---

In recent years, we have witnessed the concept of social capital incorporated into academic discourse and scientific documentations in the sphere of sociology, social sciences, economic, and recently political sciences. The reason for the increasing focus on social capital is because of the role it plays in enhancing the ability of communities to manage and sustain the human, economic and environmental capitals. Social capital is addressed as a factor for the success of social welfare and social health programs. That is why social capital is included in more recent systems of social and development indicators by the world’s well-known organizations. This article is based on a comprehensive literature review chosen from the most recent publications which have played a key role in the development of tire concept of social capital. It begins with defining social capital and its main components. Common themes in the literature come next. After noting an initial summary of differences between human capital and social capital, it examines the conceptual framework of tire subject and finally discusses the relationship between social capital and social problems. The importance of trust in this process is also addressed.

---

Problems related to drug abuse, Particularly with regard to the special situation of Iran, have caused considerable concerns among decision-makers of Iranian criminal policy. This article intends to describe measures taken for elminating these problems and concerns. These measures, on one hand, seek to reach more compliance with international conventions through drafting acts to criminalize money laundering and elimination of problems resulted from changing the drug abuse patterns. On the other hand, they promise to diminish problems related to drug abuse by determining a special system for criminal responsibility of addicts and diversifying responses of the society to crime and delinquency and drug-relate crimes especially through drafting community-based punishments act. This article also describes the criminal policy based on zero tolerance in two decades ago and the rise of new criminal policy

---

This research was conducted to distinguish the physical, social and mental problems of elderly in Tehran. The method of this study is based on survey research. Data was collected by questionnaire, from residents of district 13 in Tehran. To do so, random sampling has been used to select a sample of 300 persons who come to elderly cultural center. Hafezieh center and Piroozee park in district 13 in Tehran. Data was analysed by SPSS. According to this research, from 300 people, aged 60 and over (52 percent women), 32.3 percent of the sample were illiterate, and 3 percent were single. 55 percent of the respondents had economic problems. 25.6 percent had difficulties doing activities of daily living. 21 percent expressed dissatisfaction with their current living condition. 27.3 percent did not have medical insurance. 24 percent of the respondents had moral and emotional problems, such as depression, anxiety, boredom and need for counseling . The elderly people in Tehran, particularly women face multiple problems, regarding economic, physical, social, mental and emotional. These problems influence the quality of life of the elderly people. This study shows that a more accurate social welfare program for elderly is of essence to provide better and fulfilling life

---

Objectives: One of the new world phenomena is Urbanization in under development or developing counties where the rate of urbanization changes has happened more rapidly than in developed areas. So the increase of urbanization in Iran has been high and one of the outcomes of this process is the emergence slums and extension of informal settlement. In urban studies, focus on marginal area is very important. It is clear that if any country ignores informal settlements, urban sustainable development will not be achieved. Method: Our main methods in this investigation were field study, data collected through questionnaire prepared by researchers and validated on pilot study, we also used observation techniques and interviews with related mayors. Sample size was 500 inhabitants on Hamedan informal settlements. Conclusion: Hamedan as the capital of province encounters informal settlements like most Iranian big cities. Environmental and physical upgrading is the first priority of Hamedan informal settlements. Potenital of Social problems and crises are high, participation and social trusts don't show significant indicators. Finally informal settlements in the future will be the main challenges and obstacles against sustainable urban development

---

Objectives: Social Problems that has been defined differently in various references, is one of the most important problems in our society. Dimension of social pathology is in a wide range and increasingly expands. Social pathology effects directly on individual (i.e. divorce, suicide attempt, opium dependency, and…) and social functions (i.e. poverty, extortion, living in shantytowns, hooliganism, and…) and regardless of economical detriments, put in risk the physical and mental health of individual and society. Of course it must be remembered that most social pathologies are cannot be individually or socially distinguished, for example unemployment is both an individual and a social problem, and or divorce, and in most instances these two concepts are interlinked with each other, and on the other hand social pathology in most cases work in the cause and as a result of forms, and are interlinked like a chain. For example on one hand divorce can be the cause of addiction and running away and on the other hand divorce can take place because of addiction, and this complexity makes the distinction of social pathology from each other difficult. Therefore social experts and managers always engage in determining boundaries of social pathology. Method: According to this research one of the most important aspects is making priority of social problems and social pathology in Iran by asking social experts and social managers. A questionnaire was sent to more than 1000 managers – of course it must be noted that an expert was invited from each of provinces, and thereafter the questionnaire was briefed to them in a general meeting, and then they filled the questionnaires face to face (of course in instances where the individuals were not reachable, the questionnaire was sent to them) – and their ideas about making priority of social pathology was asked and collected. It must be explained that apart from the said method, other methods such as the Delphi method be used. Findings: At the end we found that joblessness (%81) and addiction (%56/6) are the mose important social pathology and following that poverty and are unemployment and family problems, and at the end of the table being refugees (%4) and widows or widowers (%4/1) are the least important social pathology. The following are studied in this research on social pathology: "job, profession, responsibility, province and so on". Results: in this study we tried to interview all experts and officials who are related to social pathology (management assessment). The conclusion of this research showed that social problems in the opinion of socio-pathology experts in Iran have a higher priority for monitoring and follow-up, and unfortunately family issues that can the source of social pathology are least paid attention to. The results of this study can be a guideline for policy makers and officials who are working in the prevention and social pathology control field in the country. The classification of provincial social pathology can help the authorities to draw the geographic picture of social pathology, and to have specific programs for each province based on its cultural and local problems.

---

Objectives: Changes that happened during last decades in the world have severely affected formation and increasing social problems of youths. Iran also like other developing countries from one hand is facing accelerating evolution of globalization, and on the other hand crucial socio-political indigenous events and structural changes driving from those evolutions made a suitable ground for critical and anomic situation and emergence of various social problems as well. One of due social problems is "sense of anomie" which itself is reflection of shallow organized and anomic society. Anomie is a Situation in which one Feels normlessness and refers to such a status characterized by confusion and disintegration between the individual and Society. Accordingly this article is reflecting research results of assessing economic sense of anomie and some affecting variables of that among youths of Iran. Method: In the light of increasing importance of social Problem of youths, this article focuses on the "sense of economic anomie" in Iran. By constructing a conceptual framework following a review of the literature. After it, by method of survey and using questionnaire and applying interview technique, necessary information was collected. The research utilizes a member of statistical methods to reach the conclusions. The main variable, i.e. dependent variable "economic sense of anomie" and other independent variables, in initial studies and after that measuring with standard of one or multidimensional scales, gained high validity and reliability. The statistic population was youths of Tehran which among them 816 people with multi stage and random sampling method were selected as size of sample. Finding & Results: Large proportion of youths in their assessment of society draws an anomic and unstable condition and shows a sense of loosing integration with that. Sense of economic anomie among youths of this study is achieved by calculating data's of their opinion on variables like context of socio-economic condition in the domains of economic control, changes in economic condition of country, obeying rules and moral regulations in achieving economic success, cleavage between poor and riches, uncontrolled economic problems such as inflation, disordered of social condition and corruption. Totally 13.2% low, 32% middle and 54.3% were highly feeling economic anomie. This kind of anomie derived from individual, family, attitudes, confusion, distrust and pessimism factors. Among all these, pessimism of youths towards economic condition and possibility to have control over the means of economic success through legitimate rules and regulation has a highest rank in the statistic analysis. Findings of the research confirms the sociological theories particularly those of Durkheim and Merton's that one of the main reason for the emergence and spread of the sense of anomie in a particular society is that there is no balance between culturally desired goals and institutionally accepted mode of achieving it. In Iran also placing value on those who have achieved material wealth and power is growing and the idea those who do not achieved wealth are not accorded status is generating. According to the findings of the research, high sense of economic anomie in different dimensions among youths of Iran has been as following: 55.7% think that only a small part of society has control over the economy. 49.5% think that there should be an action to change the economic condition of country. 61.5% feel that in achieving success they do not need to follow the rules and moral regulations of society. 55% think that there is no control over economic problems such as inflation. 50.2% believe that they have to pay bribe to be able to solve their economic problems and 59.7% also believe that economic condition of society is deregulated. Therefore, sense of economic anomie can generate total anomie in the society. it is necessary to consider this social problem and the factors of that in programs focusing on youth Participation.

---

Objectives: In 1380, there were 3,761,000 drug users. They included 1,158,000 addict and 1,390,000 drug abusers. In Iran, around 65 percent of drug dependent men are married. In spite of the important role of their wives in the family, the problems of this group have not been investigated yet. This study aimed to determine their problems. According to the opinion of these women social problems are the most important. Therefore this paper discusses their social problems in order to assess necessary social supports. Method: A qualitative study was designed based on focus group discussions (FGD) and in depth interviews. A total of 20 addict men from two age categories, 33 addict men’s wives from three age and education categories and several therapists selected from a referral drug abuse treatment center in the eastern district of Tehran. Information was collected based on open questions. These categories included social aspects, social and interpersonal relationships, satisfaction with the relationships and family security. Findings: Four categories of social problems were found in the 6 FGD and 15 in depth interviews. These categories included social aspects, social and interpersonal relationships, satisfaction with the relationships and family security. Social rejecting and labeling were expressed by most of the interviewed persons. Most of them declared that their relationships had been limited. In most meetings women took part without their husbands and their relationships were restricted to persons who were accepted by the addict husband, such as other addicts and drug dealers. On the other hands, the family security has been threatened by the addict husband, neighbors and other people in society. At the same time, most husbands were not aware about such problems. Results: Wives of addict men are one of the disadvantaged groups of the society. Destigmatization of the families, involving the families in self help groups and providing needed social services are recommended.

---

Objective: Lake of comprehensive, strategic planning for reduction and control of octal problems in the country has always been a weak point in the national struggle again st social problems. The in am objective of this study was to produce a comprehensive national plan on the basis of maximal professional consensus among experts and beads of governmental organizations , for intervening to reduce and control social problems in the country. Methods:This was a qualitative study which was carried out In 4 stages, during which the first, second, third and fourth (final) drafts of the document were produced respectively, utilizing existing official information and expert viewpoints, during the process of several focus group discussions and Delphi procedures! Results: The final document consists of 10 parts: Introduction, definitions, goals, review of literature, situation analysis, challenges, policies and strategies, plans and projects, executive guideline, and national task division. The main goals of the document are: promotion of social welfare and quality of life of the population, reduction of the incidence and prevalence of social problems, and reduction of the harms secondary to them. The final document is a national plan with a muiti-sectoral approach, which has covered the issue of social problems from all possible aspects and therefore lacks any gaps or overlaps in task division among the different organizations involved. This national plan includes longterm goals, seeking the roots of social problems, as well as shortterm objectives aiming at more tangible and urgent needs. The “projects” are all In congruency wIth the “policies”, “goals”, and “strategies” of the national plan, which have themselves been derived through a SWOT (strengths, weakpoints, opportunities, threats) analysis. Discussion The level of cooperation of experts from different branches of science and officials from different governmental and non-governmental organizations, was more than expected, and consistent throughout the process of the study, the former being even higher than the latter. There were also some concerns such as the existing dominant “sectoral”approach in many participants and the higher tendency towards short4crm goals and outcomes in many others. Another Important concern Is that de~$te the fact that responsibilities have been assigned to non-governmental organizations throughout the present document, the role of such organizations in the actual structure of the national struggle against social problems Is undefined and thus apt to gradual disappearance if special attention and Intervention is not provided instantly for the issue. The authors recommend that the Mhiistry of Soeial Welfare and Security, on behalf of its mission and legal responsibility, and due to its core and key role in social aspects, take serious and effective steps for implementing this national plane

---

Objectives: Criminal law is one of the important social control mechanisms that regulate behavior and people activities in society. This kind of interference there is a difference with other instruments social control because of using repressive techniques against those who infraction its instructions. Penal law defines values that represents our way of life are reflected and use the direction of "big stick" punishment as a tool in direction of strengthening the values and ensure respect for them. In this direction penal law not only sought to protect the individual, but to support the structure and the combination of society as well. Penal interference prescribed in order to achieve the certain objectives is that the negligence to practical and capacity of this kind of interference, confront with serious doubts the rate of its success. This article deals with this issue in the field of crimes related to deviations and social problems.

Method: This research is to description and analysis method has been writing and in the light of studying Iran legislative criminal policy assesses the amount of penal interference in the light of experimental and comparative studies.

Findings: Iranian legislator to combat undesirable and abnonormal behaviors that is locating in the framework of individual and social Freedom, deviations, sins, and even prohibited behaviors have been use the criminalization mechanism. criminalization's extensive, unjustifiable, vague and general in various areas like the auditory and visual, conduct coverage and titles such as; addiction, vagrancy, Begging, the demonstrators were forbidden to act and committing any practical public chastity wound labarum are unqualified recognition, not only has provided to securing the expression of some deviations in the form of crime and Commixture borders between crime and sin, But also with instrumental using of criminal law for apparent social Coordinate and lack of success in general and specific intimidation citizens about the preventing of committing of criminalizing behaviors due to inattention to values of people and public opinion have been reduced the dignity of the criminal justice.

Results: criminal justice system has limited capacity in fighting against crime and the giving of responsibility of social control for it. Criminalization should be considered as the ultima ratio and with the observation of theoretical, practical and criminological limitations about the criminalization. Inattention to the subject of many negative consequences and will be followed. Most important of which can be name the increase number of black and gray crime, representing negative social criminal justice system, creating realms discriminative and possibility the abuse in the implementation of the law, weakening moral dimensions of Criminal Law, a decrease in efficiency of punishments, potential criminologinic of criminal law by labeling process and legitimacy crisis. In line with the problem proposed the assigning criminal reactions by some of the favorableness offensive behavior and handing over the current; organizing and controlling behaviors in other fields such as educational system, the family, the cultural and religious institutions, medical , health and welfare Structures.

---

Objectives: Goal-directed subsidies because of its nature can affect all aspects of Iranian life. This scheme is not only an economic program but also affects other aspects of social life including: welfare and economic situation of society, labor market, income, expenditure and consumption pattern models of family and social problems such as poverty and inequality, drug abuse, family problem, etc. It is clear that diagnosis of all positive and negative outcomes of this scheme can be useful for mediating negative outcomes and improving positive outcomes. Method: this study is a critical review on the effects of goal-directed subsidies on some social problems in Iran. Findings and Results: Based on this review it can be argued that goal-directed subsidies affect social problems directly and indirectly.

---

Introduction: Currently social problems are among the most important issues in Iran that have been occupying the minds of experts and academics. The consequences of social problems would affect individuals and society and can even threaten social security. In this regard, in 2012 the Second National Conference of Social Problems was held by the Iranian Sociological Association. It had accepted 650 abstracts of articles, that 93 of them were published in 9-volumes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse these published articles in various dimensions.
Method: The present study is systematic review and it is an analysis of the selected and published articles of the Second National Conference of Social Problems. The study population consisted of a collection of 9-volume articles published by the Iranian Sociological Association and Agah Publications. In this study all of the 93 articles were evaluated. Articles were categorized and analyzed in several aspects and the final analysis was presented through aggregation of information.
Findings: In this study all of the articles were analyzed accurately according to factors such as the contribution of female authors; academic degree; specialties and academic fields; organizational affiliation of authors; financial support of organizations and universities; research units; geographic distribution of the study population; research methods; studied problems; used dominant theories; the protective and risk factors of social problems and finally the presented solutions for each category of problems. For example, findings show that sociology and social pathology were the most frequent (more than one third) among the disciplines. Only three articles were from research projects supported by organizations or universities, and the majority of studies (more than one third) selected Tehran as their geographic region.
Discussion: The results of this study, while confirming the presence of numerous experts, show the minimum participation of some experts such as physicians, social workers and welfare professionals. Considering the national level of the conference, it was expected to see a fair distribution of the geographical distribution of the study population. The significant presence of academics at the conference (more than two third) can be considered as a strong point of the conference. The methodology of studies can be criticized, the major part of the studies applied quantitative method (about three quarters). However, due to the nature of social problems, as well as the multiplicity and being multidimensional in this area, qualitative studies can reveal subjective and the deeper dimensions of the issues. Used theories are to a large extent repetition of the same classical views. Finally, many of the problems and social issues, such as the tendency to single life, common in law partner )white marriages( extramarital affair, youth issues, degree orientation, white collar offenses, street violence, the consequences of imprisonment, and so on were not considered in studies.
 

---

Introduction: The major aim of the current study is to answer the following research questions: “what are the main social problems constructed by NGOs and with which technics do they construct the social problems?”
Method: In this qualitative study data gathering technics are observation and semi-structured profound interview including 23 interviews with NGOs members and observation of 34 social problems- oriented NGOs in Tehran province. 
Findings: According to research findings, “child labor”, “exploitation and abuse of children”, and “marginalization” are the most important social problems in NGOs. Also “street children”, “children living in impoverished areas”, and “children deprived of education” are the main vulnerable groups that NGOs focused on and sought to solve their problems. Some technics used for social problems construction are “tangible damage”, “solving micro dimensions of problems”, “solving critical dimensions of problems”, “priority of new dimensions of problems”, “linguistic, dramatic, and behavioral clam making”, “linking problems to personal and everyday life”, “wave attention to the issue”, and “emotional proximity to vulnerable populations”. NGOs try to show some social problems to society and addressing them as general, harmful, and solvable issues. 
Discussion: This act in fact can be referred to as construction and highlighting social problems by NGOs. Non-governmental organizations as active social groups can intervene in social problems and what they are supposed to do, and this can be regarded as a reflection of the most important social problems and issues of society.

---

Introduction:  Jihadi management has positive characteristics and can be defined by specific boundaries with conventional management patterns in the world. Freedmen are among the jihadi leaders in the country and this manpower can be used to solve economic, cultural, social, healthcare, and medical problems of society.
Method: The method of the present study was correlation and the study population included all freedmaen covered by the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs  (Bonyadeh Shahid) of Tehran. The sampling method of the present study was cluster sampling, and 284 freedmen were randomly selected as the research sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data in the present study, and the validity of the instrument was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was reported to be 93.4%. The statistical methods of correlation, regression, and path analysis were used to analyze the data using SPSS and LISREL softwares.
Findings: Findings: The results of the present study showed that the presence of freedmen in jihadi projects is respectively related to solving economic, cultural, social, and healthcare problems by 30%, 38%, 27%, and 21%, and the relationships obtained were at the level of (P <0.05), which were significant.
Discussion: In general, it can be said that the presence of freedmen in jihadi projects can play an effective role in reducing economic, cultural, social, and healthcare problems at the management level in society.

---

The purpose of this study was to meta-analyze the research conducted in the field of the role of NGOs in solving social problems. The statistical population of the study is all articles and dissertations done in Iran in this field in the years 1991-2019. Through research in databases, 104 researches were extracted and general information about them was provided in the next step to calculate the Effect size were selected only those researches that had been done quantitatively and by survey, the number of which is a total of 23 articles (scientific-research) and dissertation. Findings showed that 29.8% of the research was done quantitatively and 70.2% was qualitative. Therefore, we are faced with the dominance of qualitative methods in research in this field. Social sciences (26.9%). According to the findings, environmental variables, women's empowerment, street children, etc., crime prevention, urban and rural development, security, and addiction have been among the most frequent variables in research in this field. The results of "effect size" statistics indicate that the highest effect size is related to the variables of crime prevention with a coefficient of 74%, then the variables of addiction, empowerment of women and children ... and the environment with coefficients of 45, 42, 41%, respectively. . Finally, in a general conclusion, it can be acknowledged that in this study, although according to the requirements of quantitative meta-analysis method, we have calculated the effect size, but in the opinion of the researchers, given that in most of the studies, with significant methodological problems And how to measure them, not choosing the appropriate statistical population, etc.), so we can not rely much on estimates of the size of the relationship, and therefore the size of the effects estimated in the present study, will not be very accurate.