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The purpose of this article´s presentation is comprehensive, precise and scientific but precis collection of preventive program from substance abuse from beginning to now. Although the science of prevention from substance abuse has a short history, but it is very sensitive because of the importance of the program on one hand and developmental stages based on the evolutionary preventive science on the other hand. In this article the authors try to describe preventive approaches with regarding historical course and explain advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. The presented approaches are information dissemination approach, affective education approach, alternative approach, social influence approach and integrated social influence - competence enhancement approach respectively.

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Social welfare is a series of produces and actions that weaken and diminish the problems which are arise from uncoordinated economic development in health, education and remedial fields. Most of these efforts focus on the difficulties for obtaining extended social justice. Based on the social justice literature, this phenomenon is divided in space to distributive and procedural justice. Usually in this framework, particularly in distributive justice area, criteria such as equity, equality, need and somehow economic individualism are applied to judge about social justice. From this point of view, schools and educational systems, are the based pillars of delivering the educational services which is included in social welfare domains. In addition, schools and educational systems (i,e public and private schools) are able to affect people's attitudes toward training, educational, social and economical domains in private schools and current approaches to social justice. In this essay, on the basis of multi-stages sampling, one thousand and five hundreds people of avenues and allies were selected in the form of a field study, and they were asked to say their attitudes toward private schools and social justice approaches. The main purpose of this research also was the path analysis of attitudes toward private schools (in training, educational, social and economical demains as the predictive variables) with social justice approaches (including equity, equality, need and economic individualism as the criterion variables). Path coefficients and path graphs which attained from the collected data analysis, showed that only the social attitudes toward private schools have a reversed relationship with equality, equality and need (in common) approaches to social justice. Also path analysis showed that training, educational and economical attitudes toward private school have indirect. Relationship with eqyality and equality with need (in common) approaches in social justice. That is, the relationship between three above attitudinal domains with equality and equality with need (in common) approaches are indirectly accounted for through social attitudes toward private schools

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The relation between subsidies in one hand growth and poverty reduction in other hand is an important debate among the economists and policy makers. This article, at first, gives a picture ot this debate and challenge, between Neo-Clasic and structure-Institutional approaches. Then tries to evaluate their explanatory sufficiency in economies such as Iranian economy by emphases on the historical experience of adjustment and structural policies which have been implemented during past years in many developing countries.

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Objective: Street children problem is one of the most serious issues of underdeveloped communities in the world such as Iran, nowadays. Method: This paper tries to review international concepts, approaches and Iranian governmental programs for street children and presents a definite evaluation of official policies regarding street children in Iran at the same time. Findings: This evaluation shows tendency of change in governmental policies for street children from gathering toward attracting them to the supportive centers and separating the working street children from the children of the street in one hand, and a little attention to basic reasons of the problem, weakness in holding children’s trust to governmental centers, poor services and weak following up of children’s situation after discharging of the centers. Result: Then, reducing street children’s problem needs programs that focus on resolving its basic reasons, evaluation and promotion of supportive programs

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Objectives: Illicit drug use has been a continuous problem in Iran despite efforts to curb it. Researcher has looked into the relationship that exists between influential social factors and addiction. This is a summary of an extended research on sociological study of drug related crimes in Mazandaran Province. The main focus of the study has been to identify and analyze the social correlates of drug related crimes rate. It is an established fact that drug addiction has been increased in Mazandaran Province in the recent years. The researcher has been designed on the base of response to this question "what are the causes of drug related crimes rate variations among cities of Mazandaran Province?" Method: The research unit of analysis is city and all cities of Mazandaran Province between 1375 -1380 have been studied and analyzed. The hypotheses are based on research theoretical framework. The research method of study was longitudinal-comparative method, based on secondary data. The data were secondary, cross-sectional data that relied on the Police Headquarters data. The data were later transferred to a statistical program to conduct data manipulation and statistical analysis. In order to perform the data analysis the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13 was used. Findings: The results show that there is a significant relationship between smugglers and drug addiction rate. A variable that frequently appeared as significant on the analyses was availability of drugs. Caution should be used when interpreting such significance since this variable is closely related to other variables and might be capturing the same effect as others. Finding a significant relationship would serve to establish the factors leading to problematic behavior and to improve existing programs for treatment and prevention. The findings of this study provide an insight as to other concurrent factors that affect illicit drug use. Results: Theoretically, the study has been based on structural functionalism approach. The purpose of this study was to establish if there was an association between social factors in macro level and illicit drug use in Mazandaran province. Five of the hypotheses proved statistically significant, they include: effect of smuggler’s activity rate on drug addiction rate, effect of availability of drugs on drug addiction rate, effects of urbanity and availability of drugs on social disorganization, and the effect of smuggler’s activity rate on availability of drugs. The two hypotheses that were not statistically significant are the effect of the urbanity and social disorganization on drug addiction rate. Path analysis results indicate that availability of drugs, smuggler’s activity, urbanism and social disorganization variables are the most important variables for explanation of drug related crimes in Mazandaran Province, respectively. Several implications can be derived from this study one of such public implications is the modification of preventive programs designed to reduce illicit drug use.

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Objectives: the main objective of this essay is the inquiry quality of life in content Iran's Development Programs. The article is started with inquiry origin discussion quality of life. This consider in a point of start has orientated to approaches material and economic, that it then find social conceptual. It includes subjects such as distribution output growth economic and survival natural sources and environment. After 1990 decade the discussion about quality of life focused on social constructs such as social capital, social solidarity, social justice and social exclusion. In this essay than inquiry dimensions conceptual and theoretical quality of life in frame two approaches agency and structural. Because this concept can see as individual's character and society's character. Therefore quality of life includes social structure and individuals' position that cover three components socio-economic security, social solidity and sustainability. Method: In this article with point of subject's nature and accessible material that are documentaries about development programs, the used methods are comparative and content analysis technique. The analysis unit is themes in contexts and documentaries programs. Findings: The concept quality of life as certain applied in the fifth program before revolution. This concept in revised program extended and included development participatory institutions and decentralizing. However because of domination approaches economical growth in programs there are more consider to individual themes quality of life. In the third and fourth programs after revolution propounded concepts like citizenship, empowerment and social capital. In the basics theoretical the fourth program after revolution attend to quality of life under three field of protective needs, environmental needs and basic needs. The quality of life in this program is more comprehensive that includes society's objective situation and individuals' subjective conception in everyday life. Results: Not at all in programs be upgraded social and welfare affaires to policing level and the most of them have social services position.. They see social problems of economic perspective and have been searched economic solutions for them. Iran's Developments Programs have been under effects of world's situations and patterns. Formulated Programs after revolution contains less characters of human and social development. They have been influenced of World Bank and International Money Fund's policies and government's changes that have effected on executive of programs.

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  Objectives: Fars province includes 24 townships and urban districts that are highly different in terms of ecological condition, area and population congestion. For example, Shiraz urban district has a high population of 1.3 million while in other urban areas such as Bavanat, Pasargad, Farashband and Arsanjan less than 20 thousand people live. There are considerable differences among the Fars urban areas in other aspects and especially in economical fields. Great differences among the Fars urban areas assert the necessity for more consideration to the less developed urban areas in provincial programming. Such a programming and aiming at the especial areas needs to rank the different areas priority. This study aims at ranking the Fars province urban areas based on a composite development criterion.

  Methods: In order to rank the urban areas, fuzzy and numerical taxonomy

  approaches were used. Regarding the complexity of selecting the appropriate indices indicating the development level we focused on the indices that are more cited in development economics. These indices, as aggregate groups, are demographic, sanitation and health, communication and newspapers, education, public and recreational facilities, cultural, and economical and welfare indices. Each of the groups contains detailed indices, amounting to 29 indices totally. The dataset comes from Fars province 2006 census and annually expenditure survey of 2006. Our sample also contains the urban areas of Fars province.

  Findings: The findings showed a slight difference among Fars urban areas in terms of demographic, sanitation and health and education indices, accounting only for 23 percent of combined development index. The individual weight of the above indices is also 6, 10.38 and 5.89 percent, respectively. While more than 77 percent of differences were generated from other indices. Based on the fuzzy approach the higher is the weight of a special index, there will be more difference among the areas in terms of that index. Based on the fuzzy approach urban areas of Shiraz, Bavanat, Arsanjan and Farashband were found with the highest rank in terms of the development level. While Ghir and Karzin, Zarrindasht, Pasargad and Mamasani were recognized as the regions with lowest development ranking.

  Results: The findings of the study showed that there are low differences among the Fars province urban areas in the case of demographic, sanitation and health and education fields and most of the differences in urban areas resulted from public and recreational facilities, cultural, and economical and welfare indices. It was also found that the fuzzy approach is more powerful in ranking as compared to numerical taxonomy.

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  Introduction: Poverty is one of the challenges in the economy of any country . Economic development plans impact on all economic variables in each country . Regarding to the impact of development plans on poverty as an economic variable, investigation the effects of Development Plan on poverty is the aim of this paper. Besides, the practical results in this study, a new methodology for comparing poverty indices is proposed.

  Method: In this present paper, the data based on stochastic dominance approach is gathered for studying the impact of Fourth Program Economic Development on poverty.

  Findings: This paper has shown that the trend of poverty in this period in the whole country, urban and rural areas has declined .

  Conclusion: The results have indicated that the fourth development has a positive impact on poverty. It also reduces the poverty gap and severity of poverty . In other words, the positive effect of the fourth development plan on poverty is decreasing during this period.

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  Introduction: One of the latest issues in the development research is investigation of the poverty causes and alleviation of it. For the poverty alleviation, we have to know about poverty as a phenomena and the factors which affect on it.

  Method: In this paper after measuring the poverty line by using 50% (average) of expenditure and micro data of Household Income- Expenditure Survey 2005 and 2009, the poor and non-poor households are separated. In order to identify the effective factors and their impact on poverty of Iranian urban households, Logit model is estimated with maximum likelihood approach.

  Findings: The study shows that being in poverty is associated with household size, gender of the head and living in the East, the West, and North of Country.

  Conclusion: As a result, education, Being breadwinner and living in the south reduce the probability of being poor.

  JEL Classification: I32, C23, R20.

 

 

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  Introduction: Deterioration is detectable in various forms in urban system even physical and unphysical, which needs appropriate way to cope with. In order to plan improvement of these capacities especially capacity of social participation, as an effective element which not only simplifies the physical interference but also gives us important feedbacks of rebuilding the social contacts in neighborhoods, assessment of them seems to be necessary.

  Method: To assessment and evaluation this capacities in this paper, it has been reviewed the topics of Capacity building, Social capital and Regeneration. Then the indexes and sub-indexes have been chosen with the social-based approach as the paradigm of act and then their relationships have been analyzed by using data which come from field research. The section of analysis comes up in two levels: 1- description of data by using frequency distribution table and central indexes and scattering indexes 2- finding the effect of independent varieties on dependent varieties by path analysis method and regression method.

  Findings: The results have indicated that on average 87.2% of participants partake in the activities of the community.

  Conclusion: There is a direct correlation between the independent variables -length of residency in the neighborhood, communality, and the belief in the communal values- and the dependent variable community involvement.

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Introduction: the present study aimed to examine the impact of cognitive-behavioral group social work interventions on social adjustment of delinquent children.

 

Method: in this experimental research (pre-test and post-test design with control group), 40 delinquent children were selected from Tehran rehabilitation of young offenders' center and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The study repeated for 12-14 and 15-18 years old children. The experimental groups participated in social work group for 9 sessions and the control groups received no intervention. To gathering information we used from Bell Adjustment Questionnaire and to analysis the data independent T test were used.

 

Findings: The findings indicated that the application of cognitive-behavioral group social work had significant effects on social adjustment of 15-18 years old children.

 

Discussion: So conduction of a group social work model to improve social adjustment of delinquents is possible. This model can be helpful in schools, rehabilitation centers or social work clinics in probation services.

 

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  Introduction: In order to measure social welfare, economic indicators have traditionally been used. Underlying such measures is an approach which conceives social welfare as a one-dimensional phenomenon, namely the economic dimension. The objective of this paper is to introduce a new social welfare index (SWI) and its trend for Iran.

  Method: SWI was developed by OECD methodology of constructing composite indicators. Dimentions and indicators of SWI were selected with Delphi technique and were confirmed with exploratory factor analysis. It covers Economy, Health, Housing, Social Security, Education and Employment In this paper SWI as well as its trend have been measured for 1967-2011 in Iran. In order to estimate the trend of total SWI, we have used a uniform dimensions.

  Findings : The results show trend in SWI dissimilar to trend in en social welfare and IEWB. So that, changes in SWI trend, due to more and diverse dimensions, were more than changes in en social welfare and IEWB trend. Some events like a high inflation changes or non-economic indicators have created difference between SWI trend and en social welfare and IEWB. Also, based on SWI, best and worst performances were related to 2009 and 1995 respectively.

  Discussion : SWI represents the changes of the social welfare more accurately, due to more and diverse dimensions and indicators. Thus, it can be a more realistic measure of social welfare.

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Introduction: Income distribution is such a controversial subject which besides the economic aspect, its social aspect is also very important, as any economic approach to income distribution, followed by the  special social consequences inevitably. Given that health is one of the categories that directly and indirectly affected by income distribution, in this study, we examine the relationship between income inequality and life expectancy as an indicator of health regarding the role of other factors such as health, environment and community can be studied.

 

Method: This paper uses time series data of 1351-1388 to evaluate the long-run and short-run dynamic relationships among the Gini coefficient, income per capita, doctors per capita, literacy rates and life expectancy in Iran. In order to test for existence of long-run relationship the bound testing approach to level relationship and error correction model (ECM) are applied.

 

Finding: Bounds test results indicate the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between income inequality, literacy rate, and doctores (per 10000 population) and life Expectancy. According to the results of the ECM, deviations from long-run equilibrium rate adjustment is equal to 0/15. This confirms that the deviation from the long-run equilibrium is adjusted with rate of 15% per period. Moreover, estimated long-run coefficients indicate that an increase in literacy rate and physicians per ten thousand people, improves health indicators. While the effect of income inequality on health is significant and negative, rising inequality threatens public health.

 

Conclusion: The results indicate that income inequality affects public health more than any other variables. Therefore, the income distribution is important determinant of the health and the appropriate policies to improve income distribution can be effective in promoting public health.

 

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Introduction: Adaptive ways of coping with stress are as a major component of mental health. The aim of this community based participatory study is to investigate the coping mechanisms in married women in order to develop appropriate intervention programs to promote mental health.

 

Method: This is a descriptive study which investigates the coping mechanisms in 200 married women 18-65 who residents in district 22 of Tehran based on random sampling and participatory approach. The tool is Folkman and Lazarus’ way of coping questionnaire.

 

Findingss: Most ways used to deal with stress, was planful problem solving and less wise methods used by participants was confronting coping. In 50% of cases, the married women used emotion based coping. Also, there was difference between educational stage and the number of children and some ways of coping.

 

Discussion: It seems that, implementing an appropriate interventions program related to adaptive ways of coping dealing to stress is effective in mental health and quality of life promotion.

 

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Introduction: One of the major achievements of the 21^st century is increased longevity. But this phenomenon has caused many concerns. With the arrival of the new millennium, ageing has become a major issue in demographic and social policy. In Iran, according to the 1390 census, 6,159,676 people or 8.2% of the population are aged over 60 years old. On the other hand, the concept of social welfare is often described in terms of satisfying human needs. It can be seen as a mental state; it is happiness or life satisfaction. Social welfare has also defined as a function of health, education, security, freedom, the environment, leisure, housing, and almost all combinations of the above. Evaluation of social welfare is very important so that policy decisions, international comparisons,

indicators of poverty, and inequality researches continually refer to assessments of social welfare. Monitoring and evaluation of social policies for the elderly requires a comprehensive, and precise data that consider all aspects of their life. The aim of this study is a comprehensive review of related studies about measures of elderly social welfare and strives to provide a multi-dimensional index in the field of social welfare of the elderly.

Method: This study is a descriptive study based on review study. Papers that examined social welfare measures and indexes with regard to elderly were identified through online literature research both in English and Persian database. Quantitative studies were searched and downloaded from Medline (pub med), SID (Scientific Information Database, www.sid.ir), Iran doc (Iranian Research Institute for information Science and Technology, Irandoc.ac.ir), Iranmedex (www.iranmedex.com), Magiran (www.magiran.com) and Iranpsych (Iranian Databases on Mental Health, Psychiatric and Psychological Research, http://iranpsych.tums.ac.ir). The electronic search was performed with no specification of language including articles from 1990 to 1 June 2015. The keywords included Elderly, Old, Older, Aging, Well-being, Welfare, Index, Indicator and Iran. In this case, Boolean operators were used for combined search for the key words. After the initial search in data bases 326

articles were found. At each step of reviewing abstracts the articles that were irrelevant and repetitive removed. 34 studies related to social welfare index in elderly were included in the final review, which was related to the purpose of the study. Then the selected studies reviewed by two reviewers and were extracted dimensions, domains and indicators of social welfare in elderly people.

Findings: Reviewing the studies indicate that Iranian studies emphases on mental and psychological aspects of social welfare such as happiness, life satisfaction, well-being, mental health, depression, and mood. On the other hand non-Iranian studies emphases on different aspects of social welfare for the elderly such as social, economic, health and life conditions. 10 dimensions were identified in the 34 reviewed papers including: economics, physical, mental and social condition, employment, education, the environment, emotional status, leisure, and access to services, which having various components. Multidimensional approach has not been used in any of the studied papers so large portion of studies have emphasized on mental dimension. Also, the Iranian researches focus on the mental dimension generally, however relatively less research focuses on leisure, spirituality, and access to services. Furthermore, quality of life and health studies has higher frequency in this review.

Discussion: Paying more attention to the leisure, spirituality and access to services for the elderly are recommended in the future. In addition, the effect of new technologies, which ease the daily activities of elderly people, on social welfare should be considered in the future studies. We conclude that multidimensional and comprehensive index is potentially very useful for elderly policy and recommend researcher to improve them further. It is expected that the initial research, created the new areas for deeper investigation of this issue and provided field for Meta-analysis of studies related to this area. In general, the use of a composite index of social welfare of the elderly, due to the diverse and more dimension of elder people life, can give a broader and more comprehensive approach for analyzing social welfare issues in elder people.

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Introduction: The most important problem of Iran’s economy in 2010s  was decline in financial strength of government for continuing economic subsidies, which led to failure to start and continue infrastructural and vital projects . Also, it changed  the optimum social consumption habit . These reasons caused the government to start  economic reform (such as liberalization of energy conduit prices ),which was called economic evolution plan, from the winter of 2010. Beside these reforms, external shocks such as oil price increase caused a deep effect on Iran’s main economic variables such as inequality.  This research aimed to investigate the effect of inequality changes on the welfare per capita in this period .  . In other words, the effect of changes in income distribution (inequality) on welfare on 2011 compared to 2003.

Method: The marginal utility of consumption was used as the determinant of welfare per capita. To measure welfare, Bergson – Samuelson model was applied, which considers both effects of income on welfare and income distribution. The Bergson -Samuelson model’s marginal utility of consumption  is generated from two parameters; the consumption per capita and the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption / income. The second parameter is an indicator for  inequality. There are some different methods for calculation of the elasticity, but  behavioral evidence  and  revealed social values approaches are two reliable of them which were  used in this paper. Considering that welfare changes were calculated for a period of eight years, the results can be used in the long-term policy making.

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Results: The results showed that Iran’s welfare per capita decreased by 5.23 percent in 2011 compared to 2003 due to increase in inequality It is worth mentioning that  in this period, inequality aversion  increased.

Discussion: The elasticity of marginal utility of consumption in Iran for 1965-2003 and 1982-2011

was equal to  1.56   and 1.92 respectively,   which show inequality aversion. In fact, this aversion caused  a 5.23 percent decrease in welfare per capita in Iran. Also, based on the revealed social values approach, the marginal utility of consumption elasticity is equal to 1, which is not reliable due to the high share of oil revenues on the government’s income.

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Introduction: You can't control what you can't measure and you can't manage what you can't control . Therefore, the main issue in all organizational analysis is the performance and its improvement requires measurement. Hence, it is hard to imagine a company without a performance evaluation system. The balanced scorecard technique is commonly used to measure the performance of an organization. One of the problems of organizations in order to measure performance is to determine the performance assessment indicators. Social Security Organization as one of the most important social welfare organizations needs to determine indicators for evaluating the performance of the organization. The aim of this study is to design  performance evaluation indicators by using AHP and BSC approaches in  the Social Security Organization of Mashhad
Method: This study is an exploratory research which was conducted by applying the Delphi technique. The statistical population included all senior executives and branch managers of  Social Security Organization of Mashhad, where all of the managers (20 people) were examined due to a small number.  Data were collected through interviews and research-made questionnaires. Using Delphi technique, proposed indicators were determined by senior executives and experts of  Social Security Organization  in two steps. In the first stage, the main indicators of performance evaluation were identified by using library study and in-depth interviews. Then, these indicators were provided to samples in a hierarchical analysis questionnaire and Expert Choice software was used to prioritize the indicators.
Findings: The rate of compatibility of the criteria in the AHP model is less than 0.1, which represents an acceptable compatibility of the  system. The results also showed that perspectives of the customer, learning and growth, internal processes and finance have the highest priority, respectively. The most important measure from the customer’s perspective is customer satisfaction; from the perspective of  learning and growth  is holding in-service training courses,; from the  financial perspective is increase in getting the debts; and from the perspective of  internal processes  is updating the rules of the organization according to circumstances.
Discussion: In order to evaluate the performance of the Social Security Organization,   customer, learning and growth, internal and financial processes perspectives should be taken into account respectively, and resources of the organization should be addressed in order to achieve the corresponding indicators of these perspectives. As the results  show, the last priority of the Social Security Organization is to pay attention to financial issues and to increase income. Customer orientation and customer satisfaction should receive special attention from the organization.. In order to achieve  customer satisfaction, employees' skills should also be improved through in-service training, and on the other hand, the Social Security Organization's laws and regulations should be updated according to time requirements. The logic of implementing a strategy map in a balanced scorecard is that improving internal processes and paying attention to the system of growth and learning in the organization and enhancing the skills of employees is the basis for satisfying customers. Naturally, customer satisfaction will lead to  the organization's financial performance improvement. The findings of this study are consistent with the logic of the balanced scorecard.

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Introduction: Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, the analysis of all the dimensions of which would require an accurate understanding of it. In the past, poverty was used to be measured using the income approach, but such an approach fails to take other forms of poverty into account. For example, an individual may not be poor in terms of income, but may have to spend a significant portion of his income for the treatment of a terminal illness. Contrary to the income approach, the multidimensional approach to poverty measurement takes its multidimensional nature into account. Various ways have so far been introduced in order to take this multidimensional nature into account in providing poverty indicators. These methods include the dashboard of variables, composite indices, Venn diagrams, the dominance approach, the statistical approach, the fuzzy set approach and the axiomatic approach.
Method: As one of the most common methods for measuring multidimensional poverty, Alkire and Foster method is a counting-based method developed by the United Nations to calculate the global multidimensional poverty index. To obtain this index, ten indicators in the three dimensions of education, health and living standards are examined. Assigning an equal weight to each of the above dimensions, and to each of the indicators associated with each dimension, a household identified as deprived in more than a third of the indicators is classified as poor (dual cut off). Next, the common accumulation functions were implemented with some adjustments, calculating the Alkire and Foster poverty indicators. In this study, the Alkire - Foster method has been applied to data from the urban and rural household’s income and costs survey conducted between 1370 and 1392 Persian calendar.
Findings: The headcount ratio has decreased from 35.4% to 10.1%, in rural areas and from 13.3% to 9.5% in urban areas during the period under investigation. This decrease can be explained by the simultaneous decrease in both the intensity and incidence of poverty. The statistical inference applied to the adjusted headcount ratio shows the difference between urban and rural areas during all these years to be significant at a significance level of 95%. Furthermore, differences with the values associated with the previous years have also been significant for both urban and rural areas in most of the years.
Discussion: The Alkire-Foster index shows decreased multidimensional poverty in both urban and rural areas in Iran. This decrease, however, is more pronounced in rural areas. This more significant decrease in poverty in rural areas is caused by all the living facilities provided for rural households between 1370 and 1392 Persian calendar. During the years following the end of the Iran-Iraq war, many Iranian households living in rural areas did not have access to electricity, running water or separate toilets and bathrooms in their places of residence. However, actions taken during the 1370-1392 timeframe have taken such facilities to rural areas as well. Meanwhile, however, these changes have not been so tangible in urban areas, because most urban households have had access to such facilities since the beginning of the period under investigation.

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Abstract :
One of the most important goals of today’s societies is to achieve a happy society. In this regard, government expenditures and the amount of government intervention in the economy can affect the level of happiness of the society. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to examine the effect of government size on happiness in selected developing and developed countries using the threshold panel model over the period of 2005-2016. The results of the estimation models showed that the government size has a nonlinear effect on happiness in both the developing and developed countries, but how governments influence happiness in these two categories of countries was different. In both the developing and developed countries, the size of the government in the small states did not have a significant impact on happiness, but in a large government, the size of the government had a negative impact on happiness in developing countries and it had a positive impact on happiness in developed countries. The difference in the effects of government size on happiness in both developing and developed countries shows that government policies in developed countries are more effective in increasing happiness in society compared to developing countries.
 

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Short Abstract
Being  divergent does not necessarily mean to be homosexual, and it appears in the forms of dressing, attitude, etc.However, in Islamic legal system, such a phenomenon has not been seriously taken into consideration.   Qur’anic verses, juridical provisions, andother Islamic Sciences, consider three different legal solutions as regards this issue. Task- oriented solution is adopted based on the interest of the society, pragmatismm, maximum demand, and maximum interfere of this issue wiyh regard to freedom and privacy
Rightness oriented solution concentrates on the principal of loss as long as their behaviors may not threaten the rights of the other people. It also emphasizes the minimum interfere and right  oriented and task oriented approaches, and these two aproaches will consider the right and freedom of individuals, interest of the society, and developing the principal of loss based on the concept of “right and interest” with the view of perfectionism and patriarch, the scope of crimes in such behaviors will be identified.
This approach emphasize theenhancement of society capacity to accept unusual behaviors and foundation of “law obedient principal”, and it seems that criminal policy conforms to open and plural societies. Because criminal policy with task-based security oriented approach would result in increasing of crimes and interfering in the privacy of individuals.                                                     
Although criminal policy based on rightness focused on approach is based on the principal of toleration but it may result in promiscuity.