inspired by Huberts's ecological approach to corruption.
Findings: Our findings indicate that in the second Pahlavi regime, social capital in any form has an effective relationship with corruption through the Dowreh, but the nature of this relationship is depending on the type of social capital; therefore, it should be said that the "absence" of linking and bridging social capital and the "existence" of bonding social capital linked to corruption with a direct relationship.
Discussion: The existence of the Dowrehs signaled that there was no other way to advance everyday affairs without the use of bonding social capital, and that this made the circle of loyalty of individuals to their acquaintances larger than the circle of their loyalty to the national community; thus institutional roles had become a means of complying with non-institutional demands that leading to systematic corruption. The general solutions to prevent this situation are to increase the radius of trust and to create structures and norms for creating positive social capital.