---

In recent years, we have witnessed the concept of social capital incorporated into academic discourse and scientific documentations in the sphere of sociology, social sciences, economic, and recently political sciences. The reason for the increasing focus on social capital is because of the role it plays in enhancing the ability of communities to manage and sustain the human, economic and environmental capitals. Social capital is addressed as a factor for the success of social welfare and social health programs. That is why social capital is included in more recent systems of social and development indicators by the world’s well-known organizations. This article is based on a comprehensive literature review chosen from the most recent publications which have played a key role in the development of tire concept of social capital. It begins with defining social capital and its main components. Common themes in the literature come next. After noting an initial summary of differences between human capital and social capital, it examines the conceptual framework of tire subject and finally discusses the relationship between social capital and social problems. The importance of trust in this process is also addressed.

---

Objectives: The main aim goal of this paper is estimating level and distribution of Social capital (SC) in Iran’s provinces. in this research, first, I have reviewed about the theories of the social capital in order to find the best theoretical model for this research. Then, I estimated the amount of the social capital. Method: For this main, we have reviewed theoretical and empirical literature of human capital, and then we used Dugom Method for estimation the level and distribution of social capital in Iran’s Provinces. The Dogum Method has been formed three old methods of social capital estimation. We used latent variable, because social capital is a qualified variable. The study concludes that the social capital in Yazd province is more than other provinces of Iran. Results: The results show that there are positive relation between all of variable which are related to social capital and the formulation of social capital in Iran’s province except crime index

---

Objectives: Health is the base for socio-economic development and is the most important component of social welfare. Women’s health status, particularly, mothers’ health, is more vulnerable than men, in Iranian society. Evidences, resulted from different researches, indicate that health is related to socioeconomic determinants more than medical and nursing interventions. The term of Social Capital is a new concept in social sciences that during a short time, has been populated in literatures of social determinants of health. Social capital is consisting of the individual's participation in collective life and trust between them, which can enhance their human capital. In this article we looked the health as human capital. This study aims to explore relationships between individual measures of social capital and health, among mothers with children under age of 7 who attend the Abdolabad Health Site in south of Tehran. Methods: A cross- sectional design was used. 80 randomly samples were selected from mothers who attended to mentioned Health Site to attain preventive health services. Using “Shortened Version of Social Capital Assessment Tool” (SASCAT) we measured two basic dimensions of social capital: structural (group membership, social support and citizenship activities) and cognitive social capital (trust, social harmony, sense of belonging, sense of fairness). “SF-36” health questionnaire was used to measure two main components of health - physical and mental health – and also 8 health subscales: physical functioning(PF), role- limitations due to physical health problems(RP), bodily pain(BP), general health(GH), vitality(VT), social functioning(SF), role limitations due to emotional problems(RE) and mental health(MH). Partial Correlation Coefficient was applied to explore association between social capital and health. Findings: The study found low levels of group membership, social support and citizenship among the mothers. The findings indicate that, the study samples show medium scores of cognitive social capital and poor structural social capital. Mother's physical health was better than their mental health. The sample had the highest (best) mean scores for physical functioning (PF) and they showed the lowest (worst) mean scores for role limitations due to emotional problems (RE). Maternal cognitive social capital had statistically positive significant relationships with their physical health (r=0/45, p= 0/000) and also mental health (r=0/37, p= 0/001), but structural social capital had negative association with mental health(r=- 0/26, p= 0/027). Results: In this study, positive relationship between maternal cognitive social capital and their health was notable. We conclude that the quality of human relationships (cognitive social capital) play more effective role than the quantity of them in maternal health

---

Objectives: social capital is a concept developed in sociology an also used in business, organizational behavior, political science and economics. In this article the process of social capital formation in a sample of university students is reported. Method: To develop an empirical model, we have assumed that individuals have two kinds of sources to form their social capitals: “identity sources” and “knowledge sources”. Moreover, we assumed that these sources are “necessary sources” not “sufficient sources”. The social capital would be produced, if these sources could be evolved to the social trust, the social norms and the social nets. Therefore, the research tries to answer this question: to what extent do these sources affect the social capital formation. The research method is survey. A sample of 199 students were randomly selected from a list of registered students for 2008 in the Faculty of Administrative Studies and Economics at the University of Isfahan (Iran). Findings: For estimation of the empirical model we used the OLS method to find how the “identity” and “knowledge” sources affect the internal values of individuals. For this, human capital was used as the main proxy of knowledge sources and the religious beliefs was used as the main proxy of identity sources Results: The estimation results show that, in the selected sample, the identity sources (religious beliefs) has had a positive and significant effect on the social capital formation, though, there is no such a relationship between the social capital formation and the knowledge sources (human capital). Furthermore, we found that males had a higher level of social capital than females.

---

 

Introduction: Economic development and improvement in life quality is the main objective of all societies in all levels. To this end, it is necessary to have a better understanding of factors affecting individual life quality. Quality of Life Index (QLI) is a suitable tool that reflects socio-economic condition of a society. Thus, QLI can be employed as a major tool in local and national development plans. Human capital, however, has a vital role in life quality through which development is affected.

 

Method: In this paper, the relationship between human capital (represented by the graduated people in bachelors, master and PhD) and QLI in all Iranian provinces is studied. To this end, using time series data of all provinces during the period of 2003-2009, and employing fixed effect in panel data model, the effect of human capital on QLI of all provinces is examined.

 

Findings: The results show that human capital, adult literacy rate and urban population rate have positive and significant effect on QLI of Iranian provinces. However, population has a negative and significant effect on QLI of provinces.

 

Conclusion: The results show that human capital has a significant effect on economic growth and, therefore, on life quality of people. However, the number of postgraduates (master and PhD) has had more effects on life quality compared with graduates (bachelors). Thus, government is suggested to increase investments on higher education if it is to improve life quality of individuals in Iranian provinces.

 

---

Intorduction: The present study examines the effects of smuggling on lifestyle and livelihood of the border residents
Method: This research is descriptive-analytic, and data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes the frontier villages of Baneh, which are located at a maximum depth of 25 km. In sample selection, cluster sampling method was used at three levels of 5, 15 and 25 km distances that 380 households were selected as a statistical sample.
Findings: The results of the study indicate a significant difference in the penetration rate of smuggling at different frontier levels. According to the results, those people who had a livelihood dependent on smuggling of goods had higher economic capital, but their human and social capitals are at a lower level, also most border residents believed that smuggling of goods had a positive effect on their livelihoods and that their economic situation would be affected if the borders were closed.
Discussion: In fact, the smuggling or Kolbari as an alternative livelihoods has promoted the level of household’s livelihood so that they are dependent on smuggling, especially the economic capital. Although it is implicitly pointed in this paper that influential people and those indirectly engaged in these affairs or those that have a degree of supervisory role are the ones who gain a large part of of the profits of various informal businesses, such as smuggling.