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This paper explores the development of social services in Japan in terms of the broader concepts of welfare Orientalism and Occidentalism . The focus of this paper is on the roles-both negative and positive-played by the "West" in the construction of Japanese social service provision, not only literally in the form of foreign advisers in the early Meiji and post-war Occupation periods, but also metaphorically as a "model" for Japanese social policy makers either to emulate or to avoid . It concentrates in particular on the system of voluntary welfare commissioners called the minseiiin seido and how their role has been variously integrated in the light of ideas about how social welfare has 'developed, and should develop, in the future in Japan in comparison with "Western" societies . The significance of these debates extends beyond welfare since, underlying them, are fundamental ideas about the role and the nature of the "person", the "family", the "community", and as well as the concepts of "civic duties", "rights" and "citizenship", and how these may differ in Japan and North American and West European societies, leading thereby to very different social ideas about "welfare" .

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Many countries in Asia is undergoing significat demographic , social and economic transformations which challenge the capability of social security schemes to adapt to new emerging needs and the problem of rising social security costs. The Republic of Korea established the first medical insurance Act in 1963. At that time, The Korean government decided to implement a voluntary insurance scheme in view of the difficulties encountered by individuals and enterprises to pay insurance contributions due to the low level of per capita income and the poor financial situation of the enterprises. However, with the successful implementation of three consecutive Five-year Economic Development Plan initiated form 1962 , the Republic of Korea achieved notable economic progress as well as improvements in social welfare protection. In tire fourth Five-year Economic Development Plan, the government re-examined the medical insurance issue in 0rder to provide the population with comprehensive protection against diseases . In 1996, 97.9 percent of the population covered by the medical insurance program the rest were covered by the medical aid program. The financial resources of the medical insurance system come from contributions paid by the insured person and his/her employer and government subsidies. For health care in rural areas , government-operated public health centers , health sub-centers and primary health care post have been established throughout the country. Health expenditure as a percentage of GNP in the Republic of Korea increased from 2.7 per cent in 1970 to 5.4 percent in 1994 the growth rate is approximately 2.9 percent a year. The future option is to further pursue more effective cost containment policies regulating tile supply and demand sides as well as the rates of medical care fees which affect the entire medical market. The experiences of social security and medical insurance system of the Republic of Korea can be used in the countries such as Iran.

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Crime and deviance comprises those actions which are deemed so damaging to tile interests of he community that the state determines that it must take a direct role in identifying and acting against the criminal and deviant. When we consider the prevention of crime, we are looking at a set of event joined only in their proscription by statute . The view that society must by radically changed for crime control to occur may also be found among some practitioners within criminal justice, but there it has coexisted with the more popular rival that the greatest prevention possibitilies lie in changing the hearts and minds of established or potential offenders by control or reform . All foeories of crime are also foeories of crime prevention . specific primary prevention measures would continue to by applied as tiiey became available. By foe analysis of fast changes in crime rates, numerous crime prevention successes would have been identified, common lessons learned, and the morale of crime preventers enhanced.

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Present research is done for inspecting the reasons that cause further return of addicts to addiction in work therapy and reforming camping of Zanjan Province with the aim of recognition control source (internal & external) in those who have again return and also know the reasons and causes of effective factors in further return to addiction in 1381-82. Sample include 271 addict persons who return again. The manner of research is correlation which itself is a kind of descriptive measurement investigation by using of two questionnaires. The first questionnaire is on the basis of internal and external factors. Scale is used to determine information which is related to the basis of further tendency into addiction according theoretical grounds and hypothesis and for information analysis is used from descriptive statistical method. Findings of this research show: 77/2 percent of studied society have external control source. The most further return to addiction occur in 20-37 years which is approximately 39 percent and from this amount, 27 percent consist people who have internal control source. It is observed that further return in those people who are married is more than single people, and also there is most amount of further return among people who have less education and have internal control source rather than who have external control source. The average of further return period to addiction is 7 months and 19 days in studied society, and seperately, people who have internal control source, it is 3 to 10 days and those who have external control source, it is 6 months and 24 days.

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This research was conducted to distinguish the physical, social and mental problems of elderly in Tehran. The method of this study is based on survey research. Data was collected by questionnaire, from residents of district 13 in Tehran. To do so, random sampling has been used to select a sample of 300 persons who come to elderly cultural center. Hafezieh center and Piroozee park in district 13 in Tehran. Data was analysed by SPSS. According to this research, from 300 people, aged 60 and over (52 percent women), 32.3 percent of the sample were illiterate, and 3 percent were single. 55 percent of the respondents had economic problems. 25.6 percent had difficulties doing activities of daily living. 21 percent expressed dissatisfaction with their current living condition. 27.3 percent did not have medical insurance. 24 percent of the respondents had moral and emotional problems, such as depression, anxiety, boredom and need for counseling . The elderly people in Tehran, particularly women face multiple problems, regarding economic, physical, social, mental and emotional. These problems influence the quality of life of the elderly people. This study shows that a more accurate social welfare program for elderly is of essence to provide better and fulfilling life

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Objective: This research was conducted to investigate factors related to value conflict between parents and children (fathers and students in the fourth year of high school). Method: The method is survey research. The basic variables of this research are contradiction of norms, individualism, family contradiction with the reference group, value diversity and identity crisis, as independent variables, and value conflict as dependent variable. Samples of research are pre-university students in Amol. 240 students were chosen by simple random sampling. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation) were used. Findings: It was found that there are significant relationships between variables such as contradiction of norms, fathers as reference groups, family conflicts, individualism, educational styles, identity crisis, and value conflict.

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Objectives: This research attempts to deal with effective factors on the youth abnormal behaviors by making use of social disorganization, strain, control and differential association theories. Fast population growth, change in the political and economic construction of rural society, industrial development based on montage and dependent industries, lack of deep harmony between the cultural and technical development, in other words, unfit development in Iran in the present time cause some irregularities and disorders which their result is the growth of social abnormalities and deviations in the cities. Norms are the rules of behavior. The order and conformity in the society is bound to the harmony on these rules. Any actions which do not conform to the accepted norms in a society and violate them are called abnormalities. The crucial goal of the research was to study the social abnormality among the youth. The analytical approaches of the research is social disorganization. To elaborate the analytical approaches, anomie, general strain, delinquent subcultures, control, differential association, and power control theories were applied in this research. Method: The research method was 'survey'. In reality, the type and aims of this research effectuate to prefer it to other methods which affect on abnormality. For measuring the abnormality, self-reported for data collection was used. The sample population was 220 young people living in the suburbs of Sari and Babol (northern cities in Iran) which was estimated through cluster sampling of multiple stages. Socio-economic variable is based on Duncan & Salkind, socio-economic index which is a combination of average indexes of income, education level and job. Family problems variable is the combination of quarrel and family problems which consist of verbal disputes, thrashing and leaving home by parents. Findings: The results of the research showed that the rate of abnormalities among the youth of suburbs of those cities was average. The factor analysis illustrates four sorts like moral abnormality, legal abnormality, ritual abnormality, and customary moral abnormality. Based on the results obtained from multiple regression, association with others, family problems, control failure, labels, alienation, religious beliefs, and socioeconomic status were the significant variables to abnormalities. The path analysis showed that the socioeconomic status, alienation, and abnormality affect the family problems, and also affect the association with abnormal companions, and those in turn influence on the abnormality of the individual. Besides, the rate of abnormality varies from girls to boys. In fact, the abnormalities among boys are more than the abnormalities among girls. Also the differences between the degree of abnormality among those under 18 years of old are more significant. The mean abnormality of those older than 18 years were more than under 18 years old. It can be claimed that as one gets older and associates more with his/her community, the rate of his/her abnormality goes up. Path analysis diagram shows that independent variables not only are directly effective on abnormality but also they have indirect effect on dependent variable. Results: Results show that the youth abnormal behavior is of medium range. They also indicate that factors as socio-economic status, relatives, religious belief, family problems and social control failure are crucial for their abnormality. Due to research's question it can be said that abnormality degree of the youths who are inhabited in outskirts of sample cities is medium. According to the research theoretical framework and based on acquired results from multi-variables and path analysis can be inferred that abnormality as a direct variable makes from various factors which is in casual relation with each other and all its changes are shown by causation variables. In this model, socio-economic base, alienation, label affect on family problems and associating with abnormal friends and them finally affect on person's abnormality. Based on research theoretical model, constructive factors such as low socio- economic base, alienation and abnormal label in outskirts areas are as effective forces to decline society which oblige inhabitants to accept behavioral models. In this area, social control constitutions such as family and schools would be failed. They can’t act normally. Most of outskirts inhabitants don't be able to acquire successful indexes through customary instruments. As a result, they feel angry, privation, umbrage and repulsion which press against them. Due to social pressure and seclusion, special cultures of low-level increase and cause unfit neighboring relations. This independent subcultures cause a set of values and beliefs which are in contrast with customary normality. Inhabitants of this area behave abnormal to harmonize with the subculture values of low-level. Constructive factors such as low socio-economic base, movement and motion, ethnical and racial harmony and separated families cause low organizational cooperation, feeble control and weakness of friendship relations which strengthen abnormal behaviors in this area.

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Objectives: Health of society is based on its individual. Person’s healthy life is product of interaction between personal choices and their enveloping socioeconomic environment. In 1948, the World Health Organization identified social well-being as one of several facets of an individual’s overall health. Social well-being is defined as an individual’s self-report of the quality of their relationship with other people, their neighbourhood, and their communities. Social well-being is operationalized as an individual’s perceptions of their integration into society, acceptance of other people, coherence of society and social events, one’s sense of contribution to society, and the potential and growth of society. The Learning of social skills and membership in a social network enable individual to interact effective with others. These are indicators of behavioural health and social well-being. This study aims to major Social Wellbeing and explore its relationship with social demographic variable. Method: this study design as a cross sectional. The sample size of this study was 1024 students of university of social welfare and rehabilitation. 168 students agreed to enter the study. To collect data 2 different questionnaires was applied: social demographic and Social Well-being questionnaires. Data analyzes was done with One-Way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation, T and Mann Whiney test results. Statistically analyses were done by spss. Findings: In terms of educational departments, students of clinical psychological and Speech Therapy showed in tern, the highest and least Social Well-being scores but not find meaningful difference between educational departments. MST student’s Social Well-being scores were higher than BS. Findings showed marriage student’s Social Well-being scores were higher than singles as marriage student’s Social Well-being scores were 84.84 and for single’s were 66.63. And male students had higher scores than female as male students Social Well-being scores were 86 and female students Social Well-being scores were 67.6. Also, averages of Social Well-being scores for were membership in association were 82.13 and for students were not membership in association were 66.20 and this difference was meaningful. Results: The finding of this study showed significant relationship between social well-being and some social demographic variable among students. Social Wellbeing had significant relationship with material status, education, sex, membership in association, and employment status, but not with education major, parent’s education and student’s age.

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Objective: In Iranian society, women as half of the population play an important role in employment and social development. Hence, addressing the issue of women’s working and its relationship with their health status is inevitable. On the other hand, evidence suggests that in addition to medical interventions, health depends on socioeconomic conditions like job classifications. Method: It’s a cross-sectional study on 160 women working in welfare centers in Tehran. Participants were recruited using a multistage cluster method. To measure the variables, checklist of personal data with demographic variables and General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) were used. Findings: Between mental health and job classification, there was a significant correlation (p<0.005). Comparing job classifications on a one-to-one basis showed a significant difference in mental health between manager and expert women, so that, managers had less mental health than experts. Conclusion: Managers and policy makers of organizations, as well as health planners, should pay more attention to job which seems to be a social determinant of women’s mental health.

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Intorduction: The aim of this study is to analyze the relation between social capital and those values which sociologists prescribe for the development of societies. Considering the fact that values have their roots in social macro structure, and regarding the appearance of women public sphere, the main research question is that, do woman's modern values differ across diverse social capital. Therefore, this research has striven to explain the effect of women's social capital on their values orientation. Method: The research is a survey questionnaires were given to 504, 15-45 women in Shiraz. For this purpose 342 students were chosen from different field of study by random sampling. The questioner has face construct validity and reliability credits. Cronbach's Alpha is applied to assess reliability. To improvement of construct validity Factor analysis is applied. Findings: Social capital has a significant relation with globalism, universalism, rationality and desire to gain knowledge. Conclusion: social capital that always had been missed in development procedure has a significant relation with development related values. In other words it has a determining effect on improvement of women’s cognition about development related values.

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Introduction: Security is one of the fundamental components of social welfare and women as the human wealth of any society have an effective role in promoting the social transcendence and goals. This study aimed to determine the social factors affecting the sense of security in women of Sanandaj city.

 

Method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 18 to 65 year old women of Sanandaj city and 250 samples were selected by multi-period clustering sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data gathering. Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation, Tukey and regression tests.

 

Findings: There was no significant relationship between women’s sense of social security in Sanandaj city and economic and social status, appropriate clothing, religiosity and the use of mass media, but there was significant positive correlation between women's sense of social security and social protection (p=0.0001 r=0.399) and place of residence (p=0.0001 r=0.502). These two parameters predicted approximately 30% of the variance of the women’s sense of social security in Sanandaj city.

 

Discussion: Parameters of place of residence and social support security are effective on women’s sense of social security in Sanandaj city and the poor economic status, street harassment and wife abuse are major concerns of many women in this city.

 

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Introduction: The present study investigates the relationship between power distribution pattern in family and social class of women for having a healthy family and society. 
Method: The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and Cochran’s formula and cluster sampling method from 383 participants. The statistical population consists of married women in municipal districts 1 and 19 of Tehran. 
Findings: The results show that 46% of contemporary families experience symmetric power distribution and 54% of families experience man-centered asymmetric power distribution. 
Discussion: With the rise of the social class of women, increased ownership of valuable resources and access to life opportunities, the distribution of power in the family becomes more symmetrical; if women in society have valuable resources such as education, employment, wealth, and income, and if they have access to marital opportunities such as successful marriage, health, etc. then the distribution of power in the family will be more balanced and democratic.