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The study of previous Earthquakes in iran and humanity and social crises and disorders resulted from them point to this fact that there has been no disaster planning and management based on the previous experiences of different quakes in order to decrerse the social disorders following the disaster. So, we can see a chaos and lots of efforest in vain which see useless and of no use, as if it is the first experience of society hit by quake. Having a brief look at the report provided by Dr.jaleh shaditalab titled as “Roodbar-Manjil Earthquake” will emphasis this fact, (shaditalab 1370).

This article is written according to the observation made on the earlier days after the Earthquake and an interview with quake - hit people on Day, 5^th, 1382 and is trying to represent a vivid description of inceasing social processes, helping organizations functions and server and unfavorable condition after the Earthquake; Which are the results of mis-management.

Although, there seemed to be a tewporary national - based groups and formations, but a great lees of “social capital” occured simply because there were the lack of disaster managements and plannings and undesirable system in distributing foods, clothes and drugs.

Finally, the writer has drawn a homework for modification the intervention management according to the social working charter draft.

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Objectives: The convergent orientation of recent Social theory is toward acknowledging the significance of realm of consumption and lifestyle practices instead of production and work in constituting Social identities. This shift in social base of identities can be justified in interrelated processes of modernity. The notion of Lifestyle and corresponding arguments and theories seekto offer a consistent interpretation of Social identity and cultural changes in the content of late modernity. We can conclude that in process of modernisation, particular forms of individualty have developed and have been focused upon and expressed through spheres of Social action - such as taste, manners and fashion which are conventionally taken to be the province of Lifestyle practices. These spheres of Social action have become increasingly important in describing Social Life as other forms of structural distinction have come to be seen less important. Method: These hypothesis are studied through Delphi Method, on the mid-youth in the age range of 15 to 29. Conclusion: The basic and general question of this study is to elevatete the possiblity of explaining Lifestyles simmilarities and differences of Lifestyles can be the measure of new Social grouping that is to determine borders of social differentiation or identity from a critical review of litrature.

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Objective: The aim of the present study is to examine associations among several family functions and resilience against substance which is begin use in high school students. Method: 145 high school students at risk for substance use participated in this correlational study. Family assessment device (FAD) and a researcher-made questionnaire were applied to assess variables. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regressions. Finding: This study revealed significant associations among family functions (problem-solving, communication, roles, control, emotional involvement and general function) and resilience against substance use. But emotional responsiveness was inconsistent with them. Results of multiple regression showed that the emotional involvement can Predict respectively 13% of the resilience against substance use variance (p<0/0001). Conclusion: The more the family functions is healthy and favorable, the more probability of offspring becomes resilient in the face of substance use.

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Introduction: Given the importance of measuring quality of life, as an important outcome for evaluating the health status of individuals as well as assess response to interventions, the need to examine the psychometric characteristics of this questionnaire is evident. In this study the structural validity of the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire, using Rasch analysis has been studied.
 Method: Population examined in this study included 500 people from physically- movement disabled community that has been selected of Crescent Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center of Tehran. Participants in this study received the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire, which contain 6 subscales, and completed it. Then analysis was performed using Rasch analysis. On each of the dimensions one model of Rasch family models ,which is called partial credit model, was fitted and then suitability of the items was considered with using of standard item fit statistics and analysis of differential item functioning.
 Findings: After removing four overall items and then fitting the models separately on each dimension, four items of 12 items of physical health dimension, 14 items of 24 items of mental health dimension, 11 items of 16 items of independence dimension, 7 items of 12 items of social communication dimension, 7 item of 27 items of health environment dimension and 2 items of 4 items of religion, mental status and personal beliefs dimension diagnosed improper and excluded of questionnaire. Reliability indices, including Psi and Cronbach's alpha, were respectively in (0.900, 0.644) and (0.576, 0.878) intervals.
 Discussion: The remaining items in each of the dimensions of the WHOQOL-100 questionnaires have been correctly fitted model So they can measure only one aspect of quality of life. For all dimensions, the reliability index PSI, was larger than Cronbach's alpha index

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Introduction: Child neglect is one of the most common types of child maltreatment which has a wide-range of harmful and long lasting impacts on children. Various countries have defined signs to help child experts recognize possible signs of neglect for early assessment and intervention. However, defining it requires consideration of the cultural and social situations of each country which have impact on the perception of child neglect. The purpose of this study is to define these signs in Tehran.

Method: Delphi Technique was used in this study to gain the consensus of child experts about physical and behavioral signs of neglect. In this Method, in three rounds, qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect and analyze the data.

Findings: After the three rounds, 66 signs of child neglect in these two groups were gained through consensus among panel members

Discussion: The results of comprehensive comparison of these signs with signs of other countries and primary needs of children show that the signs cover children’s primary needs and despite the general consistency and similarity between the signs of this research and other countries, there were some differences that may be due to the difference in the priority of experts.

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Introduction: The present study investigates the relationship between power distribution pattern in family and social class of women for having a healthy family and society. 
Method: The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and Cochran’s formula and cluster sampling method from 383 participants. The statistical population consists of married women in municipal districts 1 and 19 of Tehran. 
Findings: The results show that 46% of contemporary families experience symmetric power distribution and 54% of families experience man-centered asymmetric power distribution. 
Discussion: With the rise of the social class of women, increased ownership of valuable resources and access to life opportunities, the distribution of power in the family becomes more symmetrical; if women in society have valuable resources such as education, employment, wealth, and income, and if they have access to marital opportunities such as successful marriage, health, etc. then the distribution of power in the family will be more balanced and democratic.

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Introduction: Introduction: Health is one of the main indicators of development in any country, and investing in this sector has a direct impact on the welfare of society and economic growth. The lack and insufficiency in providing health services is considered as a sign of government weakness. Therefore, it is very important to examine the performance of governments in the health sector.
Method: The present research has investigated the effect of governance sub-indicators on health costs for two groups of low-income and high-income countries. To conduct this research, a balanced mixed data model was used. The total health cost was used as a dependent variable and the governance sub-indicators including six sub-indicators were used as independent variables and the human development index was used as a control variable. We used Eviews10 software to perform calculations.
Findings: The findings of the research in the group of low-income countries confirmed the effect of the following governance indicators on health costs. In addition, all the coefficients of the variables in the high-income group were significant at the 90% confidence level, which means that the better the governance index, the higher the health costs appear to be. The model used in the research also had a suitable fitness.  
Discussion: Arguing based on the results of the research, it is recommended to the governance system of low-income countries that have weak governance to reduce political instability and reduce restrictive laws. In addition, removing trade barriers and creating a competitive environment in these countries is a key and inevitable issue.
JEL Classification: I18, O57,
 

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Introduction: One of the most important goals of health systems and policy makers in this field is equality in access to health services. Inequality in the distribution of health resources leads to different health levels between different regions of the country. The aim of this study was to investigate inequalities in the distribution of health resources in the provinces of Iran.
Method: This is an applied study and a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted to investigate inequality of distribution of health resources in public sector during the period 2011-2020 by using Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve. 
Findings: The highest Gini coefficient was related to health houses 0.33، pharmacies 0.32 and laboratories 0.35 which had relatively unequal distribution. Gini coefficient of specialist physicians decreased from 0.21 to 0.13. The distribution of general practitioners and dentists، although based on Gini coefficient values، shows equal and relatively equal distribution، but the numerical value of Gini coefficient has been increasing in the study period.
Discussion: The findings of this study confirm that although the average of health resources (per 10،000 population) have increased in most indicators، but the distribution of these resources between the provinces has worsened. Therefore, in order to more equitably distribute health resources of the public sector among the provinces, policies should be revised in such a way to reduce distance between provinces and increase justice in the distribution of health resources.