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Objectives: This project studies the direct & indirect impact of social self-efficacy on depression of Iranian Adolescents. Method: The subjects of the study were 946 students (471 girls and 475 boys) of Tehran. Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Children Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Social Avoidance Scale, Peer Rejection Questionnaire & Child Social Support Questionnaire were used Data were analyzed by Lisrel project path analysis. Findings: The direct impact of social self-efficacy on depression was not significant but the indirect impact of social self-efficacy on depression by social avoidance, peer rejection & social support were significant. Result: The Social self-efficacy impact on depression was not shown directly but indirectly by social avoidance, peer rejection and social support.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between identity styles and self-efficacy beliefs (personal and collective) and to compare them in Iranian and Afghan high school student boys who inhabit in Qom city. This study is of a special importance since it is a multi-cultural and comparative study between Iranian and Afghan nations. Method: Subjects were selected from all the high school students of the Qom city. They were 231 Iranian high school boys and 132 Afghan high school boys. By cluster sampling, we chose two region from four and two schools from each region. We used Berzonsky’s Identity Styles Questionnaire, Bandura’s Personal Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Kim and Park Collective Self-Efficacy Beliefs. Finding: There was a significant direct relationship between informative identity style and normative identity style with personal self-efficacy beliefs and collective self-efficacy beliefs. On the other hand, a significant negative relationship was observed between confused identity style and identity commitment. Conclusion: Informative identity style with collective self-efficacy beliefs and normative identity style with personal self-efficacy beliefs and collective selfefficacy beliefs was higher in Afghan high school boys.

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Introduction: Survival, continuity and progress of any society depends on the efficiency and quality of its education. Teachers, as a basis of education, have a very important role in training the next generation, and to be able to play their role properly, they should have the necessary skills and abilities. Hence, self-efficacy and social health has a significant impact on the realization of their individual and professional abilities and competencies. . Social health has five dimensions, including  social acceptance, social participation, social actualization, social cohesion and social integration. Social health includes the assessment and understanding of how individuals behave in society and the quality of their relationships with other people, their close relatives and the social groups they are members of.
  Self-efficacy is a strong personal belief about the skills and competences to  act on a task and succeed in it. On the other hand, social health and self-efficacy are affected by gender-based self-concept. Gender role-based self-concept is influenced by the internalization of gender roles and is determined within the framework of social factors and conditions. Gender role-based self-concept refers to the degree to which a person sees himself as having male or female characteristics. Although the aspects of self-concept are relatively stable over time, gender role-based self-concept has been considered as a variable attribute.. Based on the scores of femininity and masculinity, four types of gender role-based self-concept can be distinguished: feminine, masculine, androgynous, and undifferentiated.
This study was conducted to examine the predictive power of self-concept of gender roles in social health and teachers’ self-efficacy.
Method: The study was an applied and descriptive correlational study. The study population included all male and female teachers serving in Eslamshahr, Tehran .  Through cluster random sampling, 12 schools were selected. The target population of 303 people  (mean age 39, SD = 97/5), including 251 women and 52 men who were teaching in different disciplines were selected and responded to questions about gender roles Bam (BSRI), Sherer’s General Self-Efficacy (GSE)and Keyes’s Social Well-Being Questionnaire(KSWBQ). Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis using SPSS software.
Findings: The results showed that the highest percentage of respondents (41.9%) were in the androgynous group, 25.9% in the femininity gender role group, 16.3% in the undifferentiated gender role group, and the least percentage in the masculinity gender role group (3.8%).
. According to the results, there was a difference between the androgynous and undifferentiated groups in lower self-efficacy. In other words, self-efficacy in the androgynous group was significantly higher than the undifferentiated group. However, there was no relationship between gender roles and social health.
In addition, there was a positive correlation between the gender role of masculinity and femininity with self-efficacy and social health components, indicating that the higher the scores of masculinity and femininity are, the more self-efficacy and social health increase.
Discussion: In explaining the results, it can be said that androgynous individuals, depending on what is suitable for a particular situation, can realize female-masculine characteristics or a combination of two-sex characteristics. On the one hand, the dominant individual experience is the most effective way to create a sense of efficiency and efficacy. Having a successful experience, leads to more stable and effective beliefs. . On the contrary, failure  undermines these beliefs. Therefore, it is expected that when a person has an androgynous role to be able to respond in a manner consistent with the situation, regardless of whether the behavior is only feminine or masculine. As a result, one of the most important sources of self-efficacy, that is, having successful experiences, will be provided. When recruiting the teachers, it should be kept in mind that the  self-efficacy and social health of teachers are two factors affecting their performance and the students’ performance. Considering that the results of the present study showed that gender roles have an effect on self-efficacy, training courses on the elimination of gender stereotypes and the beneficial effects of masculinity and femininity can be very influential. Moreover, managers of educational institution can consider a desirable level of such skills as one of the recruitment conditions, which will lead to the development of human resources with high efficiency in education.

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Introduction: The feeling of belonging to school can be effective in adolescents’ positive perception of themselves, others, communication and interest in others, as well as a sense of responsibility for school affairs. The purpose of this study was to explain the role of school belonging in predicting students’ academic motivation and academic self-efficacy of secondary school students in Tabriz.
Method: The present study was a survey research. The statistical population of the present study included all male high school students in Tabriz who through cluster random sampling 299 high school students (92 in mathematics, 101 in experimental sciences and 105 in science Human) were selected. The research instruments were Barry School Feeling Questionnaire (2004), Frederick Academic Achievement Questionnaire (2004) and Jink (1999) Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.
Findings: Pearson correlation analysis showed that there is a significant and positive correlation between the variables of connectedness with school, academic enthusiasm and self-efficacy. On the other hand, the results of linear regression analysis indicated that the school-related dimensions predicted a total of 0.71 of academic enthusiasm changes and 0.31 of student self-efficacy changes. From the dimensions of connectedness with school, four subscales of participation, positive feelings, membership, and academic participation predict meaningfully academic enthusiasm. Also, the following sub-scales of teacher support, respect and scientific participation are a significant predictor of student self-efficacy.
Disscution: The findings of the present study are important implications for psychologists and school counselors about the role of belonging to the school in the enthusiasm and better academic performance of high school students.
 

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Introduction: Theorists argue that disability is a form of social oppression and exclusion, and disabled people experience considerable inequality in all dimensions of social life. Education, health, employment, housing and transportation are among these inequalities. Although disabled people are very interested in tourism activities, they do not travel much because of the unpleasant negative experiences they have during vacations and trips. The conditions for the travel of disabled people should be provided. Such as infrastructural facilities, accommodation and transportation. Social conditions such as family companionship, job, income, and physical and medical conditions of disabled people also affect the motivation and desire to travel. The suitability of the place of residence, transportation facilities, access and services at the destination should also be compatible with the needs of the disabled. The status of social exclusion of disabled people and how it is distributed among them is one of the important issues of social studies of disability and social justice. In this descriptive-analytical research, the effects of social exclusion dimensions on the tendency of disabled people to travel were investigated.
Methodology: This review was done with a quantitative method using documental studies and survey. The statistical population includes 2103 disabled people of Babolsar city, and using Cochran's formula, 325 people were selected as a statistical sample by random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Content validity was used to check the validity of the questionnaire. In order to check the validity of the content, necessary consultations were conducted with professors in the field of tourism, and according to them, the proposed problems were corrected, and in the re-survey, it was ensured that the questionnaire has the necessary validity. To measure reliability, a sample of 30 people completed the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability, which was equal to 0.75. The operational definition of the components of social exclusion has been modeled on the studies conducted by Sebaktin Rizi and Mouszadeh (2016) and Khodakarmian Gilan and others (2019). The reliability of this scale was more than 0.80 in the study of Sobaktekin Rizi and Mouszadeh and 0.79 in the study of Khodakarmian Gilan and others (2019). These two studies have used the verified scale of Hoff and Vrooman (2011), which includes 24 items and has been operationalized in the form of four dimensions of social participation, normative integrity, access to social rights, and material deprivation. In this study, these four components of travel and tourism related documents have been used. The reliability value of self-efficacy was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83. The analysis was done in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics and with SPSS software.
Findings: The average tendency to travel is 2.97 of 5, which indicates the low level of tendency of disabled people to travel. The average feeling of self-efficacy, social participation and normative integrity is also at the average level. According to the average, the feeling of material deprivation (4.07 of 5) of disabled people is at a high level, and on the other hand, the average access to social rights (2.03 of 5) shows the low access of disabled people to social rights. The findings indicate that the tendency of disabled people to travel, feeling of material deprivation and access to social rights are at a lower-than-average level, and social participation, normative integration and sense of self-efficacy are at an average level. Social participation and feeling of self-efficacy had a positive effect on the tendency of disabled people to travel. In other words, by increasing social participation and improving the sense of self-efficacy, disabled people tend to travel more. On the other hand, normative integrity, feeling of material deprivation and access to social rights did not affect the tendency to travel. Bivariate analyzes also indicated that there is no significant difference in the tendency of disabled people to travel according to gender, marital status, age, education, type of disability.
Conclusion: Self-efficacy has the greatest relationship with intention, so that if a person believes that she/he can successfully perform an adaptive behavior, there is a high probability that she/he will take action. According to this opinion, the belief of disabled people that they can go on a trip and enjoy the trip increases their intention to go on a trip and use related services. But if they overestimate the costs of such work. Such as understanding the negative attitude of the society, the feeling of shame, the feeling of helplessness, the financial expenses and the lack of proper facilities, the sense of self-efficacy and effectiveness decreases in them. They become isolated because they think that being alone and distancing themselves from others can protect them from the social stigma of disability.
To remove attitudinal barriers and participation, it is necessary to increase public awareness in social and support institutions and recognize the right of disabled people to establish social relations and participate in the public domain. Also, it is necessary not to consider only the problem of the physically disabled and medical and rehabilitation approaches should be aligned with social and cultural approaches. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to ensure the required foundations in the form of psychological, human and structural conditions, and take necessary measures to improve the conditions.
This study provides a more distinct picture of the dimensions of social exclusion of the disabled and its effect on the tendency to travel and tourism. Disabled people are not very familiar with their social rights and are only supported by their families. Since tourism can be effective in strengthening mental health and their return to the society, providing the ground for people's organizations of the disabled and providing the ground for the tourism of the disabled as one of the new tourism markets should be given more attention.
Ethical Considerations
Authors’ contributions All authors contributed in producing of the research.
Funding
In the present study, all expenses were borne by the authors, and they did not have any sponsors.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
In this article, all rights relating to references are cited and resources are carefully listed.