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Introduction: Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, the analysis of all the dimensions of which would require an accurate understanding of it. In the past, poverty was used to be measured using the income approach, but such an approach fails to take other forms of poverty into account. For example, an individual may not be poor in terms of income, but may have to spend a significant portion of his income for the treatment of a terminal illness. Contrary to the income approach, the multidimensional approach to poverty measurement takes its multidimensional nature into account. Various ways have so far been introduced in order to take this multidimensional nature into account in providing poverty indicators. These methods include the dashboard of variables, composite indices, Venn diagrams, the dominance approach, the statistical approach, the fuzzy set approach and the axiomatic approach.
Method: As one of the most common methods for measuring multidimensional poverty, Alkire and Foster method is a counting-based method developed by the United Nations to calculate the global multidimensional poverty index. To obtain this index, ten indicators in the three dimensions of education, health and living standards are examined. Assigning an equal weight to each of the above dimensions, and to each of the indicators associated with each dimension, a household identified as deprived in more than a third of the indicators is classified as poor (dual cut off). Next, the common accumulation functions were implemented with some adjustments, calculating the Alkire and Foster poverty indicators. In this study, the Alkire - Foster method has been applied to data from the urban and rural household’s income and costs survey conducted between 1370 and 1392 Persian calendar.
Findings: The headcount ratio has decreased from 35.4% to 10.1%, in rural areas and from 13.3% to 9.5% in urban areas during the period under investigation. This decrease can be explained by the simultaneous decrease in both the intensity and incidence of poverty. The statistical inference applied to the adjusted headcount ratio shows the difference between urban and rural areas during all these years to be significant at a significance level of 95%. Furthermore, differences with the values associated with the previous years have also been significant for both urban and rural areas in most of the years.
Discussion: The Alkire-Foster index shows decreased multidimensional poverty in both urban and rural areas in Iran. This decrease, however, is more pronounced in rural areas. This more significant decrease in poverty in rural areas is caused by all the living facilities provided for rural households between 1370 and 1392 Persian calendar. During the years following the end of the Iran-Iraq war, many Iranian households living in rural areas did not have access to electricity, running water or separate toilets and bathrooms in their places of residence. However, actions taken during the 1370-1392 timeframe have taken such facilities to rural areas as well. Meanwhile, however, these changes have not been so tangible in urban areas, because most urban households have had access to such facilities since the beginning of the period under investigation.

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Introduction: Poverty reduction is one of the most important economic and social goals of politicians and programmers in different societies. Women are more exposed to  poverty and gender discrimination in comparison with men. This is because  women do not have necessary capabilities and facilities for empowerment and poverty reduction. Hence, for anti-poverty programs in the country, policymakers need, in the first step, to measure poverty  especially  in female-headed households.
In this study, after measuring the multidimensional poverty index in male and female headed households, it is attempted to analyze the poverty status of female headed household and to determine the factors affecting their poverty.
Method: In this study, the multidimensional poverty index is calculated for men and women-headed households based on Alkire and Foster method in three dimensions education, health and standard of living with an equal weighting system. In this study, household’s income expenditure raw data published by the Statistical Center of Iran in 2015 were used. Furthermore, the factors that affect poor female- headed households was estimated using a logit regression model.
Findings: The results showed that intensity and incidence of poverty among female-headed households is higher than men-headed households in both urban and rural areas. There is significant differences between female-headed households’ MPI in urban areas by 0.0942 and male-headed households’ MPI by 0.0516. Also, female-headed households’ MPI is equal to 0.067 and men-headed households’ MPI is equal to 0.0364 in rural areas. The highest female-headed households’ deprivation is respectively in sanitation, years of schooling and health insurance in urban areas and the highest deprivation in rural areas is respectively in sanitation, years of education and building structures. Logit regression model also showed that being older, unemployed, a housewife, and married female-heads of households increase the probability of being poor
Discussion: Based on the findings, the multidimensional poverty of female-headed households is more than the multidimensional poverty of male-headed households in both urban and rural areas  indicating that female households need more attention in poverty reduction programs. Measuring the multidimensional poverty index by indicators also highlights priority sectors in poverty reduction programs. The Logit regression model also showed that years of schooling is very important because the empowerment of female- headed households in education empowers them to find a job and earn money.

 

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Introduction: Poverty is an undesirable socio-economic phenomenon that endangers the political stability, social solidarity, and mental health of the different sections of society. The literature on poverty in recent years has not been limited to income poverty, but also to other aspects such as health, education, and living standards. By identifying patterns of poverty, instead of prejudging the suitable economic and social policies to combat poverty, we can explain the appropriate and effective policy on poverty at the community level in accordance with the nature of these patterns.
Method: In the present study, with a multidimensional approach to poverty (including educational poverty, housing poverty, food poverty, health, and income poverty), the vulnerability of government-supported households in Iran were investigated. For this purpose, the expenditure information of government-supported households in 2017 was the basis of the study.
Findings: The results showed that nearly 47% of the households surveyed are below the food poverty line. In terms of depth and quality of dominance of different dimensions of poverty among the studied households, housing poverty has the largest poverty gap, followed by education poverty with a poverty gap of nearly 40%. In summary, the poverty gap in income and health dimensions in this study is very low compared to the mentioned dimensions. In general, it was found that government-sponsored households, in addition to income poverty, also suffer from poor health, housing, education, and food poverty.
Discussion: Based on the findings, it is suggested that policy makers adopt and formulate policy-support tools in which the various dimensions of poverty are considered in the form of a comprehensive system.

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Introduction: Social welfare is one of the most significant besides important issues nowadays. Poverty is a fundamental problem of human societies and an obvious sign of lack of economic, social and cultural development, which endangers political stability and social solidarity and mental health in the society. Therefore, in this research, the non-linear effects of social welfare on multidimensional poverty in developing countries have been investigated.
Method: The econometric method used is the Generalized Method of Moment. The models estimated by the GMM method correctly calculate the possibility of persistence and allow to consider the problems of fitting the effectiveness of multidimensional poverty in the scope of this research. In this research, a selection of developing countries has been selected during the period of 2012-2018 to investigate the subject of the study.
Findings: The first break of multidimensional poverty and social welfare is less than the calculated threshold level (27/59) based on the results of model estimation, it has a certain effect on multidimensional poverty, and corruption control, public health and social welfare is more than the threshold level, a negative effect on multidimensional poverty in developing countries.
Discussion: Considering the reducing effects of social welfare variables (over the calculated threshold level), public health and corruption control on multidimensional poverty, it is suggested that institutional reforms are necessary to improve social welfare, promote transparency and improve factors that strengthen political stability. In order to control corruption and increase the level of health and public health in the field of various activities.