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Expansion and development of social security and overcoming sickness, aging, unemployment, poverty risks and so on have always been a strategic goal and also a long – term strategy for all communities and governments in the world. This aim is a powerful instrument for making security, stability and social equity. For reaching to this purpose First should be setting the quantitative and qualitative objectives and compare those with macro structure of economical, social, cultural and political systems of each country. Even though in Iran has been made many efforts for social security system development in the last fifty years and this development also protect great number of urban workers, but this trend has not been compatible with basics of social security systems like comprehensiveness, sufficiency and universality for Iran's new society. For above reasons and with attention to deep economical and social changes, especially movements from centralized economical to decentralized economical structure (Market Economy), should be review conformity between social security systems with market economy factors. Of course breach of market economy regulations will give cause for imbalance between social security fund's incomes and outcomes and reduces social security services level in long term which is against basic human needs. This article has been studied relations between social security system (social insurance and social protection) and economical structure for scientific analysis of social security role in Iran's economy

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Like an iceberg, only a small part of the socio-economic costs of an earthquake disaster is visible. The hidden parts of this iceberg entail more risks and unpredictable and injurious effect. These can't include the collapse of the engeen of vitual economics activities various human and social damages and unemployment, that culminate in various social deviation and other subsequent damages. Number of casualties wounded and handicaps show only the apparent part of iceberg, showing serious part of disaster and can result in more cost but are not all of them. Outbreak of earthquake in Iran is decisive and using the economic mechanism and instrument as well as planning, strategies and approaches are necessary for confronting such a disaster. Hard and deep damages of the Bam earthquake, that was one of the most misfortunes in Iran and the word that mostly includes poverty unemployment and social problem are increasing, whereas policies and expedients, are all dispressd, non-deliberated and insufficient.

Reconstruction in Bam is exclusively considered as a physical work rather than a socio-economic issue. The opinion and willing of the survivors neither taken into consideration nor merged with expert opinion. Priorities in term of cost classification are not determined.

Despite Lake of financial shortages still there exists no officient or sufficient crisis management planning strategies and resource allocation

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The aim of the present paper is to provide a theoretical framework for analyzing an interaction between two kinds of teachers’ economic and political responses to job dissatisfaction. The basic hypothesis here is as follows: Teachers’ job dissatisfaction generates the pressure of economic demands among them, which will be channeled into individual economic action in their everyday economic life or the collective act of communicating their grievances to the authorities in the political scene the more pressure escapes through individual actions in everyday economic life, the less is available to foment the collective action in the political scene, and vice versa.

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Objective: The relationship between fiscal policy and income distribution is a challengeable subject especially as public welfare is concerned. This paper has investigated the impact of fiscal policy and gas price on income distribution in Iran. It goes without saying that in an economic system like Iran in which oil revenue does have the most impact on, this case would have crucial role. Also in Iranian economy government sector intervention is huge and extensive therefore, economic policies (especially fiscal policy) could change the existent situation. Therefore, measuring the impact of fiscal policy is very conclusive. Method: firstly and generally speaking, the analytical-descriptive method is used in developing this paper. Secondly, the econometric method and especially, auto regression model is used along with time series data for 1353- 1384 period. Findings: a) Gini Coefficient has declined from 49.92 to 43.60 during 1353-1357 periods. b) During 1357-1367 3-periods, we observe a considerable amount of fluctuation in Gini coefficient. c) Gini has achieved to 40.43 at the end of 1367. d) During first development program (1368-73) second (1374-78) and third development program (1379-83), Gini has not changed considerably. Results: Gini Coefficient has decreased during 1353-57, has associated with fluctuation on 1357-67 period and has remained almost constant during 1379-1384. Therefore, this coefficient is still showing the inequality in Iranian economy. The final finding is that expansionary fiscal policy has increased the inequality in Iran, however increasing the gas price has declined inequality in it. Of course, enhancing the gas price is recommended if and only if other preliminary conditions for holding the minimum social welfare are satisfied. So the final suggestions of our paper in order to resolve some dimensions of inequality in Iranian economy would be: 1-government intervention, especially in fiscal policy (especially regarding income distribution and social welfare), should be disciplinized seriously. 2- gas pricing other things being equal,(among which are well organizing of public transportations , efficient, just taxing system and providing minimum standard of social security), should, be left to the efficient market framework

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Objective: Existence of positive relationship between on the other hand, income distribution and macroeconomic variables such as productivity and economic growth, and on the other hand undesired impacts of unfair distribution of income on social variables including crime and delinquency, has caused [fair] distribution of income to be one of the most important macroeconomic goals of governments. Hence, it is one of policy-makers' main concerns and has obtained a special stand in socio-economic planning. In this regard, economic policy-makers are interested in explaining the relationship between income distribution and macroeconomic variables so that they can help the economy to achieve proper distribution of income through identification and control of influencing variables. Economic literature suggests that increasing the minimum wage is a potential way of improving low-income workers' level of living and decreasing income inequality. Increase in the minimum wage level has been one considered problems in Iran during the recent years. In fact, it has become a main economic challenge which has always laid huge costs on government and society. Therefore, knowledge of the relationship between minimum wage and inequality is necessary for government to decrease the mentioned costs. Hence, an essential question proposed for Iranian economy is," How is the relationship between the increase in minimum wage level and income inequality?" The main goal of this article is to analyze the effects of minimum wage on income distribution in the economy of Iran. Methodology: We use an econometric model based on Kuznets Hypothesis to study the effects of minimum wage on distribution of income. For this purpose, annual time series of Iranian economy for the period 1969 to 2005 have been used. Using seven different models, the effects of nominal and real minimum wage on income distribution were estimated with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. Finally, the appropriate model was chosen according to goodness-of –fit and robustness criteria. Findings:The literature suggests that the effects of minimum wage on distribution of income are vague, though most of theories believe that increase in minimum wage can lead to decrease of income inequality. Empirical findings suggest that over the period from 1969 to 2005 in Iran: a) The Kuznet's hypothesis implying the presence of an inverted-U shape relationship between income distribution and per capita income is not rejectable. b) Increase in real minimum wage level in Iran has decreased income inequalities significantly in such a way that the interval of minimum wage effects on Gini coefficient has been estimated from 0.017 to .018. Therefore, we can argue that the minimum wage has been among key influencing variables on income distribution in Iranian economy. c) Increase in minimum wage levels not only has not have negative inflationary effects, but also has decreased inflation through improving labor productivity and thereby has improved the distribution of income. Although little, these effects have been statistically significant. Conclusion: The main policy implication of this research is that Iranian government can decrease income inequalities significantly besides keeping workers' purchasing power in inflations through an increase in real minimum wage levels without any serious worry about negative inflationary consequences. Of course, the government can adopt other policies besides increasing minimum wage levels including appropriate selection and implementation of other complementary supportive policies, extending social supports (creating efficient social security system), empowering workers through educating and training them, and creating a proper and efficient tax system.

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  Research Problem: Economic growth and development is a complicated process that falls into the domain of many disciplines in social sciences andhumanities. Therefore to study these fundamental aspects of economic growthsynthesizing in these fields is necessary. In this research using endogenousgrowth models and political literature, we present a model for political economyof growth. The main question that this study is going to answer is the relation

  between democracy and economic growth. There are some well knowndocuments that have studied the relationship between democracy and economicgrowth in the literature in this area. Because of ambiguous results of them, it isneeded to test the relationship by using new data and methods.

  Method: to test the relation between democracy and economic growth, using panel data of 62 countries in the period 1980-2000 in this paper we study theeffects of democracy on economic growth through fixed effects model. Tomeasure democracy index, we use a mixed variable which includes political andfreedom rights. Per capita GDP growth is used to measure economic growth rate.Stata8 and Eviews5 software are used to get econometrics results.

  Concluding remarks: Despite of a lot of studies that focus on the negative effects or inefficiency of democracy, we find the positive and significant effectsof democracy on economic growth.We also come to this conclusion that economic growth negatively is related tothe inflation, interest groups, and government consumption on the other hand itis positively related to the human capital, investment, population growth, femalelabor force, and active population.

  Conclusions: according to results, we conclude that any improvement in the democratic institutions is required to have significant economic growth. Also, tocatch higher economic growth, education enhancing, democratic institutions,reduction in government intervention in economy, investment and increasing in female labor force participation can be helpful.

  JEL-code: O40 O57 O41 Q20 Q30

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Introduction: Distribution policy may absolutely or relatively effect on economy condition especially economy of the poor and disadvantaged social classes. On the other hand, since the importance and necessity of health as an undeniable right of life is evident for everybody, it can be confirmed that health is an ability which brings values for human life in other word, health is a wealth. Method: The present research studies the counter effects of these two important socioeconomic subjects, i.e. income- health inequality by defining two indices of health (Selected Death Rate & Reasons of Death) and income distribution index (Gini Coefficient). After explanation of model, the concerned four equations have been estimated using panel data of the years 1982-2006. E views 6 Software has been used for estimation of model coefficients. Moreover, model estimation is fixed based on POOL System and Effects Method. Health- Income equations have been estimated with two criteria of Gini Coefficient and Income Mean. Findings: The results show that while health depends on both factors of income mean and income inequity, but according to the investigations, income inequity effects more on society health. Conclusion: In societies with lower income inequity we see more health for the citizens. By interprovincial studies conducted on different income groups, it concluded that in provincial groups with high and low income, income inequity effects on society health and in comparison with income mean, income inequity effects more on society health.

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intorduction: Subsidy policy has been one of the most challenging economic policy, especially after1970s.Current Iranian government claims that it has started the reforming policy in connection with subsidy plan from December 2011.Although reforming policy is theoretically urgent and helpful policy for all including Iran ,to achieve its goals it requires a comprehensive infrastructural package. Implementing such policy incautiously, could be problematic. Lack of the above package in Iranian experience under recent and current government (2005-2011) is going to endanger usual and positive outcomes of subsidy policy. Considering the above concern, this paper is investigating the case in question.

 

Method: after some literature review it is based on econometric methods and it uses time series data 1974-2011 periods (by assistance of auto regression model).

 

Findings: 1-Gini coefficient and general indicators of welfare show that there is a high inequality in Iranian economy in the period of this study. 2-regarding current administration, the subsidy policy would worsen the income distribution, and in long run social welfare.

 

Conclusion: Given the current administration and due to inefficiency of basic infrastructures of policy itself, subsidy policy would worsen the income inequality, and thus from social welfare point of view, it doesn’t work in its consistent and efficient framework.

 

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  Introduction: In recent decades advances in science and technology generate economic growth in many countries. Therefore, some countries which are relatively poor in terms of natural resources, by using modern knowledge and technology, have made a big jump in the national economy. This instrument in efforts to create new branches of economics, as is knowledge based economy. This article estimates knowledge base economy indicators for the provinces of Iran on statistics of 1386.

  Method: The estimation methodology for knowledge which is introduced by the World Bank, have been used. In addition to the World Bank methodology, we have also taken advantage of factor analysis method.

  Findings: The results have shown that 4 provinces such as Tehran, Esfehan, Yaz and Semnan being top in term of the indicators which mentioned. While some provinces like Sistan va Balochestan, Hormozgan and Azarbayjan Gharbi stood on the lower place.

  Conclusion: The results of this study have indicated that, in terms of indicators, in addition to being with lower ranking in the world, the domestic resources and the knowledge based economy indicators are not distributed properly.

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  Introduction: Crime Economy as an interdisciplinary subject, considering as a controversial issue. Criminal activities as undesirable phenomena are the outcome of socio- economic factors. Regarding the importance of crimes in the different societies, many studies have tried to explain the main causes of crimes.

  Method: This study uses econometrics methodology of panel data and data of 30 provinces in Iran for the period of 2006 to2008 was collected to analyze the impact of some economic factors such as poverty, unemployment, and urbanization on crimes such as overdraw, stealing, and embezzlement -firstly, they were separated and then by combining them in a unique index- as the proxy variable for crime against property.

  Findings: Estimation of the chosen model in present study indicates that the rate of impact of the three independent variables on the crime variable is significant in Iran.

  Conclusion: As a result, from the three explaining variables poverty, unemployment, and urbanization, unemployment has the most considerable impact on crimes against property.

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Introduction: Effective Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solutions are essential to the successful implementation of national social policy including social security reform and also the design and strategic management of integrated social security programs. This study was performed in order to investigate the impact ICT on citizens’ social security and the amount in which they feel secured.

 

Method: This study is a survey and is practical. The statistical populations of the research were region 2 citizens of Urmia city. In order to achieve the research purposes, we made a main hypothesis and three subsidiaries hypotheses. The tools consist of a questionnaire containing 17 questions in order to test these hypotheses. After evaluating the validity and reliability, 327 people were chosen as statistical population according to Morgan table and Stratified random sampling. Finally, all the questionnaires were collected and then the information was categorized and summarized. Descriptive and inferential analyses (Pearson correlation test) were also used to do the data analysis.

 

Findings: For more detailed conclusions, social security is classified to three components social trust of citizens, social policy and economic identity. The results showed that among the region 2 citizens of Urmia, ICT have a positive impact on social security. It was also concluded that ICT has had the greatest impact on social trust.

 

Discussion: According to the finding of this study, ICT can become an enabling tool for wider socio-economic security development. When properly used

 

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Introduction: Study of the effect of oil revenues on social welfare  is one of the most important subjects for economic policy makers in oil-rich countries. Despite Iran's massive supply of natural gas and oil, poverty and unemployment have been critical issues in recent years for the majority of people. .  In Iran, oil almost provides a significant percentage of government revenues independently from the other economic sectors. In economic studies, different nonlinear methods have been applied to examine the relationship between oil shocks and social welfare in both importing and exporting countries . This study focuses on the nonlinear effect of oil revenues on social welfare in Iran during the 1975-2014 periods.
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Method: In this research, by modeling the effective factors on social welfare with emphasis on the role of oil revenues, a threshold regression model is estimated for Iran’s economy. Several classes of nonlinear autoregressive models were formulated for time series applications based on  threshold models. In mathematical or statistical modelling, a threshold model is any model where a threshold value, or set of threshold values, is used to distinguish ranges of values where the predicted behaviour  by the model varies in some important way.
Findings: The share of oil revenues in GDP has a nonlinear and threshold impact on social welfare. In other words, in low oil revenues regime- (when the share of oil revenues in GDP is lower than 9.35%) - increase in the share of oil revenues in GDP has led to a significant increase in  social welfare,  however, after exceeding the threshold of 9.35% and being in the high oil revenues regime, an increase in the ratio of oil revenues to gross domestic product had a negative impact on the social welfare index.
Discussion: In low oil revenues regime, the positive effect of oil revenues on social welfare is  due to the expansion of the oil industry and workforce transition from the traditional to the oil sector which lead to improvement in income level and income inequality reduction. Also, oil revenues in the early stages of entering the state budget are largely devoted to government’s development programs and infrastructure and development expenditures which are effective in improving growth and social welfare.
 In addition, the entry of oil revenues, import of goods and services and urbanization all have effects on improving social welfare. However,  with the increase in the share of oil revenue in GDP, the government rent seeking behavior by popular and anti-development current expenditures, crowding out effect, inefficient civil projects, non-targeted subsidies  and strengthen the activities of rent-seeking will reduce social welfare.

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Introduction: One of the goals of governments in today’s world is to increase social welfare. So, governments are seeking to achieve their goals through interventions in the economy, including increasing government expenditures, but they may not succeed in achieving such a goal. The size of government or the ratio of government spending to gross domestic product is one of the indicators of government intervention in the economy, which the size of government has been one of the major issues in many economic researches. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to investigate how the extent of government activities or government size affect social welfare in Iran’s economy during the period of 1975- 2012.
Method: In this research, by modeling the factors affecting social welfare, with emphasis on the effect of government size, a threshold regression model has been estimated for Iran’s economy. The threshold model is a model in which a predetermined predicted behavior by the model changes from a threshold value. In this paper, the size of the government is the threshold variable, which is determined by estimating the threshold of the size of government which divides the size of government into two large and small size government regimes. Then, the extent of the size of government in two large and small government regimes is estimated on social welfare and the optimum government size regarding to maximize social welfare has been estimated.
Findings: The threshold of the government size has estimated about 29%. Hansen’s test shows that the estimated threshold is significant and the model has a threshold value of government size. Therefore, the threshold model has two large and small government regimes that distinguishes the two regimes with a threshold of 29%, meaning that when the government size is less than 29%, we are in a small government size regime, and when the size of the government is larger than 29% is in the regime of large government size. The variable of government size in two large and small government regimes has had a different effect on the social welfare index. In a small government size regime, the size of government did not have a significant impact on the social welfare index, but after increasing the size of the state and overtaking the 29% threshold and being in the regime of large government size has had a significant negative impact on the social welfare index. Therefore, government size has a non-linear and threshold effect on the social welfare index. Also, the first lag of social welfare in both of the small and large government size regim has had a significant positive impact on social welfare. In addition, in the small government size regime, the increase in the degree of openness of the economy has not had a significant impact on social welfare, but with the expansion of government size and staying in the large government size regim, the degree of openness has had a significant positive impact on social welfare. Finally, the unemployment rate in the small government size regime has not had a significant impact on social welfare, while in the large government size regime, the effects of unemployment on social welfare were negative and significance.
Discussion: The meaninglessness of the effect of government size on social welfare in the small government size regime is due to the neutralization of the positive and negative effects of government expenditures on social welfare, which in this regime, as the government has not yet intervened much in the economy, has positive effects, such as the supply of public goods and government recruitment and the negative effects of spending, such as the ineffectiveness of government expenditures and renegotiation of each other, and that the impact of government size on social welfare has been meaningless, but in a large-government regime, the negative effects of government size are overcome on its positive effects and the government size has negative effect on social welfare. In the large government size regime, for reasons such as crowding out effect, large-scale rendering due to the presence of a large government, inefficiency of government development expenditures, and the reduction of labor productivity in the public sector due to unnecessary employment in the public sector, all contribute to undermining economic growth and thus reduce social welfare. Moreover, the high level of government’s presence through increased spending and, as a result, an increase in total surplus demand on the one hand, and the creation of a deficit and its provision through borrowing from the central bank, creates inflation, which causes inflation to worsen the distribution of income and so social welfare will be decreased in this way too. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested that in order to increase social welfare, the size of the government should be smaller. in this regard, the correct implementation of the general policies of article 44 of the constitution is recommended in the assignment of ownership, along with management to the real private sector.

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Introduction: the aim of the present study is family pathology in these areas where borders and border economics are the basis for shaping injuries.
Method: The background conditions for the formation of injuries, causal and interventional conditions, consequences, and strategies for analyzing the interviews conducted were sought using the grounded theory methodology.
Findings: The interviews with 30 people reached theoretical saturation and in the form of 19 primary categories and there were also five secondary categories: the transformation of socio-cultural values, the dominance of the border economy, Culbery and family injuries, disregard for educational and counseling issues, and ignoring new issues and family injuries.
Discussion: Economic gaps and inequalities, lack of investment and youth unemployment and people’s dependence on unsustainable border livelihoods and increase in the cost of living and the spread of corruption at the border are the most important consequences that the border economy has created in these areas. The situation with Culbery has been referred to  as a factor  harming the economy and at the same time causing other harms such as increasing sexual and physical harm, increasing domestic violence, consuming energy for Culbery and lowering Culbery. This situation has also exacerbated the harms of aging, early divorces and the prevalence of family sexual problems, cyberspace harms, and emotional divorce of couples, which are ignored due to the lack of education.