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Objective: The aim of this present study was to evaluate mental health status of professional and unprofessional drivers in road car accidents resulted to severe human damage or death (serious accidents) in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 453 drivers who were condemned in mentioned car accidents, using convenient sampling method. The study was conducted from March, 2006 to December, 2006. The fields of study were road police stations, all through the country. Evaluation was done within the first 24 hour of accident. All drivers completed a demographic questionnaire and revised form of Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90-R). We used Farsi version of SCL-90-R which has reliability of 80-97%. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation (SD) and frequency), chi square test and T test for independent samples. We calculated odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence interval (CI), as indicated. Type I error (&alpha) was set at 0.05. Findings: There was not any statistically significant different between professional and unprofessional drivers in SCL-90-R subscales. Mean (±SD) Global Symptom Index (GSI) in professional and unprofessional drivers was 0.86±0.58 and 0.86±0.55, respectively. In addition, GSI was higher than cut of point for normal Iranian population (0.81) for both groups. Totally, 209 drivers (46.1%) had GSI higher than 0.81. Odds ratio (OR) for having GSI higher than 0.81 for professional groups was 0.904 (95% CI: 0.566-1.444). Mean (±SD) Positive Symptom Total (PST) scores in professional was 45.8±24.5 and in unprofessional was 47.7±22.9. Mean (±SD) Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI) in two groups were 1.6±0.43 and 1.5±0.42, respectively. There was not any statistically significant difference between two groups, according to these three scores. In both groups, the mean score for paranoid ideation, obsession and compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity and depression subscales were higher than other subscales. Sixty-three of 106 drivers who hah history of previous serious car accident and 43 of 335 individuals who had not such history had GSI higher than 0.81 (p=0.001). OR was 2.12 (95% CI: 1.36-3.30). OR for having higher GSI among who used medicines related to sleepiness was 2.01 (95% CI: 1.14-3.53). Results: The study shows that mental health problems and using medicine (especially sedatives and hypnotics) may result in higher probability of serious car accidents. It seems that intervention in such domains may be beneficial to prevent such accidents.

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Introduction: Psychosocial status such as psychosocial stressors and social support can affect health. Furthermore mental pathology diagnosed during pregnancy can affect pregnancy outcomes. However, little information is available, so this study was done to investigate Association maternal stress and social support with preeclampsia. Method: This case-control study includes 110 multipara pregnant women, 55 as case group (preeclampsia) and 55 as control group (normal pregnancy), who had inclusion criteria. All participants were selected through based on target sampling method. Perceived Stress Scale and Vaux social support appraisals was used as data gathering tools. Finding: The results of this study showed that there is a significant differences between two groups in terms of perceived stress (p=0.02) and social support, and the total score of social support (p=0.006), family (0.04), acquaintances (0.006) and friend (0.04) social support subscale and preeclampsia. Among cofounders, numbers of prenatal cares and history of preeclampsia was controlled by entering in logistic regression. The combined effect showed that just social support was effective at incidence of preeclampsia (P-value 0.02 OR 0.86 CI 95%: 0.76-0.98). Discussion: According to the significant differences between two groups in terms of stress and social support, midwives and health care worker's attention to psychological health specially stress of pregnant women during prenatal period and providing appropriate support to reduce maternal stress is one of the most important matters that should be emphasized.

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Introduction: Legal protection of the rights of people with disability in Iran has been considered by the governmental and non-governmental sectors over the past two decades. In this study, we have examined the medical, social, and ethical approaches of disability in the Law enacted in 1396, on the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. We have also tried to recognize discourses involved in the law.
Method: Using Norman Fairclough's method of critical discourse analysis, the text of the law and the interviews of the people involved in its compilation have been analyzed in three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. First, we have provided conceptual categories of Faircloughian method in a table; second, we have extracted the words and phrases related to these categories from the text of the law and interviews to another table. The second table shows the relations between three levels of critical analysis: grammatical and semantic sections, textual or discourse vision, and ideological or structural frames in this research.
Findings: Our analysis of law and interviews concentrates on three kinds of data: rhetorical, discursive, and structural/ideological data. This study shows the Presence/absence and competition of governmental, legislative, private, and social discourses and their unequal role in lawmaking. In fact, governmental discourse has played a completely dominant role. Academic discourse has been absent in the process, and private discourse has had a hidden but active role.
Discussion: Changing the purpose of law-making from social to supportive is a result of predominant role of governmental discourse. This leads to an order of discourse based on inequality and low participation of social discourses. This leaves most of the social issues of disability unspoken, ambiguous, and without legal support. The predominant medical model of disability, through a reproduction of its concepts and definitions of disability, causes the continuation and intensification of disability and inequality for disabled persons.