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Objectives: The main aim goal of this paper is estimating level and distribution of Social capital (SC) in Iran’s provinces. in this research, first, I have reviewed about the theories of the social capital in order to find the best theoretical model for this research. Then, I estimated the amount of the social capital. Method: For this main, we have reviewed theoretical and empirical literature of human capital, and then we used Dugom Method for estimation the level and distribution of social capital in Iran’s Provinces. The Dogum Method has been formed three old methods of social capital estimation. We used latent variable, because social capital is a qualified variable. The study concludes that the social capital in Yazd province is more than other provinces of Iran. Results: The results show that there are positive relation between all of variable which are related to social capital and the formulation of social capital in Iran’s province except crime index

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Nowadays democracy is considered to be one of the most important parameters of development in new era. As a result, the trend toward democratization of a society’s culture is an essential step to achieve a stable development. In that case, identifying the relationship between acceptability of democracy and socialcultural factors is very important. In this study, using the method of survey and questionnaire technique, a sample number of 385 students of University of Isfahan was chosen in the form of quota sampling. After distributing the questionnaires and then collecting the data hypothesis were tested. In statistical analysis of the research methods of descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, percent, etc) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, regression, etc) has been used. Based on the results there is a significant relationship between gender and acceptability of democracy that is more among men than women. It is 76% among men and 72% among women. Also the results suggest that it has a direct relationship with family structure, fatalism, socio-economic base, the amount of using media, and social trust. Furthermore there is no significant relationship between acceptability of democracy, education level, and how religious people are.

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Introduction: Social welfare is fundamentally tied to household consumption patterns and income levels, where enhanced consumption conditions can elevate overall societal well-being. This study investigates how exchange rate fluctuations differentially affect: (1) price levels of goods and services consumed by various income groups, and (2) average income across deciles in both urban and rural regions of Iran, analyzing both the direction and magnitude of these impacts.
Method: Using a simple linear model and the structural vector autoregression (SVAR) technique, this study analyzes the variance in consumer goods and services costs and average income of income groups. The impact of exchange rate shocks (IRF) is evaluated using annual data from 1363  to 1401 (1984–2022), with a one-period lag considered.
Findings: The Johansen cointegration test confirms a statistically significant long-run equilibrium relationship at the 5% significance level. The empirical results demonstrate that a 1% increase in the exchange rate leads to a 0.72% decline in social welfare. During the observation period, exchange rate volatility exerted its most pronounced impact on expenditure categories for education, healthcare, and communication services across both urban and rural regions.
Discussion: Rising exchange rates and declining national currency value impose substantial cost burdens on households, threatening essential expenses like education and health. Exchange rate impacts on communication costs are also significant, necessitating greater attention from policymakers.