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Objective: Modern industry has affected the role of women by creating jobs mainly dealt with producing ones. As women entered the labor market in growing numbers it became evident that their position was not the same as that of men. The aim of current research was an analysis of wage structures and of their role in the gender payment discrepancy. A question that can be addressed is the difference between knowledge, skills and aptitudes of men and women with same wages. Method: Participants were 98 men from car producing company and 98 women from textile complexes in Tehran and Isfahan. They were compared with each other basedon their wages, education and tenure and their job dimensions referring to knowledge, skills and aptitudes (KSA). Position Analysis Questionnaire was the job analysis instrument. Findings: Results indicate that women were superior in their KSA after matching wages in other words, women with the same knowledge skills and aptitude receive less from compensation system. Promotion of KSA was more than women among men in population. Results: Because women KSA can be expected to increase in future, paying attention to gender justice in work setting according to KSA is important.

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Objective: Although Trans sexuality and sex change might be considered as a personal issue, it has some influentional socio-cultural causes and consequences. This article aims at the illustration of Trans sexuality in Iran. To achieve this goal, the theoretical studies have been applied to describe the nature of Trans sexuality. Later sex transition and legal system in Iran will be explained. And finally some social and cultural consequences of Trans sexuality will be discussed. Method: This study has been carried out by a survey including interviews with two different samples groups: 1) the Trans sexuality policy makers, 2) forty cases of transsexuals. Findings and Results: The findings show while Iranian legal system is not against trans sexuality and sex transition, transsexuals suffering from gender identity disorders are encountered some social and cultural problems in their private lives and public sphere

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Objectives: The present study seeks to describe gender-related attitude of young men and women of Mazandaran province, and also to explain associations between this attitude and some socio-familial factors. Method: The study is conducted via survey method and data has been collected through self-administered questionnaire. The subjects of the study were 425 young men and women who were under training in the Vocational Training Centers in the Mazandaran province. Gender-related attitude is considered as dependent variable and measured with an investigator-made scale based on 12 questions concerning roles, tasks, and positions of men and women in the family and society. Some of these questions, for example, were about governing of important issues in the society, doing intellectual works, women employment, full obedience of women from men, management ability of women, etc. The overall reliability coefficient for the scale was .902, indicating very high internal consistency of the scale. Some socio-demographic and socio-familial factors (such as gender, place of residence, marital status, age groups, level of education, employment status, job-related attitude, and type of parents' behavior at home) have been treated as independent variables. To analyze the collected data, SPSS (version.12) has been applied. Findings: The findings of the study indicated that the respondents were young men and women (16-25 years old), who mainly were residents of urban areas, unmarried, and educated nearly between 10-12 years (up to Diploma). These respondents mainly were unemployed, belonged to large-size and low/medium socio-economic status families. Furthermore, the study concluded that there are some significant differences between men and women respondents concerning gender-related attitude For instance, 57/9 percent of men as compared to 17/2 percent of women were agreed that important issues of society have to be deposited only to men or 53/4 percent of men as compared to 8/6 percent of women were believed that women have to obey men in the personal and familial life. Furthermore, 20/8 percent of men as compared to 75/1 percent of women were disagreed that men managers are successful than women managers. These different distributions of beliefs concerning roles, tasks, and positions of each gender in the family and society, can be an index of different gender-related attitudes of young respondents. Results: men as compared to women had reported more patriarchic attitudes (traditional attitude towards gender roles and relations). Namely, on the whole, men were believed that a) important issues of the society have to be governed by men b) women's ability in the intellectual activities, management, employment, settlement of personal and social problems is less than men c) women have to work at home as a housekeeper only, or in such jobs as teaching and nursing and finally d) women have to obey men in the personal and familial life. In contrast, women's beliefs concerning gender-related attitudes were mostly opposed to men for example, they believed that women can govern important issues in the society their ability in intellectual activities, management, employment, settlement of personal and social problems is equal to men doing housework is not only women's obligation and they can be successful in all kind of jobs and finally women can disobey men. Moreover, residents of rural areas and unmarried persons as compared to their counterparts in urban areas and married ones have reported more patriarchic attitude. Applying T-test and ANOVA, some significant associations between gender-related attitude and some socio-demographic factors such as age groups, place of residence, marital status, level of education, and employment status have been observed. Finally, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that formation and expressing of gender-related attitude can be under influence of such variables as gender, job-related attitude, and type of parents' behavior at home. There was a very strong relationship (r= .739) between gender-related attitudes and these variables, and 54/5 percent of variations in dependent variable can be explained by these three independent variables. In the other words, young men, those respondents who were believed in traditional labor division (job-related attitude), and those respondents whom their parents were very severe and hard at home showed more patriarchic attitude than other respondents.

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Objectives: The article is based on a nationwide quantative gender-sensitive research on Iranian rural health workers’ working conditions, job satisfaction and motives using a representative sample of 2416 “ behvarz”es. Behvarzan, or the locally sourced health workers or are originally trained to meet the basic healthcare needs of people living in rural areas. A female behvarz is responsible for, among other things, child and maternal health , a male behvarz for sanitation and environmental projects. The health workers are well familiar with the culture and traditions of were they live and work i.e. Iranian villages throughout the country. There are about 17 000 health houses in the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the recent Ministry of Health statistics. Almost 27 000 community health workers are working in these health houses, more than half of them women. On average, each health house serves 1500 people in its village and surrounding settlements. Since a community health worker is from the local people therefore has their approval and support. These workers regularly supervise people's health. Among their duties, female community health workers are responsible for vaccinations, registrations and administering medicines. A male community health worker is charged with activities mainly outside the health house, such as making follow-up visits to patients and identifying them in surrounding villages. The minimum age for male and female health workers is 20 and 16 respectively. They are required to have had 11 years of regular education, plus two years of theoretical and practical training before being awarded a certificate to be allowed to practice. Even after their graduation, the behvarzan are subject to regular monitoring and distance-learning to meet the requirements by the Ministry. According to the Iranian health officials, these community workers have made huge success in improving Iranian health indexes. They has made a significant contribution to the sharp decline in mortality rates in the past three decades,helping to reduce deaths among infants and pregnant women, and curbing contagious diseases. Method: This was a nationwide survey with a representative sample of 2416 rural health workers based on a combination of sampling methods using the latest list of (sampling framework ) of around 27000 behvarzes provided by the officials of the ministry of health in Iran. Findings: The findings show that there were significant differences between female and male health workers’ job satisfaction with regard to different aspects of their job. Females were more satisfied with the job as a whole while for males the satisfaction was sourced out of their clients’ appreciation and the support and appreciation from the directors. The dissatisfaction with their job was caused mainly by low income as for males and the amount of work load for women. There were large differences among health workers living in various provinces and over all the job satisfaction was affected significantly by age, marital status, job history and having extra income by other sources. Results: Results: There were statistically significant differences betwwwn female and male health workers' job satisfaction with regard to different aspects of their job. Overall dissatisfactions among female. Health workers were concerning their huge work-load whereas male health workers were more dissatisfied with the issue of income and rewards. However, in general female health-workers or behvarzes were More satisfied compared to men, with their income as well as their job As a whole. They were however less satisfied in terms of the community's appreciation and the reactions from the supervisors and higher officials. It was seemingly somehow reflecting the conventional Patriarchal relationship pattern in the traditional and rural areas Atmosphere in relation to female workers.

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Objectives: during recent years social determinants of health had been the most complex subject on the domain of health policy. The social determinants of health are social condition that people live and work and they affect the personal health, community health and social health and even the health pattern. The main object of this study is to review the studies witch related to the status of four structural social determinants of health including income, gender, education and ethnicity during 1379-1385 in Iranian children and the documentation of the result of these studies are according world health organization model. Method: In this descriptive study (review), studies had been searched with 28 keywords in Iranian electronically databases as such as Irandoc.ac.ir, www.iranmedex.com, www.sid.ir, www.magiran.com and many universities in Tehran. After passing several stages of screening, we found 40 studies related to gender and health, 16 studies related to income and health, 40 studies related to education and health and 6 studies related to ethnicity and health. Information of these researches were classified and described. R.M, Excel and SPSS were used in this study. Results: In the determinant of gender and health in childhood, the difference between two genders about weight and height of newborn, low birth weight and malnutrition was observed, but in dental caries, impaired vision and hearing, the deference was not significant. About mental health, mental disease and disorders also the result of studies were not similar but suicide attempting in girls was more reported. In the income determinant almost all the studies showed the more frequency in health problems is in the groups with lower income and it showed significant relation between income and health status. It showed inverse relation between household income and food consumption pattern and / or household calories consumption, also significant relation between income status and malnutrition and obesity, skull youth index, health behavior, weight of child and rate of dmf was observed .In the studies of mental health and income also the frequency of symptoms and mental disorders in low income groups and significant relationship between mental health and income was observed. In education determinant category, almost all educational interventions were effective .About literacy and health, prevalence of LBW neonate of mothers with lower education was higher and there is a significant relation between maternal education and child weight. However statistical significant relationship between maternal education and the period of breastfeeding was not found. The result of studies showed inverse statistical significant relationship between level of education (parents) and child malnutrition, overweight and obesity. Statistical significant relationship between father education and child obesity was also shown. In parasitic infections there was inverse statistical relation between level of education (parents) and hair pediculus, entrobiosis. Results of studies about mental health and education were not similar but the frequency of attempted suicide in the group with lower education was higher. In ethnicity determinant, there was a little studies and the results were showed the ethnicity difference in weight and height of neonate ,cloven lips and palate, malformation of neurotic tube in neonate, diarrhea. Conclusion: The health difference between two genders, the different income, educational level and different ethnicity observed. The result of this study could use in developing policy recommendations and suggest some principles to ground those policy choices.

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Objective: The main objective of this study is to explore the relationship between "emotional perceived social support" and "mental health". Furthermore, the present study seeks to investigate the direct and indirect effects of gender, religiosity, and social class (as sources of social support), as well as social support, on mental health status. Method: The study has been conducted via survey method and data collected by self-administered questionnaire. The universe of the study was students of the Mazandaran University, and 400 students were chosen through proportional stratified random sampling. Mental health status is measured by SCL-25 and social support is measured by the multidimensional scale of perceived social support by Zimet (1988). Findings: Almost one third of the students recognized as having proper mental health. More than half of the students received high level of social support, and family was its most important source followed by important others and friends. Female and those who were belonged to higher social class enjoyed the higher levels of social support. Furthermore, there was a direct, significant relationship between perceived social support and mental health, and gender difference in the rate of mental health is proved, showing that the male students enjoyed better mental health status than females. The relations of social class and religiosity with mental health of students were not significant. Also, gender, social class, and religiosity were associated with perceived social support. Finally, applying multivariate regression analysis, it has been appeared that the rate of students’ mental health was under direct influence of such variables as perceived social support and gender. Furthermore, such variables as social class and religiosity had indirect effects on mental health, through increasing social support. However, perceived social support was the strongest predictor of the students’ mental health. Conclusion: Enjoying high level of social support is a source of proper mental health. With respect to findings of this study, it is necessary that policy makers, focus on ways of promoting social support and religious beliefs, and pay more attention to mental health issues among female and lower social class students to increase their coping skills.

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Objective: The leisure time is appeared to be new social area which have been conceptualized and defined as product of modernity within the context of social and cultural changes and increasing consumption culture. The study of leisure time as a socio-cultural process and investigating its distinctions in terms of various patterns of social inequality is a novel interest in the sociology of leisure time. Therefore, regarding the young structure of Iranian population and the importance of inquiring social characteristics of leisure patterns, this paper concerns to study the patterns of management of leisure time and different forms of social inequality affecting it among Iranian young people (15-29 years old). Method: This study is based on secondary analysis of data extracted from the national survey of socio-economic characteristics of Iranian households in 2001 Statistics Center of Iran. Findings and Conclusion: The results emphasize on symbolic importance of leisure in youth lives and its significant relationship with the different forms of social inequality in society studied, that is, the context in which the youth have different access to leisure opportunities and chances, and the different styles of leisure are experiences in terms of the forms of social inequality such as spatial, gender, ethnic, and class inequalities.

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Objective: gender-based attitudes, often a social consensus on manner of practices, gender role attitudes, regardless to individual differences show. Such structural factors can be reinforcing gender inequalities to be considered. This study aimed to assess the type of stereotypes attributed to men and women, to study some common stereotypes jobs in this field deals with the perspectives of students. Method: This survey has been made. The population of Yazd University students make up between them using the formula Cochrane 289 people were selected as the sample size. Findings: Boys sterotypes are more baised on supervisory on power, rationality, independence, and violence and managerial jobs is a tool. While referring to the gender sterotypes tenderness, effective, service jobs tendency and dependency between them. Conclusions: Students attitudes expressed indicate some kind of dichotomy and acceptance of gender differences in beliefs between androgyny and similar stereotypes commonly thought of their society from which they can root for both biological and social and psychological fields were allowed.

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  Introduction: Controversy over the relationship of gender inequality with health and its dimensions is not new concept for many years researchers have been discussing whether inequality could determine different levels of health in men and women. This paper examined the linkage between gender inequality in four key domains, economy, education, politics, and health and prevalence of HIV.

  Method: In this study secondary analysis as a basic method was used , related data were available in “The Global Gender Gap Report 2006” and UNAIDS statistics unit, the sample contains 115 nations from all around the world.

 Findings: Findings have shown that out of four sub indexes of gender gap index, only education attainment and its indicators, exception female net primary level enrolment over male value, have statistically significant correlation with HIV prevalence. Female gross tertiary level enrolment over male value showed the strongest correlation with criterion variable (r= -0.351).

Discussion: Consequently, women more attainment to education, especially higher than primary education, might significantly predict reduce of prevalence of HIV

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Introduction: The objectives of millennium development goals basically are about health topics, nondiscrimination and equality, especially gender equality. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between dimensions of gender inequalities perception and mental health among employed women. Method: In this study a non-experimental, co-relational research design was used to determine the relation between variables. The population of the study was employed women in Social Security Organization in Hamedan. 202 women were selected by stratified sampling method. The perception of gender inequality was measured by questionnaire and the validated Iranian version of the GHQ is used for measuring of mental health. For analyzing data Pearson's correlation was used. Findings: Results showed 44.6% of women had the lowest mental disorders and 45.1% of population expressed their sense of gender inequality high and very high levels. Discussion: There was a positive significant relationship between gender inequalities perception, it's dimensions, and mental health as the less felt of the gender inequality had better individual’s mental health.

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Introduction: study of social problems in one of the most important area in sociology. Besides, women’s problems were relatively neglected as research topics until the late 1960s. However, this area has been one of the most complicated areas because social problems are differently conceived societies, through history and even within societies at one particular time. In fact, most of people face with social problem as if it is harmful to them but some social conditions that some people consider them as a problem and harmful condition maybe seen as a natural and beneficial situation to the others.

 

Method: in this article data was gathered by depth interview with 54 women aged 19 to 59 in Tehran city.

 

Findings: Based on the stories narrated by women included in this study, women's perception about their social problems, the way of confrontation and the causes of their problems are analyzed. result of research show that the range of social problems perceived by women varies and depends on many factors including age, occupation, education, social class and marital status.

 

Discussion: It is possible to classify women's problems in terms of private and public one. Women stated that different factors including cultural, social, economical as well as individualistic characters made their problems. Women also asserted that they try to overcome their problem through passive and pro-active solutions.

 

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Objective: Social health is one of the most serious research topics in the last two decades. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the individualism - collectivism in the two sexes and the role of individualism - collectivism is done in social health.

 

Methods: In a cross - sectional study, 300 students (159 girls and 141 boys) social health questionnaire (Keyses, & Shapiro, 2004) and the scale of individualism-collectivism (Triandis et al, 1988) responded. To examine gender differences in individualism-collectivism, horizontal and vertical, and social health, independent t-test was used. Hierarchical regression analyzes to assess the relationship between gender and social health (subscale of social cohesion, social acceptance, social participation, social prosperity and social adaptation) and to examine the role of mediating individualism - collectivism implemented.

 

Findings: The results of the independent t-test showed that boys than girls in one variable - the horizontal individualism (p<.05) and horizontal collectivism (p<.05) and subscale of social acceptance (p<.05), social conformity (p<.01) and public health (p<.05) had significantly higher scores were reported. Hierarchical regression analysis results also showed that after controlling for individual factors - collectivism, the variable gender, there is no significant correlation between any of the five dimensions of social health. In other words, the results showed that individual differences in both horizontal and vertical collectivism and gender plays a key role in predicting social health.

 

Conclusions: individualism - collectivism on the relationship between gender and social health of students is due. This is necessary in order to examine gender differences in terms of social health, the role of cultural models of individualism - collectivism be considered.

 

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Introduction: Socio-economic development cannot develop without any increase in the social personality of people. In this respect, family is the most fundamental and the most important Impressive factor in the socialization process and social character development in human life. This study aimed to study the relationship between family characteristics (type of family, cultural capital, social capital, social status of family and background variables) with the formation of entrepreneurial traits in the character of children in Hashtgerd city.

Method: This research was a survey in the study and the tool to collect data was questionnaires. Sample size was obtained by using the Cochran formula and by using simple random sampling. The Statistical population of this study includes 250 of the Hashtgerd residents aging between 18-39 years who attended Iran Technical & Vocational Training Organization courses.

Findings: The results show that there is a meaningful relationship between family social capital, type of family and also the gender of respondents with entrepreneurial traits in the character of children. But there was no significant relationship between family cultural capital and other variables related to entrepreneurial traits in the character of children. Also social capital variable had a significant relationship with all entrepreneurial aspects except dream aspect.

Discussion: It must be said in a multivariate regression analysis of all the variables entered into the equation, only three variables of social capital, family type and gender of respondents had significant relationship with of entrepreneurial traits in the character of children and they gained the overall amount of 0/151 among dependent variables.

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 Introduction: Lefebvre's right to the city is a radical reconceptualization of goals, definition and content of political communities and the concept of participation plays a great role in it. This project has used Arnestein ladder of participation as a conceptual construct to evaluate different levels of citizen participation, as well as the relation between participation and Lefebvre's idea of the right to the city.

Method: This study has been conducted by survey method using multistage cluster sampling on 879 citizens of 22 municipalities of the city of Tehran.

Findings: Citizen Participation in urban design is very low and at the tokenism level while there are no gender differences in the levels of participation.

Debate: Implementing Lefebvre’s concept of right to city in this study indicates that in designing urban spaces, capital and class are considered prominent factors by urban authorities while public participation and gender are neglected. The hegemonic discourse of capital is prevalent in the urban space planning. This situation is rooted in the institutional mechanisms and structures thus any change to the current trends, requires alterations in structures of citizen participation.

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Introduction: There has been violence against females since a long time ago in different communities irrespective of social status, religion and race. Street harassment is a form of violence against females by strangers outside of the family in public places. It is one of the obvious aspects of sexual harassment in the public in which women are sexually humiliated. This type of violence leads to various negative consequences for both victim women (such as increasing physical and mental disorders) and society (deprivation of women’s aptitudes and capabilities).  Regarding to the fact that most of researches in this field have investigated on the domestic violence which implemented by males (husbands) the street harassment has been neglected. In spite of the slump of the academic circle in the past decades, street harassment has been highly considered in recent years. Although many researchers in different countries of the world recognized the importance of this

problem and therefore it is now the subject matter of numerous studies. In spite of high prevalence of street harassments in our country, a few studies has been conducted in this regard yet.  However, the findings of some studies in several cities such as Tehran, Mashhad, Kerman, Gorgan, Shiraz and Sanandaj point out that the street harassment is been spread in Iran. The objective of this research is social analysis of the street harassments toward females as well as their passive reactions to it.

Method: The study is done by implementing quantitative method by using survey. Statistical population of the study is 6399 of the female students of Mazandaran University which 362 students have been chosen by stratified random sampling method. Data has been collected through self-administered questionnaire and data were analyzed by SPSS software.

The rates of victims of street harassments as well as the passive reaction to these harassments were considered as dependent variables. These variables measured with an investigator-made scale based on 22 and 18 questions, respectively. The reliability coefficient for two above mentioned scales were 0.890 and 0.760 which are indicating high internal consistency of these scales. Furthermore, acceptance of gender roles stereotypes, acceptance of patriarchal values, and social learning of passive reaction has been treated as independent variables. To analyze the collected data, SPSS has been applied.

Findings: The findings of the study indicated that the respondents mainly were young girls (average age 22.1 years old), residents of dormitories, unmarried, and undergraduate students. These respondents mainly belong to low and medium socio-economic status families. Furthermore, 97.4 percent of respondents experienced one type of street harassments during last yare, while 14.1 percent of them reported daily street harassments. Patterns of harassment show that harassers were mainly young men (under 29 years old) which harassed their victims mostly in the places such as streets, parks and markets at the time of between evening and night.

Discussion: According to the findings of the study, the street harassment is happening in the different times and places irrespective of the age of the victim women. Moreover, acceptance of patriarchal values may cause to more passive reactions by victims. These findings are in line with radical feminist theory which emphasize on the process of female monitoring by male. Radical feminist theorists aim to analyze the men violence against women, and try to unveil the fact that patriarchal values conceal men violence against women, hide it, or inculpate women for being under violence. In this theory point of view perpetration of violence against women and women's passive reaction toward sexual taunts shows that women are suppressed in a patriarchal system.

Furthermore, the rate of “acceptance of sexual role's stereotypes” by young girls and women in this study had no impact on the passive reaction toward the street harassments. According to Pearson's correlation test there is a significant and positive relationship between the “acceptance of sexual role's stereotypes” and passive reaction to the street harassments. But, the results of multiple regression analysis show that as acceptance of gender role's stereotypes increase, the rate of passive reaction to the street harassments will not increase and people who act based on their sexual role’s stereotypes do not have more passive reaction in comparison with the other respondents because those females, who are affected by masculine hegemony in society, have passive reaction toward the street harassments. It seems that believing in the sexual role’s stereotypes or not, could not overcome the patriarchal structure.

In addition, it has been concluded that the social learning of passive reaction to street harassment from family, friends and peers, is effective on the passive reaction of females to street harassments. This might be, to some extent, due to complexity of human behaviors especially in regard to sexual affaires. In the other words, female reactions to street harassment might be under the influence of many factors which can't be reduced to factors like observation and imitation. Seemingly,

between the learning process- as a first step- and the incidence of behavior -as the final stage-, numerous factors and conditions might intervene as moderate and mediate factors. It seems that in this study, the girls who learnt passive reaction to street harassment from their families and friends mentally, may behave differently depending on the time and place of harassment.

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Introduction: Gender-Based crimes against girl children soldiers which are one of the international concerns were the subject of international criminal law from past two decades. The perpetrators of these crimes in international courts for Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone have been considered by the judges, but in practice faced serious gaps to punish them, although all efforts which were made by the International Criminal Courts from early stage in this area to give a panoramic view of these crimes to international community and bring it to the International Criminal Court. Congo was the first case of sexual allegations against the girl children soldiers in Criminal Court. Women human rights activists collected many evidence and gave them to victims and witnesses. Those evidence indicate the sexual crimes against girl children soldiers were committed by Lubango or his forces. In the case of Lubango non-governmental organizations contributed to an attempt to collect and present evidence of sexual crime. Legal representatives of sexual crimes victims refer to witnesses' assertion to indicate girls were recruited widely and systematically to assault sexual crimes against them. The prosecutor also did a lot of research in Congo to report on the sexual offense against the girl children soldiers cited in these areas. However, the prosecutor did not pay any attention to these reasons.

Critical Review: However, the Criminalization of Gender-Based crimes in the statute of the Court in evolutionary approach is a historic occasion and hope that no impunity for the perpetrators of gender-based crimes does not exist. Rome Statute prepares wider context to prosecute gender-based crimes against girl children soldiers in the International Criminal Court that missed in previous courts. Although the statutes have predicted the complete set of indictable gender-based crimes, personnel and organizational requirements, but it is disheartening to see how these facilities use for the benefit of victims of gender-based crimes in the International Criminal Court precedent. Rape charges against Lubanga in the court has particular weaknesses which were caused by the performance of prosecutors and Pre-Trial Chamber, collecting insufficient evidence, incomplete indictment, and court inaccurate interpretation on sex crimes against girl children soldiers. Many reasons which were supported the occurrence of certain sex crimes by Lubango were heard during the hearings. The witnesses for the prosecution also testified occurrence of crimes and confirmed it during the hearings. Finally, these efforts found a great result. The methodology of this research was descriptive-analytic and relying on the history and jurisprudence of the Former Criminal International Court including; Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court which were dealing with gender-based crimes on girl children soldiers.

Discussion: Results of this study, after review course to the jurisprudence of the former Criminal International Tribunal to International Criminal Court in dealing with gender-based crimes, reflect the fact that despite of development of international criminal law there are still bugs and deficiencies in jurisprudence of International Criminal Court in the fight against gender-based crimes on girl children soldiers in Congo situation. The prosecutor's statement, reasons for legal representatives of victims and witnesses were not considered by the justices. No new charges based on allegations of sex crimes has added to the former list of Lubango's charges. Lubanga was on trial for the same charges, registration girl children soldiers. The final decision issued too little impact of sexual violence against Lubanga.

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Introduction: This article examines patterns and determinants associated with childbearing desires and specifically focus on religious dimensions. Although in our society, religious considerations strongly influence life and personal and social behaviour in various aspects such as childbearing desires, few studies have been conducted in this area. This lack of study is more visible with regard to comparative studies between two groups of Shia and Sunni. Therefore, this article presents research-based and experience-based evidence to explore some of the most important patterns and determinants associated with relationships between childbearing desires and religious affiliation focusing on a comparative study between Shias and Sunnis.

Method: This article is based on a survey conducted in rural and urban areas of Bojnord and Gonbad-Kavous. Applying Cochran’s sampling techniques and multistage cluster sampling method 870 males and females aged 15 years old and over participated in this study.  Two different samples were chosen to facilitate more accurate investigation of research questions. In other words, the religious groups of this study lived in economically and socially different societies. Therefore, comparing the childbearing desires of each religious group of the two sample groups provided accurate investigation of the research question, that is, whether the patterns associated with childbearing desires are affected by socioeconomic status of religious groups or they are affected by their religious affiliation. Data were analysed using SPSS.

Findings: ‘two child’ families  were recognized as the most prominent and desirable pattern of childbearing in both Shia and Sunni groups.Similar patterns associated with other determinants of childbearing desires (such as marriage patterns, birth increase policies and gender preference) were also observed. On the contrary, preferred fertility patterns of "childlessness" and "one-child” were not acceptable to and common in both religious groups. Comparative findings emphasized the importance of the effects of the demographic variables, such as gender and place of living on childbearing desires.

Discussion: Although there are important differences in childbearing desires between religious groups, the findings of the present study are consistent with  

theories of Kaufman and Skirbekk (2012) which state that religious affiliation plays a secondary role  in  explaining patterns of childbearing.

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Introduction: Survival, continuity and progress of any society depends on the efficiency and quality of its education. Teachers, as a basis of education, have a very important role in training the next generation, and to be able to play their role properly, they should have the necessary skills and abilities. Hence, self-efficacy and social health has a significant impact on the realization of their individual and professional abilities and competencies. . Social health has five dimensions, including  social acceptance, social participation, social actualization, social cohesion and social integration. Social health includes the assessment and understanding of how individuals behave in society and the quality of their relationships with other people, their close relatives and the social groups they are members of.
  Self-efficacy is a strong personal belief about the skills and competences to  act on a task and succeed in it. On the other hand, social health and self-efficacy are affected by gender-based self-concept. Gender role-based self-concept is influenced by the internalization of gender roles and is determined within the framework of social factors and conditions. Gender role-based self-concept refers to the degree to which a person sees himself as having male or female characteristics. Although the aspects of self-concept are relatively stable over time, gender role-based self-concept has been considered as a variable attribute.. Based on the scores of femininity and masculinity, four types of gender role-based self-concept can be distinguished: feminine, masculine, androgynous, and undifferentiated.
This study was conducted to examine the predictive power of self-concept of gender roles in social health and teachers’ self-efficacy.
Method: The study was an applied and descriptive correlational study. The study population included all male and female teachers serving in Eslamshahr, Tehran .  Through cluster random sampling, 12 schools were selected. The target population of 303 people  (mean age 39, SD = 97/5), including 251 women and 52 men who were teaching in different disciplines were selected and responded to questions about gender roles Bam (BSRI), Sherer’s General Self-Efficacy (GSE)and Keyes’s Social Well-Being Questionnaire(KSWBQ). Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis using SPSS software.
Findings: The results showed that the highest percentage of respondents (41.9%) were in the androgynous group, 25.9% in the femininity gender role group, 16.3% in the undifferentiated gender role group, and the least percentage in the masculinity gender role group (3.8%).
. According to the results, there was a difference between the androgynous and undifferentiated groups in lower self-efficacy. In other words, self-efficacy in the androgynous group was significantly higher than the undifferentiated group. However, there was no relationship between gender roles and social health.
In addition, there was a positive correlation between the gender role of masculinity and femininity with self-efficacy and social health components, indicating that the higher the scores of masculinity and femininity are, the more self-efficacy and social health increase.
Discussion: In explaining the results, it can be said that androgynous individuals, depending on what is suitable for a particular situation, can realize female-masculine characteristics or a combination of two-sex characteristics. On the one hand, the dominant individual experience is the most effective way to create a sense of efficiency and efficacy. Having a successful experience, leads to more stable and effective beliefs. . On the contrary, failure  undermines these beliefs. Therefore, it is expected that when a person has an androgynous role to be able to respond in a manner consistent with the situation, regardless of whether the behavior is only feminine or masculine. As a result, one of the most important sources of self-efficacy, that is, having successful experiences, will be provided. When recruiting the teachers, it should be kept in mind that the  self-efficacy and social health of teachers are two factors affecting their performance and the students’ performance. Considering that the results of the present study showed that gender roles have an effect on self-efficacy, training courses on the elimination of gender stereotypes and the beneficial effects of masculinity and femininity can be very influential. Moreover, managers of educational institution can consider a desirable level of such skills as one of the recruitment conditions, which will lead to the development of human resources with high efficiency in education.

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Introduction: The planning system in Iran is influenced by the ruling political and social discourses, and that what place such discourses hold for subjects and categories is represented in development programs. Among the very important subjects is the subject of “women”. According to the meaning and identity the subject of women has in the discourse of the executive states of the development,  the signifier of “gender equity”  is either considered to be the same as in the planning system or is left idle . Hence, it is the attention or inattention of the development programs to the gender equity that could lead to its establishment or continuation of gender inequity.
Method: Using the discourse analysis of Luclau and Mouffe,  the representation of discursive conflicts of gender equity in the Development plans was investigated.
Findings: Development plans after the revolution, in terms of paying attention to the subject of women, have been by the ongoing discursive  conflicts in the political arena.  The analyses showed that in the first and second programs, educational justice  and the imminent implication of health equity have been taken into consideration. The signs of “increase of occupation chances for women and their occupational promotion”, “paying attention to gender combination of labor force supply”, “promotion of women’s occupational skills” by referring to signified  of “economic equity”; and the signs of “essential reforms in legal affairs”, “facilitating the legal and judicial affairs of women”, “legal services”, “protecting the women rights”, “reviewing the rules and regulations” and “legal preparation for removing violence against women”, organize the semantic system of “legal equity” in the reforming discourse. The “Planning for a Health Promotion and Lifestyle Health Education Program” statement is an inadequate indication of health equity and “access to equal educational opportunities ” is a representation of “educational equity” which the discourse of political development has included it in the third and fourth programs. In the fifth program of development, the signs of “promotion of women’s health” and “establishment of the House of Health for girls and women” are taken into consideration as “hygiene equity”. Although “development and the organization of economic-subsistence affairs” represents the “economic equity”,  since it emphasizes the female-headed women and the household occupations, it doesn’t contain the whole sense of economic equity. The statements of “supply of the required trainings appropriate to the role of boys and girls” and “guaranteeing the access to equal training opportunities appropriate to gender” refers to the signified educational equity and cover its sense totally. Also, the discourse analysis of gender equity in the sixth program of development indicates that the discourse ruling the sixth program of development is formed with pivotal signs of “gender equity” and with the signified “occupational chances”, “health & hygiene”, “literacy of women”, “reform of legal system” (in the family domine) and “participation in decision-making and decision-taking”(not the opportunity of political equality). These semantic signs contain economic equity, hygiene equity, educational equity, the imperfect implication of legal equity and inadequate political equity.
Discussion: Regarding the findings, it can be said that gender equity is one of the semantic signs of discourses of reform and moderation, with the conception of equality as analogy. . Hence, the gender sensitivity of the third, fourth and six programs of development should be considered, as if the structural limitations have exposed them to enmities and the critics of the rival discourses which prevents the programs from a complete implementation.

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Expended Abstract
Introduction
Sexual discrimination is not defined as the equalization of facilities and opportunities among men and women. One of the dimensions of gender inequality can be expressed in terms of the inequality of employment opportunities, types of jobs, and the level of payment for equal work between men and women.By looking at the results of the workforce surveys of 1395, it can be said that about 11 percent of the active population of the country is unemployed and the unemployment rate among women is higher than that of men. Iran’s ranking in the gender inequality index was 118 in 2015, with the participation rate of 16.2% for women and 72.2%. for men
Theoretical Framework
There is some evidence that the relationship between women›s employment and GDP as a criterion for economic development is in the form of a non-uniform curve. In such a way that the impact of economic development on gender equality in employment follows the effects of wages from the U-shaped model.
Some economists have found a vague link between education and women›s participation through the outcome of the both effects of income and replacement.
Democracy in countries is recognized as a factor in promoting the status of women. While in conservative and authoritarian regimes, the presence of the patriarchal system, the reproduction of the traditional role of women in society, the low level of empowerment of women and their dependence on the state as vulnerable segments of society are still common.
International trade and direct foreign investment (FDI) can create job opportunities for women.
Political globalization with a role in organizations and international conventions is a key variable in promoting gender equality.
Economic growth, both as a factor in increasing the independent income of women, is an increase in their scope for the participation and accumulation of human capital, and as a factor in undermining gender equality.
Government spending as a macroeconomic variable such as economic growth can have different effects on women›s employment in the labor force market.
Domestic investment is one of the components of overall demand and influences on gender equality. This variable is the main source of employment, creating wealth and innovation.
Demographic variables can be regarded as other factors affecting gender equality in employment.
An increase in the level of ICT infrastructure improves gender equality in the level of work activity.
The presence of oil and the resource curse  has led to a reduction in women’s labor force participation in the Middle East compared to other parts of the world. If the growth of a country is dependent on oil and mineral resources, with the oil sector booming, commodity trade will decline, and women will be more likely to face wage cuts as more women work in the commercial sector.
There is a vague connection between the unemployment rate and the employment of women.
It can be said that in Islamic countries, active participation of women has been accepted, and they can keep their roles as women and mothers at the same time taking care of their children, and this matter seems to «have no real opposition to women›s professional practice».
Methods and Results
Based on theoretical foundations, gender equality is largely a function of the following factors:
GE= f (GDP, Eqprimeduc, Eqseceduc, Domec, Open, FDI, Polglob, Ecgth, Govexp, Inv, Urban, Popg, Fempopshare, Internet, Mobile, Ythunemp, Natural Resources, Christian, Muslim(
As can be seen, based on theoretical foundations, the Bayesian data panel model is used.
Table 2: The Significance Test
Condition    Cases    Successes    Probability
model2.moslem > 0    20000    19796    0.9898
model2.oil < 0    20000    14846    0.7423
model2.christian > 0    20000    19861    0.99305
model2._youth_unemployment_rate > 0    20000    18768    0.9384
model2.population_growth < 0    20000    20000    1
model2._female_population < 0    20000    18913    0.94565
model2.Urban_population < 0    20000    18740    0.937
model2.domestic_investment < 0    20000    19926    0.9963
model2.goverment_expenditure < 0    20000    19160    0.958
model2.economic_growth > 0    20000    16547    0.82735
model2.Political_globalization_index < 0    20000    11401    0.57005
model2.FDI < 0    20000    19859    0.99295
model2.Trade_open > 0    20000    10205    0.51025
model2.Democracy < 0    20000    16362    0.8181
model2.GDP_per_capita < 0    20000    11217    0.56085
model2.internet > 0    20000    11734    0.5867
model2.mobile < 0    20000    18595    0.92975
model2.Gendereq_in_secondary_edu > 0    20000    18859    0.94295
model2.Gendereq_in_primary_educa < 0    20000    16862    0.8431

Table 3
The Results of the Convergence Test for the Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Each of the Estimated Parameters.
    
Mean    Spectral
density at 0    MCMC
sd. error    Relative
Numer. Eff.    Inefficiency
factor
                    
moslem    2.17439    12.6057    0.06293    0.010978    91.0885
oil    -0.06541    0.697603    0.014804    0.002264    441.604
christian    2.38052    13.4004    0.064884    0.010752    93.0085
_youth_unemplo+    0.001157    2.16E-06    2.61E-05    0.041358    24.1791
population_gro+    -0.05694    0.000555    0.000417    0.038508    25.9685
_female_popula+    -0.02976    0.004676    0.001212    0.011641    85.9053
Urban_populati+    -0.00198    1.52E-05    6.91E-05    0.017974    55.6368
domestic_inves+    -0.00212    8.86E-07    1.67E-05    0.110971    9.0114
goverment_expe+    -0.00283    5.06E-06    3.99E-05    0.083217    12.0168
economic_growth    0.000808    2.88E-07    9.51E-06    0.405174    2.46807
Political_glob+    -7.63E-05    3.21E-07    1.00E-05    0.091255    10.9583
FDI    -0.00157    9.34E-08    5.42E-06    0.684832    1.46021
Trade_open    3.76E-06    4.49E-07    1.19E-05    0.054602    18.3144
Democracy    -0.00227    1.34E-05    6.50E-05    0.075739    13.2033
GDP_per_capita    -4.13E-07    1.32E-11    6.44E-08    0.094679    10.562
internet    8.76E-05    1.67E-07    7.25E-06    0.162687    6.14677
mobile    -0.0003    7.48E-08    4.85E-06    0.090343    11.0689
Gendereq_in_se+    0.111469    0.017214    0.002325    0.047011    21.2715
Gendereq_in_pr+    -0.02392    0.000206    0.000255    0.434065    2.3038
tau    444.66    278.889    0.295999    0.733929    1.36253
omega    40.8264    348.491    0.33088    0.101962    9.8076
sigma_e    0.047539    8.08E-07    1.59E-05    0.732259    1.36564
sigma_alpha    0.164679    0.002182    0.000828    0.072843    13.7281

Discussion and conclusion
The results show that population growth, domestic investment, Christianity, and direct foreign investment are the most important determinants of gender equality, respectively. As expected, if population growth is to be allocated to women with lower educational, health and other priorities, domestic investment and direct foreign investment due to inefficiencies and corruption in countries in developing countries, they will lead to an increase in gender equality. On the other hand, Christian countries have more gender equality than Islamic countries in the labor force market. Government spending, secondary education, women›s share of the population, youth unemployment rate, urban population share, mobile users, gender equality in elementary education, economic growth and democracy, with a high probability (82-98%), on the gender equality model are effective in developing countries. While other model variables include oil exporting countries, internet users, the index of globalization, GDP, and open trade, they can have an uncertain probability (about 50%) in the pattern. As a result, it can be stated that demographic variables, internal and external capital, religion, and gender equality in education provide the best explanation for the employment gap between men and women in developing countries. Therefore, maintaining a balance in population growth, preventing domestic investment in inefficient projects, creating a suitable platform for women›s higher education, preventing them from directing to less paid jobs, using the Internet to update women›s skills, trading in goods, limiting the dependence on the oil sector as a male component, and ultimately, increasing economic growth in developing countries including Iran could provide suggestions for reducing gender inequality in the labor market.

Ethical Considerations
Funding
In the present study, did not have any sponsors
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed in designing, running, and writing all parts of the research.
Conflicts of interest
This article does not conflict with other articles of my.
Acknowledgments
This article follows the principles of ethics and research and is endorsed by the Bu-Ali Sina University in this regard