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Social and political justices are the central themes in people participation to macro and mi¬cro policies in every society. According to political philosophers, two basic factors, which involved in people’s judgments about political equality are distributive and procedural jus¬tice. Current approaches to distributive social justice in many of the societies investigated by sociologists and psychologists and furthermore on the basis of these researches recognized that without attention to people’s perceptions toward social justice, serious social and politi¬cal problems arise. According to Coleman (1990) major elements of political justice are the devices and elements equality in political decisions.
Additionally, within this framework, these elements involve four subjects: distributive equal¬ity, opportunities equality. In this research, the relationship between social justice approaches and political justice components has been investigated. Statistical population of this research were the total of sixteen - year - old persons and more who were inhabitant in Esfahan city. From statistical population, four hundred people (two hundred males and two hundred females), randomly selected responding to two questionnaire, that is Rasinsky social justice questionnaire and Yousephy’s political equality questionnaire. It should be mentioned that four hundred members of sample group selected to be comparable this results with Youse¬phy’s research. The data analyzed with the use of Pearson correlation coefficients. Results showed that there is a significant reverse (negative) relationship between economic individu¬alism and equity in social justice with opportunity and participative equality. Also there is a significant direct (positive) relationship between equality in social justice and distributive, legal and participative equality in political justice.
There is a significant direct (positive) relationship between need in social justice and distribu¬tive and participative equality in political justice, whereas between need and legal equality there is a significant reverse (negative) relationship. Canonical correlation analysis showed that four approaches in social justice were able to predict political equality from total social justice indirectly.

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Recent Studies Show That Children from economically disadvantage families exhibit lower levels of cognitive functioning. The current research emphasises on this field by focusing on one mechanism that links material hardship to child out comes, namely the mediating effect of maternal depression. 1462 mothers in postpartum period in 1380 and 3 years later in 1383 respond to questionnaires including Denver Development Screening test and center for Epidemio Logical Studies, Depression scale in a longitude research program. Results show that maternal depression and poverty Jeopardized the development of child, especially for Cognitive development.

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Objective: Modern industry has affected the role of women by creating jobs mainly dealt with producing ones. As women entered the labor market in growing numbers it became evident that their position was not the same as that of men. The aim of current research was an analysis of wage structures and of their role in the gender payment discrepancy. A question that can be addressed is the difference between knowledge, skills and aptitudes of men and women with same wages. Method: Participants were 98 men from car producing company and 98 women from textile complexes in Tehran and Isfahan. They were compared with each other basedon their wages, education and tenure and their job dimensions referring to knowledge, skills and aptitudes (KSA). Position Analysis Questionnaire was the job analysis instrument. Findings: Results indicate that women were superior in their KSA after matching wages in other words, women with the same knowledge skills and aptitude receive less from compensation system. Promotion of KSA was more than women among men in population. Results: Because women KSA can be expected to increase in future, paying attention to gender justice in work setting according to KSA is important.

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Objective: The main purpose of this research was study the role of citizenship participation, meritocracy and organizational structure (bureaucratic and traditional) in the organizational citizenship behavior, affiliation organizational commitment and trust to coworkers. Method: From A group organizations (bureaucratic) one thousand and two hundred twenty two and from B group organizations (traditional) four hundred seventy seven (from throughout of Iran) were selected with the use of multi stage sampling method. Five questionnaire used in this research: meritocracy, citizenship participation, organizational citizenship behavior, affiliation organizational commitment, and trust to coworkers. Findings: the analysis of variances showed that meritocracy, citizenship participation and organizational citizenship behavior were significantly higher in A group (bureaucratic) organizations than B group (traditional) organizations. Afterward, organizational structure in the form of artifact variable entered to hierarchical regression analysis. The result showed that meritocracy in A group organizations significantly increased the organizational citizenship behavior. The same result also showed that in A group organizations, citizenship behavior adjusts the effect of meritocracy on citizenship participation. But in B group organizations, after control of meritocracy, it has significant relationship with affiliation organizational commitment and trust to coworkers. Results: In order to develop citizenship Participation and Meritocracy, attention to organizational structure, specifically bureaucratic organizations, seems to be essential for future in Iran.

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Introduction: due to the fact that the negative effects of burnout on human resources, paying attention to this phenomena is increasing among managers. Meta-analysis, with integrating the result of different studies, determines the effect size of relationship between burnout and mental health. Method: In this study, by using meta-analysis method, the effects of relationship between burnout and burnout's dimensions (Emotional exhaustion, Depersonalization, Reduced personal accomplishment) was studied. So among 16studies, 10 studies which methodologically accepted were selected and meta-analysis was done on it. The research tool was meta-analysis checklist. Finding: Burnout has high relation with mental health(R= -0/514). Emotional exhaustion relation with mental health is higher than average(R= -0.445). Depersonalization relation with mental health is average(R= -0.344). And reduced personal accomplishment relation with mental health is lower than average( R=-0.275). Discussion: Integrating result shows that burnout has high relation with mental health.

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Introduction: Organizational citizenship behavior is one of the important factors in organizational performance and productivity. The aim of current research was to investigate The Role of Perceived Organizational Justice, organizational norms and personality characteristics on attitude to organizational citizenship behavior.

 

Method: Design of this research was semi-experimental. Participants randomly selected from employees of Oghab Afshan Company (only men) and arranged in 8 groups. With regards to subgroups analysis, sample size, estimated 120 participants. Participants responded individually to IPIP personality questionnaire, and then organizational norms and justice manipulated by vignettes, and at last participants answered to organizational citizenship behavior checklist.

 

Findings: Data was analyzed with multivariate analysis of covariance. Results indicated that organizational justice (corporative interpersonal), organizational norms (encouragementdisencouragement), and personality characteristics (conscientiousnessagreeableness) have effect on attitude to organizational citizenship behavior. Although type and rate of effects differs depend on organizational or interpersonal situation, and person or organization direct citizenship behavior.

 

Discussion: organizational justice is a key and effective variable in organizational citizenship behavior. This finding is consistant with researches and presented models such as Adams equality theory.

 

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  Introduction: Retirement domain researchers adapted one of prospective or retrospective form. In the former they ask employees about a variety of expectations regarding their activities and situations after their prospective retirement, while in the latter they ask retirees to recall what their pre-retirement situations and thoughts had been. In the current research these two methods was combined and tested these hypothesis that there is relation between expected frequencies of retirement activities before and after retirement. This hypothesis also predicted that correlation coefficient on the diagonal are bigger in the correlation coefficients matrix .In other words the biggest correlation was between each characteristics before retirement and the same characteristics (not other characteristic) after retirement and also for the retirement activities. The current study also respond to this question ‛which factors formed the perceived activities during (before and after) retirement’.

  Method: Data were collected by questionnaire both for retirement activities and job characteristics, before and after retirement. Participants were employees of a big company of Tehran, that were in start of retirement. The measure for job characterizes was Sims, Szilagyi and Keller's Questionnaire of Job Characteristics and for retirement activities was Beehr's Questionnaire (Beehr & Nielson, 1995).

  Findings: Finding indicated that there is relation between prospective and retrospective reports. This relation confirm in both job characteristics and retirement period activities.

  Discussion : According to planned behavior, persons planned for retirement and select retirement activities based on their planning.

 

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Introduction: The aim of the current research was to investigate determinant of preschool years to school behaviors according to biopsychosocial model of human. Some of variables rooted in delivery period while other variables related to preschool years.

Method: Participant initially were 1428 mothers and their children in postpartum period who respond to CES-D scale in longitudinal research program, also age of their children in the time of delivery and his weight was recorded.3 years later in 1383 mothers respond to questionnaires including Denver Development Screening Test for preschool representative of cognitive and motor development of their children. Performance and behavior of children at 4- Grad in school was measured via children behavior questionnaire, in 1390. The sample was decreased to 1210 persons.

Findings: While maternal depression and poverty jeopardized learning and physical well- being in school years, they unfolding conduct disorder and anxiety. Contrary preschool cognitive and motor development of children increase their learning and physical well-being and diminish conduct disorder and anxiety.

Discussion: according to biopsycho social model, human being were in fluenced by these variables. Social welfare will have signifi cant effect on cognitive and motor development of future generation and omission of poverty can produce better social entity.

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Introduction: Methodological issues pertaining to multilevel research are certainly complex. However, this complexity is fruitful  in many domains, such as collective and shared constructs. Methods of data analysis obtained from random tests when the unit of analysis corresponds to intervention unit are well recognized. When individual and random data are used via a group intervention, different statistical methods should be applied to evaluate treatment effects. The three introduced models are: I: individuals randomly assigned to individually administered treatments, II: preexisting groups are randomly assigned to group administered treatments and III: randomization is administered on an individual basis, while the treatment is administered on a group setting. This research shows that most research in social welfare corresponds to the second or third model while data were analyzed with the well – recognized first model. An example of managing workplace bullying by training employees of a holding company in citizenship behavior through different courses and using different sites illustrates the third model. Variance component of the exemplified research was computed for three models at level 1( ) and level 2( ). It was shown that the best ratio of these variance component appears in the third model.

Method: All (quasi) experimental articles in Social Welfare Quarterly (SWQ) in which group treatment was applied were investigated. .Also, the content analysis method was used to investigate connotations of group therapy in introduction, discussion and conclusion of articles. The mentioned studies  illustrate a distinction  between the units that are randomized at the cluster level while the intervention is delivered at the individual or group (cluster) level. Six articles  were chosen. The unit of randomization and the unit to which treatment is administered for these articles were determined and  correspondence between them was analyzed .  Only in one article the treatment was administered in clusters, but in three articles there is no correspondence between the unit of analysis in randomization and treatment. Results of content analysis indicate that only half of the articles  in social welfare journal referred to group treatment, although none of the groups are reflected in the statistical analysis. .

Findings: In all the  six articles of  SWQ, deficiency in statistical method was observed, because in all of them ANOVA methods were applied instead of hierarchical method regardless of  group therapy . Also, except for one article  there is was no  attention paid to group setting effects in the introduction and discussion. The third data analysis model received little methodological attention that raises  issues. The most important issue is the relationship between treatment and residual variance. Traditional regression models and multilevel models were compared. The advantage of multilevel models especially their explicit determination of  source of variability at both individual and group level was mentioned.

Discussion: The results  showed that method of hierarchical linear models were not applied in articles published by  SWQ. It is recommended to consider two articles which were written a decade ago byLee & Thompson (2005) and Roberts & Roberts (2005). The advantage of paying attention to the unit of randomization and treatment and between design of research and statistical method of analyzing data empowers researchers to control for contamination across individuals if the cluster was used in randomization or treatment. In cluster randomized research,  such as research of Ali Pouri Niaz et al (1388) which has been conducted  at different sites and communities, the third model in this article  was superior to traditional pre-post tests. The methods introduced in this article  for analyzing data can be extended to some of the more complex situations encountered in social welfare research.

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Introduction: This article is a critical paper related to outstanding paper, namely “Methodological and meaning critique of social capital” by Fariborz Raisdana in the 55th issue of the Journal of Social Welfare.  Since the early 1990s the social capital appeared in the development lexicon as a positive phenomenon, in contrast to Marxist perspective that has always been theorized capital as a historically – specific social relation of class exploitation. In judging between two views, Raisdana defends the latter position. Theory of social capital mixed two domains “economic” and “non –economic” and allows researchers to import the concept of social in economic analysis through the backdoor. İn spite of two major theorists Coleman and Putnam this effort was unsatisfactory, because of its contradictory foundation and its impoverished notions of both the economic and social. Raisdana praises  Fine because he critically regarded the issue and considered it as being contained discrimination as well as a vague and inaccurate and insists that the word social capital was based on conservative acceptance of capitalist accepted norms. However, in his critics, he follows Ben fine, but he forgets Fine emphasis on Braudel’s critic of capital. Fernando Braudel is superior to  Beurdiue in both  scientific status and theoretical power in critical view on capital construct, Especially his suggestion that capitalism is something different from the market economy. Unlike the market economy two categories, namely material life and capitalist economy were in shadowy zone. In the current article the social capital is attributed to this shadowy zone and criticized as a fuzzy concept with illdefined meaning.
Method:The method was a critical study that rational and structural critiques have been criticized in Raisdana’s article due to its shortcomings, while its strengths are admired.
Findings:The most significant strength of Raisdana was his attention to the notion of transforming capital in Marx view to  its reconceptualisation in social capital (SC), his critique of replacing consequence of SC with causation, vagueness and ambiguity of SC is his strength.However,  Raisdana can’t explain intangible asset in SC, also Raisdand confused historical pionts such as Italian studies of Putnam and his  references are wrong. By content analysis of Raisdana’s article  eleven axes in his critiques to SC concept are recognized, however many of them were discussed by Ben fine and Raisdana adopted his  view points, But Raisdana creativity was the theory presented by him that he coined it an Anicapital theory of  official corruption.
Discussion: Raisdana notices only marxistian critic of  social capital and neglects the outstanding scientist of Annals school.  Ultimately, Raisdana’s definition of anti-capital (instead of capital) of social capital is particularly important. It has been shown in this paper that it is possible to construct a more precise interpretation of capital in the negative sense of corrupt administration through Fernando Braudel’s theory.
The  author of the current paper acknowledges Reisdana on social capital versus social theories, especially  in (not mentioned by him) these two theories, namely social identity theory and strength of weak ties, and confirms Fine’s suggestion to omit social capital word from social theory because of its incapability to explain social phenomena. The author expands Raisdana’s  statement of “Anticapital theory of corruption”. Raisdana’s protested to the idea of social capital based on inaccurate ideas is praised. The article accepts most of his criticisms, but emphasizes some of his mistakes.

 

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Introduction
Identifying and correct errors is essential to science, so propose the maxim that science is self correcting. While the err is humain is accepted reflected in philosophy of science especially in giving rise to the maxim that scientific hypothesis must have the chance to falsify. In the current paper, the author point to errors in correlational studies, that occure because of misusing language.
Critical Review of Refrences
Critical Review of articles essentially in observational research conclude thirteen taxa in social welfare era. First some papers contain exploratory factor analysis claim hypothesis testing, while we must mention that only confirmatory analysis deserve to have hypothesis. If the items being loaded under one factor couldn’t distinguish with items under another factor, it is wrong to called them with different labell. The construct must be meaningful.
Discussion
Researchers use a varity of rationalizations to make sense of their meaningless researches that have no value for practitioners neither for practitioners nor for other researchers. Motivation to gather data in these research is only the needs of researchers not any other person in the world. These researchers think they are contributing to science as a great and noble enterprise. and satisfy their ambitions. Most correlational studies in social welfare investigated in this paper were utterly redundant.