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Physical child abuse is a psycho-social and health problem that has been ignored for many years. Although the official report of child abuse ignored for many years, and the official reports of child abuse cases are very limited, but there are evidences that show the significant extent of physical child abuse prevalence rate in two regions of Tehran, which are completely different in socioeconomic status (SES) of the inhabitants.

In this cross-sectional research which was conducted in regions XX and III of Tehran in 1996, a total number of 840 children with equal number from both regions, two sexes, and three leuels of primary, middle and secondary school in regions were selected by systematized random selection. Children in two regions were significantly different in family size, the education level of parents, unemployment rate of father, and employment rate of mother. There was 110 significant' difference in the age of parents and immigration rate.

The lifetime prevalence rate of physical abuse was 37 to 16 percent ill region XX with low SES, and 16 to 24 percent ill Region III with high SES with 95 percent confidence rate. Most of the perpetuators were mothers in Region XX. In Region III, equal number of children reported mothers and fathers as the most common perpetuator of physical abuse to them. The most important risk factors were early adolescence, and unemployment of father ill region XX, and adolescent girls and low level of education in region III.

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The goal of this study was assessment of factors related to marriage motivation (MM) in female veterans. The results showed: there is a positive correlation between self esteem and MM and the women with a high motivation have high self esteem. There was a positive correlation between social skills, assertiveness and MM Too. But there was no relation between MM and social support. The negative body image and MM had a negative Correlation, it means that women with a high MM have low negative body image. There were no relation between age, education, social economic status percent of disability and MM.

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Objectives: Running away is one of the most serious psychosocial problems. Running away is an important signal that something is seriously wrong in adolescent's life. Adolescent's runaways are not a homogeneous population. The girls differ from one another in personal and family problems, in the needs and motives that lead them to run away. These differences require different interventions. Running away has been the focus of research by psychologists, sociologists, clinicians, psychiatrists and educators, and many variables have been found to be related. Correlates of runaway behavior may be grouped into three categories: societal factors, personal characteristics, and interpersonal relationships. Many of these correlates Therefore, the present study focused on psychosocial correlates of running away from home among female adolescents. The main propose of this study was the comparison of emotional intelligence of runaways girls and Not Runaways group. Method: Participants were 110 adolescents' girls, including 40 female runaways staying in psychosocial support centers of social welfare organization and 70 "Not Runaways" high schools students as a comparison group. Subjects were selected through available and cluster sampling. The main tool for data collection was the demographic characteristics that provide information regarding age, gender, alcohol/ drug use, family status (parents together or not), academic achievement and history of truancy from school, and Baron emotional intelligence questionnaire which assess total and complex components of emotional intelligence. Data were analyzed by using chi-square and t test. Findings: The results revealed that 45 percentages of runaway's girls had run away history. 85 percentages of runaway's girl had been maltreated and 40 percentages of them had the experience sexual abuse in family. 57% of runaway's girls had the history of drug abuse in their families. Analyses of Data indicated significant difference between runaway's girls and Not Runaways group on emotional intelligence scales. Runaway's girls showed significantly lower score in total emotional intelligence (EQ) and subscales of emotional intelligence questionnaire. The analysis also indicated that there is a positive relationship existing between the level of family conflicts, Physical and sexual abuse of girls, parent addiction and negative psychosocial climate of schools and girls running away from home. Results: findings of this study show that girls running away from home are complex phenomena that resulted from multiple factors in familial, psychological and social domain. Psychological and personality factors such as problem solving and decision making skills, stress management, impulse control, reality testing, assertiveness, and interpersonal relationships are significantly correlated with running away in adolescents females. These findings suggest that running away behavior particularly in girls, is related to drug use in family, single-parent family status, family conflicts, social support and academic performance. Therefore preventive program should be multilevel. According the finding of this study emotional intelligence is the strong predictor of running away from home. Psychosocial intervention for increasing emotional intelligence and coping skills of adolescents females and improving family and school climates is very useful in prevention of this problem.

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Objectives: The present study seeks to describe gender-related attitude of young men and women of Mazandaran province, and also to explain associations between this attitude and some socio-familial factors. Method: The study is conducted via survey method and data has been collected through self-administered questionnaire. The subjects of the study were 425 young men and women who were under training in the Vocational Training Centers in the Mazandaran province. Gender-related attitude is considered as dependent variable and measured with an investigator-made scale based on 12 questions concerning roles, tasks, and positions of men and women in the family and society. Some of these questions, for example, were about governing of important issues in the society, doing intellectual works, women employment, full obedience of women from men, management ability of women, etc. The overall reliability coefficient for the scale was .902, indicating very high internal consistency of the scale. Some socio-demographic and socio-familial factors (such as gender, place of residence, marital status, age groups, level of education, employment status, job-related attitude, and type of parents' behavior at home) have been treated as independent variables. To analyze the collected data, SPSS (version.12) has been applied. Findings: The findings of the study indicated that the respondents were young men and women (16-25 years old), who mainly were residents of urban areas, unmarried, and educated nearly between 10-12 years (up to Diploma). These respondents mainly were unemployed, belonged to large-size and low/medium socio-economic status families. Furthermore, the study concluded that there are some significant differences between men and women respondents concerning gender-related attitude For instance, 57/9 percent of men as compared to 17/2 percent of women were agreed that important issues of society have to be deposited only to men or 53/4 percent of men as compared to 8/6 percent of women were believed that women have to obey men in the personal and familial life. Furthermore, 20/8 percent of men as compared to 75/1 percent of women were disagreed that men managers are successful than women managers. These different distributions of beliefs concerning roles, tasks, and positions of each gender in the family and society, can be an index of different gender-related attitudes of young respondents. Results: men as compared to women had reported more patriarchic attitudes (traditional attitude towards gender roles and relations). Namely, on the whole, men were believed that a) important issues of the society have to be governed by men b) women's ability in the intellectual activities, management, employment, settlement of personal and social problems is less than men c) women have to work at home as a housekeeper only, or in such jobs as teaching and nursing and finally d) women have to obey men in the personal and familial life. In contrast, women's beliefs concerning gender-related attitudes were mostly opposed to men for example, they believed that women can govern important issues in the society their ability in intellectual activities, management, employment, settlement of personal and social problems is equal to men doing housework is not only women's obligation and they can be successful in all kind of jobs and finally women can disobey men. Moreover, residents of rural areas and unmarried persons as compared to their counterparts in urban areas and married ones have reported more patriarchic attitude. Applying T-test and ANOVA, some significant associations between gender-related attitude and some socio-demographic factors such as age groups, place of residence, marital status, level of education, and employment status have been observed. Finally, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that formation and expressing of gender-related attitude can be under influence of such variables as gender, job-related attitude, and type of parents' behavior at home. There was a very strong relationship (r= .739) between gender-related attitudes and these variables, and 54/5 percent of variations in dependent variable can be explained by these three independent variables. In the other words, young men, those respondents who were believed in traditional labor division (job-related attitude), and those respondents whom their parents were very severe and hard at home showed more patriarchic attitude than other respondents.

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Objectives: Nowadays the economic experts in every country measure the growth and development based on numbers of individual at work on that society. The increase in economic growth appears through decreasing unemployment, increase in rate of participation of manpower and decrease in poverty and reduction of unemployment. Therefore to prevent unemployment of specialist and create the equilibrium between supply and demand of manpower, it is necessary to predict the needs for specialist manpower in country. In this connection, the present research was conducted to study the effect of economic factors on unemployed educated of university in university of Isfahan. Human resources are among most important factors in development process of every society. In using human factor for wide development, there exist two topics of unemployment and employment. Although unemployment more and less exist in every society and it is a major socio-economic problem, In this connection, the problem of educated unemployed in the higher education is am much great problem and is of greater important. First, because every year a great section from limited human and material resources in country devoted to educated this group Moreover, development level increasingly affects by using humans capitals and the educated are considered as samples of human capital in society. Also, because of bad social-political consequences of the unemployment educated rather than other unemployees, this problem has special important. Job increasing and creating labor has been existed in the past. When sensitivity and important of this subject increased that world countries free from world war one and two seek to reconstruction war disruption. A present time, the issue of exceeding supply of the labor to demand prevails in industrialized and no industrialized societies and problem of unemployment affects. Method: The descriptive- correlative method is made use for survey of this research subject. Statistical population of this study was all of the faculty members and students at university of Isfahan in academic year 2004-2005. Statistical sample was 351 who were selected randomly. Research instrument was a self-made questionnaire with 28 items which had reliability of ra.= 0/98. Findings & Results: The findings of research showed that: a) The economic factors affected on unemployed educated of university. b) There is no difference between faculty members and students view point with a respect to demographic characteristics about economic factors of unemployed educated of university. Based on research findings, it can be suggested that: a) motivation be presented to increase investment, that can promote private sector move their savings from banks and direct it toward productive sector and hence create new opportunity for employment and jobs b) privatization be speed up, this can bring a situation for private business men to participate in economic affairs and trough investing they can create new jobs on one hand, and on the other hand limiting government intervention c) protection by government be presented for internal goods & services, this can be done trough economic incentives and tax cut that can encourage private investors to increase their activity and speed up production process. d) to increase employment incentives and facilities be provided, that is, government trough banks and lending associations provide low interest rate loans to investors create new job opportunities e) dependency of economy based on income from oil most be decreased , that is, government and private sector can work together to increase gross national product trough production of goods and services in industry and agriculture and their for decrease their dependency upon revenue provided from exporting oil. f) rate of gross national product be increased , this can be done trough above suggestion that is, increase productivity in three different sections of economy that is industry agriculture and services.

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Objectives: Suicide is a social and psychological problem which can be prevented by pay attention to family. Arak is an industrial city and the immigration phenomenon also has an increasing growth in the recent years. In proportion to that the growing crowd and irregular immigration and interference of various subcultures have increased the risk of social problems such as tendency to suicide. This research has been carried out for the purpose of recognition of familial factors on attempted suicide in the clients at Arak Educational Remedy center in the second half of 1382. Method: This research is a case-control study. The statistical population of this research in the case group (the group who attempted suicide) is all the people who attempted suicide (i.e) those who reffered to Vali-e-Asr Hospital of Arak from Mehr 1382 until the end of Isfand 1382 in order to receive emergency services. This number includes 139 people (51 men) and (79 women). The controlled group has randomly been chosen from the members of families of 32 Health and Remedy Bases in Arak and included 220 people (77 men) and (143 women). The method of data collection is the observation and the interview the tools for gathering information is the check-list containing the closed questions. The analysis of information is done by statistical chi-square and logistic Regression. Findings: The findings in the descriptive section in accordance to the demographic variables showed that in the sample case study, most of people were 15-25 years old. The average age of the case group was 24.68 year. Women suicide attempted more than men. Most of the members have attempted suicide for the first time and the most frequent method used for attempting suicide was the use of drugs. The most frequency hours of attempted suicide were in the afternoon and at night. The month of Day had the most frequency of suicide rate. Statistical test showed meaningful relationship between “divorce of parents, violence in the family, the amount of verbal relationship in the family, the dispute between parents, physical, verbal or sexual abuse in childhood. Person’s, the previous record of attempted suicide in the family or acquaintances, the family’s previous record of psychological complaint. Also the parent’s previous record of committing suicide, didn’t have a meaningful relationship with attempted suicide in this study. Results: Whereas suicide is a public health problem in the society and its prevention and training play an important role and family is considered as a socio-cultural center and plays an important role in prevention from problems damaging individual in future, therefore, with family integration, the suicide level could be reduced.

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Objectives: This inquiry is intended to study the national identity situation and its effective factors in between high school students. A nation is a form of self-defined cultural and social community. Members of a "nation" share a common identity, and usually a common origin, in the sense of history, ancestry, parentage or descent. A nation extends across generations, and includes the dead as full members. Past events are framed in this context. The national identity refers both to the distinguishing features of the group, and to the individual's sense of belonging to it. A very wide range of criteria is used, with very different applications. Small differences in pronunciation may be enough to categorize someone as a member of another nation. On the other hand, two people may be separated by difference in personalities, belief systems, geographical locations, time and even spoken language yet regard themselves, and be seen by others, as members of the same nation. National identity is one of base that shape individual personality. National identity is answer to questions such “who” and “what” about self and his/her country. So national identity is personal define of self. National Identity creates personal commitment to country and social community. This is important among youth generation because in youth age establish individual personality. Therefore National Identity is one elements of youth’s personality. Method: This research studies the national identity situation and its effective factors in between high school students. Research sample is 400 students in Shiraz city. Research method is survey. National identity measured in eight dimensions includes social identity, geographical identity, historical identity, cultural identity, ethnical identity, linguistic and Literature identity, political identity and religious identity. National identity variable combined of these dimension. Independent variables include: belong feel to society, individualism, positive attitude to western countries, values gap with parent, schools curriculums, membership in social categories, social inequality feel, national identity Narrative and social- economic- political satisfaction. Findings: The study indicates that national identity rate in between 88 percent of students is high and medium and 22 percent of students have low national identity. National identity between girls and boys is not significant. However girls student have higher rate from boys in social, geographical and religious dimensions of national identity and boys have higher rate in ethnical identity. Results: Results show that the belong feel to society, positive attitude to western countries, political system legitimacy and individualism variables have significant effects on national identity. The Belong feel to society and political system legitimacy have positive effect on national identity and positive attitude to western countries and individualism have negative effect. A structural equation analysis (SEA) of data with Lisrel 8.53 indicates that major Constructive parts of national identity are geographical, cultural and historical dimensions.

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Objectives: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use are important problems that typically begin during adolescence.Fortunately substantial progress has been made in developing effective drug abuse prevention programs for youth over the past two decades. The Life Skills Training (LST) program is an effective primary prevention program for adolescent drug abuse that addresses the risk and protective factors associated with drug use initiation and teach skills related to social resistance and enhancing social and personal competence. The Life Skills Training (LST) program is a multi-component competence enhancement based preventive intervention that emphasizes drug resistance skills training within the context of a generic personal and social skills training mode The LST program is one of the most thoroughly evaluated evidence-based drug abuse prevention programs for middle school students. The LST prevention program consists of three major components. The first component is designed to teach students a set of general self-management skills, and the second focuses on general social skills. These two components are designed to enhance personal and social competence and to decrease motivations to use drugs and vulnerability to social influences that support drug use. The third component of LST focuses on information and skills that are specific to drug use in order to promote drug resistance skills, antidrug attitudes, and antidrug normsThe purpose of this study was to assess the effect of life skills training intervention on risk and protective factors of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among high-risk youths of Tehran city. Method: A sample of 75 high risk students of inner city school, 35 students as an experimental group and 35 matched students as a control group was participated in the study. While the students from the control group received no specific intervention, the students in the experimental group participated in the life skills training intervention which consisted of 10 sessions. The programme was conducted by trained school counselor. All of the subjects completed Anonymous risk and protective factors and current drug use (4-week prevalence) questionnaires pre and post intervention. Findings: Results of study indicated that The Life Skills Training (LST) program had a positive and significant effect on individual risk and protective factors such as self-concept, self-management, social and assertiveness skills, and attitude about drug abuse. Students who received the life skills training program reported less intention and desire for Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and increased anti-drug Attitudes relative to control group who did not receive the intervention. However, the program did not have a statistically significant effect on social risk factors and current use (4-week prevalence) of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug. Results: Many prevention studies focus on the efficacy of a particular prevention approach in terms of its impact on alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. However, there is an increasing recognition of the need to examine program effects on hypothesized mediating variables and the extent to which changes in these variables lead to changes in drug use behavior. A focus on mediating mechanisms in evaluation studies is important because it can identify the “active ingredients” in existing prevention programs, inform ways to refine existing programs, and provide new information to guide future prevention program development. Findings of this utudy show that the life skills training program as a universal prevention program that originally designed for general adolescent populations is effective in a sample of high risk adolescents. These findings provide evidence for the mediating mechanisms through which competence skills protect young people from drug abuse and potential mechanisms through which the Life Skills Training program is effective, and also provided a strong support for the social influence and competence enhancement model of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use prevention. Life Skills Training program is competence enhancement approaches to prevention, that applicable to multiple substances and multiple problem behaviors because it is designed to teach life skills and enhance general competence, teaching the kind of skills for coping with life that will have a relatively broad application.

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Objectives: in the literature of drug abuse prevention, adolescents and youngsters are especially emphasized (because of their vulnerability to perceived fascinates of consuming addictive substances and delaying the first time of its consumption). In present article, since there is no designed prevention model in domestic schools, it is attempted to answer these questions: how is the relevance of necessary items in “drug addiction prevention training in Iranian schools” model (training strategies and issues) in terms of viewpoints of students, teachers and trainers of preliminary, secondary and high schools at 29 pedagogy provinces regarding each item? Which model can be provided for drug addiction prevention training in schools based on the answers of students and trainers to a questionnaire in the field of drug abuse prevention model in the country? Method: this is a survey-descriptive research with sectional method. The execution method is that after comparative studies regarding drug abuse prevention plans in Iranian schools and other countries, a questionnaire was designed (by target groups) that used relevant contents and items. Afterwards, to execute the pilot as pre-test and achieving the reliability and validity, a sample of designed questionnaire was distributed, collected and analyzed by Excel software in the format of 184 main tables along with relevant graphs by applying descriptive statistics and central tendency indicators. The sample was selected by using simple random sampling method and with the coordination of debriefed pedagogy colleagues. The student sample was totally 29,000 which consists of 1000 in each province namely 340, 330 and 330 students in high, secondary and preliminary schools respectively. The teachers sample was totally 2900 which consists of 100 in each province namely 34, 33 and 33 teachers in high, secondary and preliminary schools respectively. Findings: following results were achieved in 6 studied statistical communities: A. The poii results among students in preliminary, secondary and high schools: among 330 preliminary students, 91% of whom chose “I like to know” and remained 9% chose “I do not like to know” options regarding the relevance of training issues in drug abuse prevention. Among 330 secondary students, 49% chose “completely appropriate” and 33% chose “appropriate” options. It shows that 82% of them agree to implement preventive plans in schools. 17% chose “not appropriate” option. Among 340 high school students, 54% chose “completely appropriate” and 32% chose “appropriate” options. It shows that 68% of them agree to execute preventive plans in schools and 14% opposes it. B. The poii results among students in preliminary, secondary and high schools: among 33 preliminary school teachers, 66% chose “completely appropriate” and 28% chose “appropriate” options. It shows that totally 94% agreed the drug abuse prevention plans in schools by considering “maximum relevance degree”. Finally, 6% believed that training items included in the questionnaire are not appropriate. Among 33 secondary school teachers, 57% chose “completely appropriate” and 32% chose “appropriate” options. It shows that totally 89% agreed the drug abuse prevention plans in schools by considering “maximum appropriate degree”. Remained 11% chose “not appropriate” option and announced their opposition. Among 34 high school teachers, 58% chose “completely appropriate” and 29% chose “appropriate” options. It shows that totally 87% agreed the drug abuse prevention plans in schools by considering “maximum relevance degree”. Finally, 13% believed that training items are not appropriate. Results: the results indicate the fact that the relevance degree of necessary drug addiction prevention training model in schools in terms of students and teachers is 87%. In this line, drug addiction training model in schools was designed by considering the high percentage of training relevance items with the needs of students and teachers as well as cultural, social and economical conditions. The model includes philosophy, aim, theoretical basics, experiences, conceptual framework, infrastructures and assessment methods.

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Objective: In this research, attractive and repulsive factors of Iranian society in comparison with developed societies, from the viewpoints of high school students of Tehran, have been studied. Immigration is a very complicated process which is correlated to many factors such as cultural, occupational, economic, educational-scientific, political, and even ideological. All above mentioned factors will cause people to leave a geographical and historic background that shape their cultural and social identity and seek to refuge in a different country to live in. Losing elites is not only brain drain in its physical form but also the main problem is formation of idea of escape and an inner tendency to leave the country. At the present conditions, immigration and brain drain have huge economic, political, and cultural expenditures for the country of origin, including our country. Method: Pre-university students of Tehran have been selected as statistical population. A sample of 800 students selected randomly and their information had been gathered by a questionnaire whose Cronbach’s alpha was 86%. Repulsive and attractive factors of origin and destination countries can be categorized as follows: Scientific, Economic, Cultural, Social, and Political, and Managerial factors. Research results show positive view toward emigration, and this tendency is greater among those students whose grade point average and their families’ education level are higher.

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Objective: How indicators of poverty have reacted to the economic variables in urban areas? The intensity of each of these economic variables on urban poverty is to what extent? The main purpose of this study is assessing "the effect of macroeconomic variables on urban poverty". Method: The study is based on macroeconomic data over the years 1984 to 2006 and developed an econometric model identifying the effect of economic variables on poverty in urban areas. First the relationship between economic variables and poverty as general was expressed, and then, for the analysis of the role of economic variables on urban poverty, an econometric model is created. Findings: The increase in GDP per capita, construction and current costs of state, and direct and indirect taxation cause to decrease urban poverty, while the increase in unemployment rate cause to increase urban poverty. Conclusion: Unemployment rate causes to increase both poverty indexes in urban areas, although its effect on head count index is more. The unemployment is considered as the main factor of poverty in urban areas. The effect of unemployment rate on the percentage of the poor is higher than the poverty gap.

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Introduction: As Iran’s fifth Development plan emphasis on growth through productivity and inequality decrease, in this study the relationship between economical growth resources (considering the ratio of factors and productivity) and income distribution has been analysed and try to answer the questions like whether the growth resulted from the factors' productivity leads to balanced distribution of income. By changing the relative share of labour, will labour's income move in the same direction and income distribution act the same way or not? Through which production factor, the income distribution will become equal?

  Method: By analysing the existing situation and reviewing previous studies, the Error-Correction Model and lagged depend variable model for time series information during (1974-2007) has been utilized.

  Findings: The study indicates that the function of income distribution system is not based on the relative factors out of production .The determining role of capital in production fluctuation caused that additionally of other production factors all production factors be under the authority of highly income group and labour force. Moreover the growth based capital in the existing structure and mechanism of income distribution leads to income equality which proven to previous studied.

  Conclusion: Considering the fifth Development plan's emphasis and the growth based productivity, the existing mechanisms and structures, has increased the income distribution inequality. So our study emphasizes on the reform of the existing structures and process in the capital and labour market.

 

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  Introduction: Assessment of the organization in the case of indices of knowledge and experience sharing is counted as a base of programming and implementation in every organization. In other words, assessing of utility of hardware and software infrastructures with the aim of finding weakness and strength in executive processes and improvement in organization could be more beneficial.

  Method: In this study five hypotheses in relation to organizational context, considering existing technology, team characteristics, cultural characteristics, competitive characteristics, individual characteristics, motivational factors and confidence were investigated. The research scale was a questionnaire that its reliability was calculated 0. 919 by Cronbach’s Alpha method. 108 managers of the mentioned university and its followed medical centers participated in this research. Then, data Was analyzed by SPSS and T-test.

  Findings: Most managers believed that organizational structure of the mentioned university was not suitable for knowledge and experience sharing among them, considering the existing technology. Also contributions among teams were not adequate for knowledge and experience sharing among them. Also, organizational culture didn't help the knowledge and experience sharing among managers. But most managers believed that managers' individual characteristics provided a suitable context for knowledge and experience transfer. Also, motivational factors and confidence help knowledge and experience sharing among managers.

Conclusion: Organizational structure for knowledge and experience sharing among managers, considering existing technology, and organizational culture should be improved. Also level of the contributions among teams should be increased

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Introduction: Community participation as an effective strategy in health promotion interventions Depends on different factors. Determination and management of these factors could facilitate achievement of community participation in communities. Aim of this study was to determine related factors in community participation for health promotion based on local residents’ points of view, in the second region of Tehran municipal. Method: This study was conducted by descriptive analytic approach. 250 residents of the second municipal of Tehran were participated in the study through multi stage randomized sampling. Inclusion criteria include having 18 years of age and more, regional residency and willingness to participation in the study. Data regarding related factors of community participation in health promotion were gathered by 5 trained interviewers based on researcher constructed questionnaire through 12 days. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire evaluated through pilot study. Data was analyzed by T-test, X2 and ANOVA tests. Finding: There was a significant relationship between level of education, free time per day ,level of community participation and history of community participation activities and overall appraise on related factors of community participation (P≤0.03). Almost half of participants of the study (n=105, 42%) participated in community health promotion interventions. There was significant relationship between community participation and level of education, marriage status, level of community participation and history of community participation activities and having free time per day (P≤0.03). Discussion: Improvement of public awareness and managing contextual factors of community participation facilitate community participation in health promotion interventions through reduction of governmental centralism and motivating and mobilizing of community members.

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Introduction: The purpose of this research is to Meta–analyze the researches of organizational factors on employee's Job satisfaction of Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affair Staff.

 

Method: Here by 19 research by using the check lists of research election from the technical and methodological view point and then after, checking and reviewing of the performed researches, the number of 6 research questions and hypothesis were selected about the effect of organizational factors on Job satisfaction in martyr Institute that is (1 society interaction 2) job safety, 3) economic and financial factors,4) progress possibility in job situation, 5) suitable organizational position,6) recognition and appreciation

 

Findings: The findings of this research represent that in organizational factors axis, the relationship between organizational factors were analyzed. according to Cohen table, society interaction 0. 63, job safety 0. 63, economic and financial factors 0. 49 and progress possibility in job situation with 0. 4572, suitable organizational position 0. 43 are in high - average and recognition and appreciation 0. 27 is in low level relationship with staff job satisfaction in martyr Institution.

 

Discussion: The most important suggestions concluded from this research are: establishing the suitable people in suitable positions and responsibilities. and satisfaction of life will be possible providing economic and financial necessities and providing progress possibility in job situation, job safety, recognition and appreciation and social interaction.

 

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Introduction: The main activities of the family physician are health based and its goal is maintaining and improving the health of the community. Overall health status is determined based on genetic, economic, social, cultural and environmental factors. In contrast, the development of society and its associated components, including cultural, economic and educational can impact on health status. Therefore, it is expected the outputs and results of health programs to have an important role in mentioned factors. This study has been conducted to understand the role of the family physician program on economic, culture and social situation on defined population in rural area from executive manager's , decision makers' and people point of view.

 

Methods: this qualitative study with using focus group discussion (FGD) and individual interview technique was conducted in three universities of medical sciences and analyzed by content analysis approach. Totally, 12 FGDs with population (60 persons), 6 FGDs with family physicians (34 persons), 8 individual interviews with key informant of health sector and 14 individual interviews of other sectors have been done.

 

Results: seven categories have been extracted by analyzing data including the goals of family medicine program, role of the program on economic and welfare situation of the community, role of the program on culture and life style( changing of the beliefs and culture, health nutrition, education, social determinants of health and the program), social capital.( justice an and community participation).

 Discussion: Based on opinion of participants family medicine has a role on some economic and social factors but there hasn't any relation between the program and change of the community culture and life style. They believed that program mainly decreased the therapeutic expenses and provided feasible accessibility to health care. This has contributed to people's quality of life and welfare situation

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Introduction: The study of human life has shown that Corruption and administrative Infractions at the beginning of the formation of institutions and organizations has been an Important issues of human societies. However, over time, due to the complexity and entering Different Variable it also has a special aspects. As a result Recognizing the Causer factors, Solutions and procedures to prevent and combat with this phenomenon is important.

 

Method: This study with aim  Investigate Infractions and corruption with emphasized the legal and cultural factors in Recreation and Cultural Organization of the Municipality of isfahan with descriptive survey method was conducted. The population study of all Employees Recreation and Cultural Organization of the Municipality of Isfahan The number 480 people formed That the number of farmers by using Morgan Table with Stratified random sampling proportional to size of 214 participants was selected to participate in the study. Measuring instruments questionnaire in two parts, Demographics And identify legal and cultural factors contributing to corruption and administrative irregularities
was Five-point Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, totally disagree). The content validity confirmed by using expert opinion and a number of faculty advisors. Its reliability based on Cronbach's alpha Estimated / 87.Research data using by factor analysis and t-test for univariate and multivariate analysis of variance tests were analyzed.

 

findings: The findings showed that the culture of individualism with t=12/69 Culture of consumerism with t=11/58 cultural and institutional factors t=10/91 and culture of connection with t=12/51 All over the average level of risk involved in fraud and corruption. According to the Friedman test, the culture of consumerism, with a mean 70/3, institutional factors, average 22/3, individualistic culture with an average of 22/3 and the culture associated with an average of 10/3 to the highest rank among the influencing factors on fraud and corruption was accounted for. Between respondents based on demographic factors only gender difference was not significant

 

Discussion: On the formation of various underlying factors involved corruption in organizations that deal with cultural change and organizational components and indicators can be considered as an important preventive factor

 

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Introduction: Trust is one of the most important synthetic forces within society. Conceptually, trust is also attributable to relationships within and between social groups (history, families, friends, communities, organizations, companies, nations, etc.). It is a popular approach to frame the dynamics of inter-group and intra-group interactions in terms of trust. There is a general consensus among contemporary social scientists that social trust is important, as the small flood of recent publications on the topic shows. The interest in trust covers, unusually, in the increasingly fragmented and specialized academic world, sociology, political science, economics, psychology, history, political theory and philosophy, management and organization studies, and anthropology. Trust, it is said, contributes to economic growth and efficiency in market economics, to the provision of public goods, to social integration, co-operation and harmony, to personal life satisfaction, and to democratic stability and development, and even to good health and longevity. Trust is also at the center of a cluster of other concepts that are not less important for social science theory than for practical daily life, including life satisfaction and happiness, optimism, well-being, health, economic prosperity, education, welfare, participation, community, civil society, and democracy. And, of course, social trust is a core component of social capital, and is normally used as a key indicator of it, sometimes as the best or only single indicator. The aim of this research is a study of socio-economic determinants of trust among labor children referring to NGOs in Tehran.

Method: This study is a correlational study that was conducted with survey method. The population of the study was all 13 to 18 year old children who are referred to children support center (including Iliya institute, Shush children home, Naser Khosro children home, Moulavi all children center and science Home) in Tehran. A sample of 105 working children was selected by convenience sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instrument was a social trust questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 25 items and five dimensions including behavior-based trust, cooperative tendencies, openness, honesty, reliability. The face validity of the questionnaire was approved by 12 experts of university of social welfare and rehabilitation sciences in the fields of: social welfare, social work, social policy, sociology, psychiatry, social medicine, and psychology. Also, construct validity which was performed by principal components analysis showed that there is only one factor that explains 52. 92% of the variance and all the items loaded on this factor. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire a pilot study was conducted on 30 labor children. Then, after ensuring questions are understandable for the target group and calculating the coefficient alpha, the final questionnaire was developed and completed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0. 954 and Cronbach's alpha coefficients for five dimensions of the questionnaire were 0. 971, 0. 971, 0. 966, 0. 969, and 0. 967 respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and multiple linear regressions.

Findings: The results showed that 85 percent of the samples were girl, 73 percent had Afghan nationality, 3 percent were illiterate, 90 percent were in elementary school and only 7 percent had high school education. In addition, 66 percent of them lived with his families and other children lived with relatives, friends, and in the supportive centers. Also, the average family size was n = 6. 85 for working children. 77% of their parents lived together and another 23% were divorced or one parent had died. Furthermore, average income of children was 539,000 Tomans monthly (between 90,000 to 1,300,000 Tomans). The findings about the children's job showed that shopkeeper and peddler were the most important jobs. The results showed that social trust was at intermediate level (64. 24 +/- 10. 08) among labor children. In the aspect of social trust, the behavior-based trust mean was 13.3 (between 6 to 21), a cooperative tendency was 8.92 (between 5 to 21), openness was 12.41 (between 6 to 19), honesty was 14. 13 (between 9 to 21), and reliability was 15.48 (between 9 to 20). In addition, among the economic and social factors examined including age, sex, income, family size, place of birth, nationality, and housing situation only income and nationality significantly associated with social trust. These two factors together explained about 28.6 percent of the social trust variance. 

Discussion: Considering the fact that healthy living is a product of social interaction and trust is a key factor in the formation of interaction, it is necessary to attempt for maintain and strengthen the trust in society. Furthermore, due to the fact that working children have more social, economic and family problems than their peers and taking into account the fact that these children could potentially be involved in social problems, that also impose costs on other people, providing appropriate programs to increase their social trust can be a method of improving children's social health and, consequently, social well-being for society.

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Introduction: Health is a fundamental and indisputable right of every human being and is considered as an important factor in the socio-economic field. Health can be used as a starting point for social change and for achieving a high-priority objective such as justice. The impact of poverty and inequality mechanism in the field of health is so that the economic inequalities cause inequality in accessing the health services by making a social slope. Therefore, the importance and necessity of studying factors affecting health inequalitiesis due to the fact that health is a universal right. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the socioeconomic factors causing health inequality as well as the current situation of each of the variables in Iranian society. Because Justice is one of the main principles of ethics in the healthcare system, and its establishment at macro level depends on formulation of appropriate policies by policy-makers and healthcare providers. Health care policies and payment and reimbursement systems have a significant impact on health systems’efficiency and cost control. BecauseEquity in health implies that all the individuals who need healthcare services must be able to access them timely and adequately.Inequality in health expenditures depend on some predisposing variable that were shown in this study and with improving socio-economic variable can reduce the inequality in health expenditures and their impoverishment effects.
Method: This is a descriptive-analytic study. In terms of purpose, this study is an applied study. In addition to illustrating what is, explaining and explaining the reasons for its existence and why the problem’s situation and its dimensions have been addressed. To explain and justify the reasons, it has been used as the basis of reasoning in the literature and theoretical discussions of the research.The data collection method used in this study is library and documentary method. The data and the Ministry of Cooperatives, Social Welfare and theMinistry of Health and Medical Education, the search for books, journals and articles and researchare used.
 Findings: Based on the results, there is a significant and negative relationship between absolute poverty, health extremely high expenditures, poverty caused by health extremely high expenditures, inflation, Gini coefficient, urbanization, unemployment as independent variables and equity in health as a dependent variable. In other words, by increasing one indicator, another index value is reduced. There is also a positive and significant relationship between education and economic participation rates. The findings indicate that the socioeconomic status of individuals and macroeconomic components of health of individuals is overshadowed by them.
As well as Our findings indicate an acceptable improvement in many of the health indicators in rural areas of Iran during the recent 1-2 decades. On the other hand, despite the inequality decrease in some of the indicators in recent years, still inequality remains as the chronic and main problem of rural health system in Iran.
 Discussion: Regarding the results achieved in the field of health, the increase in cost of health systems due to the expansion of new and expensive health technologies, the increase in community expectations regarding the health systems and the growth of chronic diseases cause significant growth in health expenditure of the households. Some of the problems of the health filed are structural and some others are caused by sectors outside the health filedand health macro policies.
There is no doubt that none of the payment and reimbursement policies is perfect and each of them has the potential to put caregivers or health care providers financially at risk. Therefore, policy-makers should select a combination of the best approaches, considering socioeconomic factors, in order to provide a maximum coverage of health services and ensure fairness in the health system. Efficient payment and reimbursement approaches should undoubtedly preserve the rights of all parties in a fair and logical manner. Current national policy shows that a high percent of health care expenditures are financed through out-of-pocket payments, and therefore appropriate policies should be adopted to lighten this burden.
Herefore, promotion of health in deprived and vulnerable people through appropriate programs for these groups of the population, reducing the gap between poor and rich communities in the community and creating a positive health slope for all social and economic strata should be considered by the government. The actual commitment of the authorities Health as a social goal and considering it as an important component of development can be a cause of success in the health of individuals and society.

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Introduction: One of the most common childhood disorders is depression which researchers have emphasized on identifying the related factors in childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictability of depression based on social support and cognitive factors in orphaned children.
Method: a descriptive correlational analysis was used in this study. The statistical population consisted of all 1120 children in Tehran Wellbeing Centers (1120 children aged 7-12 years) in 79 centers in 1396, of whom 545 were selected by convenience sampling. The research tools included the Cox Child Depression Questionnaire (1992), the Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Dysfunctional Attitude-Child Questionnaire, the Children’s Cognitive Triangulation Questionnaire, and the Social Support Questionnaire used by providing ethics principles of research.
Findings: The results showed that among the cognitive factors, attributional styles, dysfunctional attitude, and cognitive triangle were significant predictors for children’s depression. It was also found that social support was also a significant predictor of children’s depression.
Discussion: These findings mean that the role of social support along with cognitive factors should be given special attention in explaining the pathological origins of depression in children, especially children who do not have a coherent family structure.