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Objectives: Undoubtable, the current condition of the Women-headed Households in Iran and the world is dependent to the numerous economic, social, cultural, instructional and welfare factors. With regard to the importance of Women-headed Households' role in the society, this study has addressed the problems of these Women in Mazandaran province, aiming to provide some methods for lessening their problems in the society. Method: The procedure of the research is survey method and its statistical population is the Women-headed Households in Mazandaran province. The sample size is determined 2792 people, using Cochran formula. Using statistical tests of Q-Type Factor Analysis and also Freidman's non-parametric test, this study has provided new grouping and priority of the affecting factors and components on the condition of the Women-headed Households. Findings: The results of the Factor Analysis test show that these factors, according to priority, Were of the most affecting Components and factors on the condition of these Women in Mazandaran province: Social, cultural and instructional condition: 19.16%, economic status (employment): 14.72%, self-confidence-Self-reliance (entrepreneurship) factor: 13.06% and welfare condition: 12.46%. On the other hand, Also, in order to rank the main factors & indices affecting the problems of the women headed households Freidman's non-parametric test has been used. The results show that with 0.99 insurance and the error less than 0.01, there is a meaningful statistical difference among every one of the main factors and indices affecting the problems of the women-headed households. The mean grade of social, cultural and instructional factor (5.1), the factor of economic status (4.9), the factor of self-confidence, self reliance or entrepreneurship (3.8) and the factor of welfare condition (3.1), according to the priority, show notable effect & share of the abovementioned factors and indices to the current condition of the women-headed household in the province. Results: As we note in the results & findings of the research, the social, cultural and instructional problems of the women-headed households, according to the importance, were in the 1st place among all the problems of the women-headed households. So we can conclude that we will never see a healthy and intact society unless we construct a proper cultural & social ground in the society on the other hand, the element and item of education of different dimensions (theoretical & skilled) has been ignored among the women-headed households and / or the measures by the related foundations & organizations have been low and periodical. So, the basis of all economic discussions & problems of the women-headed households related to their lack of self-confidence and the primary teachings (whether formal or informal). In this way the results showed that low self-confidence and lack of self-believing among the women-headed households has led to the fact that their economic dependence to their husbands make very improper economic conditions after self-heading and thus they do not have relations with any kind of department and organization, do not have the primary power & capital for entrepreneurship & even they do not have the necessary power & spirit for entrepreneurship. The welfare factor as the 4th factor also shows that the women-headed households regarding to the primary requirements of the life have been in the worst possible conditions. In a way that they do not have proper financial & food conditions and because of the lack of financial afford, their children do not have access to the most of the necessary formal & informal teaching. Even some of the women-headed households because of being unaware of the law cases, are forced to work in the worst condition and/or have been engaged to some low in come works in home without any kind of support by the related organizations and foundations.

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Objectives: Because of the role and the importance of entrepreneurship in economic development, it is necessary to conduct surveys in this field. Entrepreneurship as a multi-disciplinary subject has been considered from different perspectives. Social scientists, who have studied entrepreneurship, emphasize three distinct sets of variables: the institutional environment, demographic variables, and personal and psychological characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to study demographic variables of Iranian Entrepreneurs such as age, gender, marriage status, formal educations, parents’ educations and jobs, the family’s economic and social status, role modeling and so on in order to understand which one of them can be considered as an Entrepreneur characteristic. In direction of the paper objective, the following questions are brought up 1. What are demographic characteristics of an entrepreneur? 2. Is there a significant relation between the demographic characteristics of an entrepreneur and his entrepreneurial behavior? Method: This research is a descriptive survey and a questionnaire is used for data gathering. Statistical population consists of identified and introduced entrepreneurs by formal and related centers and organizations that have established (created) their own independent business. Totally a list of 310 entrepreneurs was obtained and the questionnaire was sent to them and 119 questionnaires have been returned. In this research, independent variable is demographic characteristics and dependent variable is entrepreneurial behavior. The latter, has three dimensions concluding: enterprise creation, organizational growth, and organizational innovation. The dependent variable according to determined indices has a score from 1 to 26. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze statistical data with SPSS software. Findings: 28% of entrepreneurs were between 40 and 50 years old. 86.4% of them were male and 62.4% were neither the first nor the last child of the family. 92.4% of entrepreneurs were marriages. 83.2% have academic education and 54% have been graduated from engineering disciplines. 57.3% of entrepreneurs’ fathers and 91.5% their mothers are under high school education. Self- employment parents, more than six years managerial experience and average or welfare economic levels, were the highest frequencies among the entrepreneurs. 46.2% of them have begun their first entrepreneurial activity between 25 and 35 years old. 59% of entrepreneurs had a role model, which 69.6% of the role models were among the relatives. In relation to the enterprises activity field, the highest frequency was industry sector with 74.8%. Results: The results show that male gender, academic education, engineering disciplines, self employee parents, suitable age for beginning entrepreneurship (under 35 years old), having average or welfare economic levels, and having a role model (specially among the relatives) are the characteristics that can be assigned to entrepreneurs. Also, according to results, components including gender, the beginning age for entrepreneurship, director managerial experience, and the enterprise size (at 99% level), and age (at 95% level) have significant relation with entrepreneurial behavior. Some what, this research results are the same as the famous researchers’ studies such as Fry (1993), Erickson (2003), Hisrich and Peters (2002).

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Objective: In the past decades, by focusing on the positive and effective role of economic entrepreneurship in the development of society, developed countries and, in more recent decades, a few developing countries have considered deriving benefits from this potential in combating economic difficulties such as recession, inflation, and unemployment. Entrepreneurship can serve as a wellknown approach for decreasing the unemployment level of youngsters and especially women, thus it is a starting point for planning to promote women’s entrepreneurship in the present situation of Iran. Method: Data have been collected from reputable internal and external sources and internet. Dollar of America is used for comparing financial data. Findings: Programs to promote women’s entrepreneurship have been studied in six developed and two developing countries. Conclusion: A model for promoting Iranian women’s entrepreneurship has been presented.

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Objective: Entrepreneurship is a process which is taken place in a changeable network of social relations, these relations can limit or facilitate the relationship of entrepreneurship with resources and opportunities.yet most of researches has been done are a types of personal attributes indicating type of enterpreneuer that has criticized be cause of non attention to social relationship and social capital . Studies and empirical witnesses have shown that in today’s Iranian society, putting aside political, economic, and legal and management factors, for many different reasons, entrepreneurs are not successful and this possibly is rooted in different socio-cultural reasons among which ignorance of social relations and connections can be named. Accordingly present research considers surveying the social capital effect on entrepreneurship as one of the different forms of capitals in world bank categorization as a factor of social growth and development specially in developing societies. Method: Surveying the degree of social capitals effect and its different aspects over entrepreneurship, surveying the weakness and strong of under study society from social capital and entrepreneurship point of view and providing suggestions for increasing the social capital effect over entrepreneurship are among the most important purposes of this study. The Hypotheses were tested through Freedman and Regression tests. Finding and conclusion: The research has shown a positive and meaningful relation between social capital and its aspects and entrepreneurship. Moreover in this study is shown that the social capitals quality aspect, in the under study it society is more important and its correlation index is higher than other factors. In entrepreneurship its risk indicator has the highest priority, too. In addition the research results show that the relationship structure indicator has the highest effect over the entrepreneurship and connection indicator has the lowest effect and creativity and independence indicators (from entrepreneurship) are affected by none of the social capitals indicators.

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   Introduction: Self-employment is the best option  to prepare people with higher education  to find employment in the labor market in the future. Since  attitude affects individuals’ behavior,  attitude towards self-employment also affects adoption of the self-employment . By strengthening students’ attitudes, they will have more employment opportunities in the future and effective steps will be taken towards social development, especially the development and improvement of the social status of young and educated generation.
In case of unfavorable attitude of the students, officials can prepare  appropriate curricula to improve students’ attitudes. Most of the studies in the higher education system that have examined entrepreneurial and self-employment attitudes of students  have used a series of preset scales. However, students live in different  contexts with regard to culture, society and the economic.  Therefore, there is the possibility that attitudes are different. Thus, the present study   aimed at investigating the  postgraduate students’ attitudes toward self-employment.
Method: The general approach of research was quantitative-qualitative and it was a practical study.  Q methodology was used in the qualitative part, but analysis was carried out using  SPSS software. In Q methodology , researchers select a sample of individuals who are  of particular relevance to the subject or have special ideas. The  population  in the quantitative part   consisted of postgraduate students in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University in Kermanshah (112 doctoral students and 358 postgraduate students). To determine the sample size,  Morgan Table was applied and 212 individuals were randomly  selected. Also, in the  qualitative part, snow ball  sampling was used. Accordingly, some of the  postgraduate students were selected as a research sample. After 25 sessions of focus group and person-to-person  interviews with 52 postgraduate students  theoretical saturation was achieved,  meaning that  subsequent interviews did not add any new information. In addition, the relationship between individual characteristics  and their attitude towards self-employment was assessed using correlation analysis.
Findings: Gender, marital status and education level have an  effect on individuals’  attitudes toward self- employment. In order to categorize the attitudes of students and to analyze   the data,  Q exploratory factor analysis was conducted via   SPSSver.20 software. The analysis of Q methodology showed that students’ attitude toward self-employment includes responsible attitude, creative attitude, risk- taking attitude and director-oriented attitude.
Discussion: Personal traits  of students influence   the creation and formation of critical and abstract concept of  attitude towards self-employment which    can even affect their future.  Attractiveness and pleasure  of being self-employed, puts financial independence resulted from  the self-employment activities, taking the risk of doing new things, creativity and the fact that  anyone’s destiny is under his control  in  separate categories.

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Introduction: Successful entrepreneurship before being an economic activity is type of art. Success has a multi-dimensional complex and unsustainable structure that includes financial and nonfinancial results. The job success of entrepreneurs is influenced by individual factors such as the characteristics of entrepreneurs such as risk-taking, the need and desire for progress, foresight, tolerance of ambiguity and independence; environmental factors such as economic, social, cultural, political and technical and structural factors such as elements, factors and physical conditions, culture and organizational resources. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the factors determining the success of entrepreneurial clients in agricultural employment creation plans of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Golestan Province.
Method: The present study was carried out using a quantitative method (survey) and a questionnaire among 350 entrepreneurial clients in agricultural employment plans of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Golestan province by multi-stage random sampling. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and the pre-test phase was conducted in the same region as the statistical society with 30 questionnaires. Using the obtained data and using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, the reliability of the questionnaire for personal-motivational factors, skill, support and infrastructure, was 0/894.
Findings: Prioritization of the determinants of the success of entrepreneurial clients in agricultural employment plans showed that among the components of personality- motivational factors, the interest in success in work; among the components of the proficiency factors, having experience in relevant work; among supportive factors, conducting training courses and among infrastructural factors, having production facilities such as land and water, are ranked first. The results of the F and T tests showed that there is a significant difference between the participants’ viewpoints about determinants of job success in term of educational level, income, the satisfaction level of employment creation plan, the market demand amount for productions and having technical and vocational certificate related to enterprise. The Friedman test showed that the personality-motivational factor had the highest importance and infrastructural factor had the lowest importance in job success of entrepreneurial clients.
Discussion: The results showed that the personality and motivational components have the most and the infrastructural components have the least role in the job success of the entrepreneurial clients which means clients rely more on their ability and internal characteristics on their career paths.

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Intorduction: Nowadays, the issue of employment of the physically disabled as one of the basic needs of this group is explored in the context of social entrepreneurship knowledge. The aim of this study is to develop a paradigm model of applying the social entrepreneurship approach in the field of employment of the physically disabled in Khuzestan.
Method: The research method is a qualitative method based on the grounded theory approach data were collected using semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 12 social business professionals and experts. In data analysis, 15 main categories have been extracted around the central category.  Also, in the axial coding stage, The central category of research category "Differentiation and underdevelopment of social entrepreneurship of the disabled" was extracted based on the main categories of the research.
Findings: In the paradigm model of research, participation of the disabled as a social entrepreneur, high motivation to work among the disabled and the need to review the world of the disabled have emerged as causal conditions for social entrepreneurship. The educability and the existence of the idea of social entrepreneurship related to the disabled are conceptualized as the contextual conditions of social entrepreneurship for the disabled. Categories such as differentiation, instrumental view of employment of the disabled, disproportionate expertise and responsibility in managerial appointments, lack of job preparation, lack of legal, institutional and financial support are limitations and conditions involved in the development of social entrepreneurship. Workplace adaptation, mental imagery, and planning and policy-making are the main categories of act/interact (strategies) in the paradigm model.
Discussin: According to the research findings, social entrepreneurship is a process that in the first stage, by recognizing and defining disability as a physical weakness ,takes into account the level of individual abilities, skills and communication of people with disabilities. In the second stage, by studying and understanding the needs of the society, it will lead to starting a business based on exploitation, innovation and creativity for the disabled and sometimes by themselves. The end result of social entrepreneurship is the entry, participation and role of people with disabilities in the cycle of sustainable development.

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Introduction: As indicated by review of related literature it canbe said that The development of economic activities through innovation and entrepreneurship seems to affect the quality of life of villagers. In the present study, entrepreneurial and innovative projects that have been implemented in the villages of Nazarabad in various fields were examined. This study aimed to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial personality and innovativeness of economic activities in improving the quality of life of villagers in the villages of Nazarabad in Hashtgerd.
Method: The research method was a mixed-method, in which the grounded theory was used in the qualitative part, and the correlation method was used in the quantitative part. The statistical population of this study was all villagers in the suburbs of Nazarabad city of Alborz province in 2020, and 323 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose reliability was calculated using Cronbach’s alpha, and it was 0.87.
Findings: The results showed that entrepreneurial personality and innovativeness have a significant relationship with the overall score of quality of life and economic, social, and environmental components of quality of life. In addition, entrepreneurial personality and innovativeness together account for 35% of changes in the quality of life of villagers. Analyses show that entrepreneurship has a greater impact on both the overall score of quality of life and the economic and socio-environmental components than that of innovation.
Discussion: According to the obtained results, it is suggested to facilitate the establishment of non-governmental organizations supporting entrepreneurship and innovation in rural areas.