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Although marriage is considered as a process of making a sacred family, but it seems that it can’t be gained through fabulist minds. This article, perhaps, is the scream of all the girls and their parents who under the title of "Sacred family", have sold themselves in their first embracing with someone with the cheapest price. In this way, the girls who have practiced obscenity in their families tried to scape from their houses or agreed with an inappropriate marriage to run away from their houses. These just married girls had to suffer the addicted husbands who had a keen interest to drugs rather than the family. This article is and evidence for the government who consider their ignorance as nonexistence with using phrases such as "sacred family" and have forgotten all their responsibilities.

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Social development has got a complex, ambiguous and different concept among the social experts. This ambiguity can be observed in different research and articles written by either foreign scientists or domestic researchers. The investigation on the convention issued by the international conference of social development which is called the Copenhagen convention draw a boundary for this concept. If we look carefully to the trend of social development in Iran, we will realize an increasing rate of social disorders. Knowing about historical bases of these disorders in Iran will be of great benefit to help us find the main obstacles in the way of social development in Iran. Social development, however, seems an inevitable phenomenon in Iran that should be based on citizenship and stability.

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This paper reviews the process which has led to the emergence and development of the Sociology of disasters. Then the main concepts of the paper, disaster and crisis management are introduced and the link between these two are reviewed. It is claimed that crisis management cannot afford to ignore the contribution of sociology of disasters. At the end a list of major disasters experienced by Iranians is presented and a dilemma of Iranian society has been singled out.

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The aim of present research was to study the relation between demographic characteristics (age, sex, and family economical status) and the rate of prevalence of depression in high school students at Ray city. 388 subjects (166 boys and 222 girls) were selected through stratified random sampling method. The age range of these students was between 14 to 18 years. Research data was gathered through demographic characteristics questionnaire, and Beck depression inventory. They were analyzed with the aid of descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, sheffe, and student. Findings of research indicated that 28.8% of these students were nondepressed, 27.2% had mild depression, 12.6% had mild-moderate depression, 19.5% had moderate-severe depression, and 11.6% had severe depression. Girls as compared to boys were significantly more depressed. There were no significant difference in intensity of depression between different age groups. But, this was significant among female students, i.e., 17 and 18yearold girls were more depressed than 15 yearold girls. Also, there were significant differences in intensity of depression among different family economical levels. In this case, those students with very low, and moderate family economical levels were more depressed as compared to those students with good and very good family economical levels. The rate of prevalence of depression among adolescent students is very high and demographic characteristics play an important role in it.

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The main object of any rational human being is a better standard of living, peace and welfare. Looking at the past, the history of nations around the world shows that most of them have been successful in achieving this goal and the standard of living and welfare of people in most countries has considerably raised. This article seeks to survey the poverty of Iranian households during the last two decades (1983-2003). For this purpose, the authors have gathered and calculated the deflated states of households' expenditure and income published by Iran Statistical Center Yearbooks. The results show that the real consumption of households has decreased during some twenty past years and both rural and urban families have become poorer. Although the Engel's theory indicates that the share of consumed amount of food stuff in the households' budget decreases when the income is increasing, the paper proves that the declining share of expenditure for food of Iranian households is not the evidence of better economic situation.

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In this article, the Poverty Line in urban and rural is estimated according to four methods during the years (1984-2000) as follows: a) needing for Calorie, b) the percentage of family average income, c) the average of family expenses, and d) the parasite inverted indices. The results point to this fact that Poverty is not a fixed extemal phenomenon and to some extent relies on the researcher's definition and attitude towards poverty and the variables used for assessment that totally will lead to different values and search of poverty. The findings of this article indicate to this fact that urban poverty line steadily placed in a higher rank than rural poverty line, and the poverty line based on the smaller in concept is a relative definition of poverty line. The vast amount of urban and rural poverty lies on parasite inverted indices.

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Objective: Women's health status and awareness of their biological, mental and social characteristics and needs in planning, health system reforms and primaiy health care, are the main priorities in strategic areas of health development. In the past two decades researchers and policymakers have paid special attention to women's health development activities and administration. This article compares the women's health development administration in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Japan as developed countries, with focus on their organizational structures. Method: This article is based on a descriptive and comparative study. The results have been used to design and develop an appropriate and applicable model for women's health administration in Iran. The designed model has been finalized by using Delphi Technique. Findings: The countries were divided in two categories. United States and Canada had a focused and advanced administration system in their women's health activities. They have strategic planning in women's health priority issues and special organizational structures which relatively has been successful. United Kingdom and Japan used different policies focused on the mother and children's health and their administrative policies were based on this view. Results: An appropriate structural designed model for women' health in Iran was formulated based on results of this study.

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Objectives: Shall we consider the repeat of spoilt addiction cycle and unsuccessful measures taken to solve the drug abuse problem, a convinced result of geo-politic situation and other reasons out of drug management hands? Or shall we consider it as inefficiency and weakness of the current management? However without analyzing Iranian society’s structure, it’s historical development, Iranian cultural specifications, analyzing Iranian- Islamic identity, Islamic cults and Islam’s attitude towards addiction and drug abuse, power structure and it’s role in drug trafficking, Iranian sub-cultures, Iran’s geo- politic situation in the region and Iranian personality’s characteristics it is impossible to get a deep knowledge about a permanent social phenomenon, which is reported in Iranian public and personal lives for centuries and judge about the reasons of it’s permanency. This paper does not review all the factors related to above- mentioned questions but it only assesses the role of drug management after Islamic revolution. Method: This research is a descriptive study and based on that tries to give a broad, substantial and detailed understanding, i.e. a grounded theory, of the problem .The participants of this research were high rank public managers active in addiction field between 1979 and 2001. The data are gathered from review and semi- structured in- depth- interviews and then were analyzed. Findings: periods of drug management can be defined due to policy changes. These policies have changed for 4 reasons: 1) Change of manager or managers, 2) Change in law, 3) Change in general management especially changes in executive body (led by the President) and 4) occurrence or end of an important event like revolution or war. Therefore Drug Management periods between 1979 and 2001 can be divided to four periods: 1. First period: revolutionary anger against addiction (1979-1980). 2. Second period: moderation of revolutionary anger and denial about addiction (1980-1988). 3. Third period: restructuring drug control (1988-1993). 4. Fourth period: criticizing past, looking at future’s horizons (1993-2001). Results: the most important characteristics of drug management after revolution were: 1. Except some years during Iran- Iraq war, almost always addiction has been noticed in national level. 2. Although managers related to addiction issue has been long servicing in their position but they were mostly not educated in any of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation fields and did not have required scientific qualifications. 3. Drug control managers had records of military, security or judicial activities and may be this is why supply reduction has always been the main discourse for fighting against drugs programs. 4. On the eve of third drug management period, expediency council’s ratification upgraded drug control organization structurally, after transferring PM’s authorization to the president, as a body directly under the authority of the president. Consequently intersectional policies were neglected by the means of competition between involved bodies and drug control organization’s management’s ignorance of intersectional policies. 5. Despite broad and fast spread of addiction in the years after revolution, drug management was moving slowly and occasional so their policies were always passive and delayed. 6. Except 4th period of drug management we can not regularly observe addiction reduction and control programs’ focus on special groups. This approach changed gradually. 7. In spite of all the above mentioned weak points, drug management moved forward and obtained a more scientific and realistic understanding of the addiction and drug abuse condition.

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Objectives: Achievement of the most important goal of development planes, that is Poverty reduction and security of social welfare for all citizens, needs in depth study of factors affecting poverty. In development literature, poverty is defined as lack of social participation and social exclusion is the main concept in the discussion. As such the notion of social capital in which participation is one of three main indicators could help to clarify the reasons of unsuccessful poverty reduction programs. This article presents part of the findings of a research which its basic questions are: does social capital relates to poverty and which of the three components of social capital has the significant relation. Method: In responding to these questions, qualitative (focused group discussion and in depth interview) and quantitative methods (questionnaire) were applied. Two villages of similar development level from Varamin area in south of Tehran were selected. The area generally is characterized by social networks formed by forced migrations of ethnic groups and nomads during Pahlavi dynasty. They have kept their traditions, customs and values and have not fully integrated with other rural dwellers in the region. Following focused group discussions the “poverty” and “poor “was defined by people. They did not perceive poverty and deprivation only as lower level of income but lack of job security from agricultural activities, limited access to education, health services and housing. Finding: Based on research findings there is an inverse relation between poverty level and three indicators (participation, integration and trust) of social capital. Trust among rural people has been reported at the medium to upper level but trust towards government institutions was at the medium to lower level. People’s participation in decision making and implementation of development project has been very low and mostly instrumental but integration among them has been rated as high. It seems lack or lower level of participation of rural dwellers in the development and implementation of the government’s projects has resulted in lower level of trust between the two and the outcomes has not helped the economic situation of the families as well as the village. Also among the indices of integration scale, there is a significant relation between violent confrontations among rural dwellers and poverty. Therefore one can conclude conflict diminishes village resources and people’s time and energy for productive work. Results: As a result, the village (Jalilabad) which reports higher level of trust and integration and social capital has lower level of poverty and the village (Karimabad) with lower level of social capital shows more indication of poverty.

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Objectives: the main objective of this essay is the inquiry quality of life in content Iran's Development Programs. The article is started with inquiry origin discussion quality of life. This consider in a point of start has orientated to approaches material and economic, that it then find social conceptual. It includes subjects such as distribution output growth economic and survival natural sources and environment. After 1990 decade the discussion about quality of life focused on social constructs such as social capital, social solidarity, social justice and social exclusion. In this essay than inquiry dimensions conceptual and theoretical quality of life in frame two approaches agency and structural. Because this concept can see as individual's character and society's character. Therefore quality of life includes social structure and individuals' position that cover three components socio-economic security, social solidity and sustainability. Method: In this article with point of subject's nature and accessible material that are documentaries about development programs, the used methods are comparative and content analysis technique. The analysis unit is themes in contexts and documentaries programs. Findings: The concept quality of life as certain applied in the fifth program before revolution. This concept in revised program extended and included development participatory institutions and decentralizing. However because of domination approaches economical growth in programs there are more consider to individual themes quality of life. In the third and fourth programs after revolution propounded concepts like citizenship, empowerment and social capital. In the basics theoretical the fourth program after revolution attend to quality of life under three field of protective needs, environmental needs and basic needs. The quality of life in this program is more comprehensive that includes society's objective situation and individuals' subjective conception in everyday life. Results: Not at all in programs be upgraded social and welfare affaires to policing level and the most of them have social services position.. They see social problems of economic perspective and have been searched economic solutions for them. Iran's Developments Programs have been under effects of world's situations and patterns. Formulated Programs after revolution contains less characters of human and social development. They have been influenced of World Bank and International Money Fund's policies and government's changes that have effected on executive of programs.

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Objective: Existence of positive relationship between on the other hand, income distribution and macroeconomic variables such as productivity and economic growth, and on the other hand undesired impacts of unfair distribution of income on social variables including crime and delinquency, has caused [fair] distribution of income to be one of the most important macroeconomic goals of governments. Hence, it is one of policy-makers' main concerns and has obtained a special stand in socio-economic planning. In this regard, economic policy-makers are interested in explaining the relationship between income distribution and macroeconomic variables so that they can help the economy to achieve proper distribution of income through identification and control of influencing variables. Economic literature suggests that increasing the minimum wage is a potential way of improving low-income workers' level of living and decreasing income inequality. Increase in the minimum wage level has been one considered problems in Iran during the recent years. In fact, it has become a main economic challenge which has always laid huge costs on government and society. Therefore, knowledge of the relationship between minimum wage and inequality is necessary for government to decrease the mentioned costs. Hence, an essential question proposed for Iranian economy is," How is the relationship between the increase in minimum wage level and income inequality?" The main goal of this article is to analyze the effects of minimum wage on income distribution in the economy of Iran. Methodology: We use an econometric model based on Kuznets Hypothesis to study the effects of minimum wage on distribution of income. For this purpose, annual time series of Iranian economy for the period 1969 to 2005 have been used. Using seven different models, the effects of nominal and real minimum wage on income distribution were estimated with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. Finally, the appropriate model was chosen according to goodness-of –fit and robustness criteria. Findings:The literature suggests that the effects of minimum wage on distribution of income are vague, though most of theories believe that increase in minimum wage can lead to decrease of income inequality. Empirical findings suggest that over the period from 1969 to 2005 in Iran: a) The Kuznet's hypothesis implying the presence of an inverted-U shape relationship between income distribution and per capita income is not rejectable. b) Increase in real minimum wage level in Iran has decreased income inequalities significantly in such a way that the interval of minimum wage effects on Gini coefficient has been estimated from 0.017 to .018. Therefore, we can argue that the minimum wage has been among key influencing variables on income distribution in Iranian economy. c) Increase in minimum wage levels not only has not have negative inflationary effects, but also has decreased inflation through improving labor productivity and thereby has improved the distribution of income. Although little, these effects have been statistically significant. Conclusion: The main policy implication of this research is that Iranian government can decrease income inequalities significantly besides keeping workers' purchasing power in inflations through an increase in real minimum wage levels without any serious worry about negative inflationary consequences. Of course, the government can adopt other policies besides increasing minimum wage levels including appropriate selection and implementation of other complementary supportive policies, extending social supports (creating efficient social security system), empowering workers through educating and training them, and creating a proper and efficient tax system.

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Objectives: In recent years the manifestation of child abuse as a social disaster came into public attention with the help of public media and caused much controversy and various social reactions. It was against this background that in the past few years much endeavors has gone into the criminalization of different forms of this phenomenon by civil, sociological, psychological and criminological agencies. The criminalization of this social phenomenon due to its disastrous consequences in the form of maltreatment and abuse of the children necessitates the carrying out of this task in two major categories: firstly, revictimization of the child in turn becoming a delinquent which is a kind of response to being victimized. Putting aside the adverse victimization and criminological consequences of the child abuse and the necessity of combating them the human rights aspect of child abuse breaches their physical-moral and psychological wellbeing i.e. their human dignity. For this reason child abuse and its varied manifestations must defined in an express and doubtless manner in order to separate them from the reasonable measures necessary for their proper upbringing. Method: This article is written in descriptive-analytical form having used the existing criminological and sociological writings in Farsi and English. Findings: Research has revealed that the Iranian criminal law lacks a comprehensive definition of child abuse. For this reason criminal law has so far failed to provide the necessary safeguards for children against abuse. The boarders of child abuse and reasonable measures for their proper upbringing are blurred. Results: To condemn child abuse as a social phenomenon and its criminalization within criminal law involves providing a sociological-criminological definition of this phenomenon within Iranian society. As such not only duties of parents, guardians, and teachers and …. in providing care and attention for children and students are observed, children's dignity are also protected and safeguarded against different forms of abuse.

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Problems statement: New millennium started while more than half of world population lives in cities. This issue requires attendance of the citizens in affairs managemanet along with necessity of equipment, demands and needs. The important point is barriers and prohibiting factors which prevent participation. This article intends to answer these questions by reliance on research findings in 2009 that how much the Tehran citizens tend to participate in urban affairs and what factors they follow and what their contripation in urban affairs? Methodology: It’s a survey using questionnaire and interview to gather information. For sampling, districts of the city were classified in terms of economic and social differences and then 1370 families were studied on the basis of population of each group in 22 districts of Tehran. Finding: Reinfocement of participation requires motivation, feeling of attachment to others and societies. The more the scope of attachment to city and district, the more the tenency of person to participation n urban affairs. Reinforcement of participation equires awareness, trust, satisfaction feeling and tendency to cooperation with urban associations and establishing strong relationship between citizens and urban managers. There should be trust and experience of cooperation with urban associations so that people become satisfied in addition to better performance. When the people are not sufficiently aware and are not informed of the strategies, they will not be satisfied with associations relating to ubran affairs and consequently, there will be no other participation. Although extent of participation of the persons in Tehran urban affairs is law, there are some differences between the districts. Results: Participation in urban affairs can be regarded as external requirements of the urban problems which are realized by democratizing the society, decentralizing and empowering different classes. In this regard, organized, Formal and planned models will be the best strategies along with spontaneous participations.

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Objective: Dualism between structure and action is one of the most important subjects in all of sociological paradigms and sociologists paid attention to poverty and its individual or structural causes. This article investigates the relationship between human agency and poverty. Method: The research is carried out in two regions of Esfahan and the main tool is questionnaire. The sample size is 191. Finding: There is statistically significant correlation between individual characteristics and economic situation. Individual characters explain 12.8 percent of variation in economic condition. Conclusion: Human agency has an important influence on human’s economic situation along with social and economic structure.

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Objective: Empowerment is an effective method used by most countries of the world to achieve sustainable development (Parsons, 2003). It’s emphasized in Forth Development Program of Iran, especially for poor people, including headof- household women. This study aims investigating the methods used in empowerment programs of social support agencies. Method: The method of this investigation is descriptive. The research population includes all head-of-household women participated in the empowerment programs of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and Welfare Organization between years 1384 (2006) and 1386 (2008), all of them were 50 and 44 families, respectively, in the end of 1386. Findings: The study showed that empowerment programs for head-of-household women’s led to employment and enhancing their income level. Also, occupation training can result in independence from support agencies. Moreover, psychological empowerment plan led improvements in a variety of psychological dimensions, i.e. self-efficacy, self-worth, self-esteem, life control, decisionmaking power, and problem-solving, all of them resulting to more adjustment. Conclusion: Empowerment programs for head-of-household women can lead to employment, enhancement of income level, dependency reduction, and psychological empowerment.

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Objective: This article probesto answer that which are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of citizens’ participation in civic affairs in Tehran? This is achieved through studying social, cultural, economic, politicalmanagerial, legal, and spatial-physical aspects of the subject -- providing the basis upon which planners can formulate strategies and models for citizens’ participation in short-, medium-, and long-term plans. Method: Benefiting from a qualitative approach and relying on in-depth interviews and open questions, information on social, cultural, economic, political-managerial, legal, and spatial physical aspects of citizen’s participation has gathered with the aim of providing a SWOT analysis. A statistic community consist of 60 prefessors, urban planning and social science experts, and public sector officials were selected from the several University of Tehran and Socio- Cultural Bureau of Tehran Municipality have been selected and Studied with aimed and accessable sampling. Findings and Conclusion: The Results indicated that citizens’ participation in Iran specially in Tehran faces with the number of structural, socio-cultural, political-managerial, legal, and juridical impediments. Despite the current impediments various strengths and oppor tunities for stabilishment and empower of citizens’s participation in civic Affairs exist for there more weaknesses and thresats of participation from the citizens and city management has affected the partiction. yet the neccessity citizens practipation in the affairs is not be recognized by the Urban managers and cibizens. The citizens participation is mostly superfacial and symbolic.

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  Introduction: The present study aimed to introduce the temporary marriage and to evaluate its position in Tehran.

  Method: this is a descriptive study. 395 residents of Tehran were selected either single or married. An attitude questionnaire was used for gathering the data.

  Findings: The results of the study have shown that there is at least 9.1 of temporary marriage in the families of the study sample. 25% of the cases said that they were ready for temporary marriage. Culture, family objection, logical objection and permanent wife’s objection are the main obstruct for temporary marriage in Iran. Also, men, single people, employed people, residents of the south and people with a history of temporary marriage in their family have tendency toward temporary marriage. Although 25 % of the study population was inclined to temporary marriage, its prevalence in the society is about 9 %.

Conclusion: The main obstacles for temporary marriage are culture and family.

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  Introduction: Poverty, as one of the initiatory social disorder, is as old as the history of mankind. It can say that many of the social problems of human are as direct result of poverty. Due to its antiquity, it has so deeply penetrated in different societies, and created its own culture among the poor. As an important part of rural development programs some strategies have been allocated to reduction of poverty, such goals can't be achieved without the cognition the culture of poverty. Hence, we decided to recognize the culture of poverty among villagers, and thus the rural part of Harsin Township was chosen to the study for this phenomenon.

 Method: The research Method was qualitative by using Snow Boll Sampling method for collecting data which analyzed by Grounded Theory. Deep interview and direct observation were data collection instruments.

 Findings: This study has indicated that it’s a controversy in life styles and methods of peripheral problems in poor villagers it reveals a type of culture which is called culture of poverty.

 Results: According to the findings of this study, the culture of poverty among the poor of Harsin is following by: lack of self-respect and family suspicion and pessimism determinism inherited poverty social isolation spatial and location isolation unfavorable economic situation and lack of social participation. The results were presented for the samples and hereby its validation confirmed in Harsin.

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  Introduction: The interactions of girl and boy before marriage are one of our current society complex phenomenons that are constantly controlled and limited and it is influenced by culture , religion, and customs of the society . Social-psychological Factors and needs are caused of such relationships. Purpose of this paper is to identify the influencing factors of this phenomenon.

  Method : The present study has been conducted by survey . The samples are based on the Cochran formula 240 students of Yazd University Who were selected by relative stratified sampling. Data was collected through researcher questionnaire was made, then date was analyzed by the SPSS software and the results achieved by using test t, correlation and regression .

  Findings: The findings show that more than 60% of respondents have positive attitudes towards marriage relationships before marriage, although , 22/5 % of respondents don’t have relations with the opposite sex . Also , 36/7 percent of respondents have relations with one person and 27 percent of them experienced with more than one person.

  Conclusion: The Tendency to before marriage relations has had positive relation with family income and father 's education and person age and negative relation with levels of religiosity , good relations with parents and the average of the University. Although, there wasn't a significant correlation with income , education , and average . Also , regression explain ed that approximately explain variables two emotional need and religious 27% of changes of tendency to before marriage relation .

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  Introduction: One of the latest issues in the development research is investigation of the poverty causes and alleviation of it. For the poverty alleviation, we have to know about poverty as a phenomena and the factors which affect on it.

  Method: In this paper after measuring the poverty line by using 50% (average) of expenditure and micro data of Household Income- Expenditure Survey 2005 and 2009, the poor and non-poor households are separated. In order to identify the effective factors and their impact on poverty of Iranian urban households, Logit model is estimated with maximum likelihood approach.

  Findings: The study shows that being in poverty is associated with household size, gender of the head and living in the East, the West, and North of Country.

  Conclusion: As a result, education, Being breadwinner and living in the south reduce the probability of being poor.

  JEL Classification: I32, C23, R20.