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Objectives: The data reported in child poverty, have been making a motivation for more attention to study about it, almost from the beginning of this century. With similar motivation, this study followed by review, "Theoretical Principles of child poverty" to this path, provides areas for future research. Method: Historical and theoretical studies conducted around the child poverty with regard to results of empirical studies and experiences of countries engaged in this topic. Findings: The child poverty describes under 18 years old people deprivation of material resources, emotional and spiritual need for survival, development and progress less than 18 years is. Results: In the definition of child poverty, rather than focus only on per capita income of households, children's rights violations should be considered. With such a definition: half the world's children live in poverty. Most poor children live in rural areas. Also, more girls than boys are at risk of poverty.

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  According to the fourth socio-economic development plan approach on the price of petroleum products and also for the fulfillment of the goals of 20 years economic vision document in Iran, increasing the price of energy products and removing their subsidy seems to be inevitable for Iran’s economy. Subsidies as an economic and fiscal policy instrument play an important role in economic growth. Since economic growth is a desirable goal, so identification of its underlying factors and their contribution is focused by economists and politicians. Therefore, investigating the effects of subsidies on economic growth, especially in economic sectors' growth is important.

  This research has attempted to study the effects of subsidies on energy carriers (petroleum products, electricity and natural gas) on the growth of different Iranians economic sectors. For this purpose , Input-Output table¹ and its related techniques (price model) is used to study the impacts of removing subsidy on these energy carriers ( based on free price of petroleum products, electricity and natural gas) on the growth of various Iranian economic sectors (services, industry and agriculture) in the form of four scenarios.

  Results indicate that removing subsidies on petroleum products, electricity and natural gas have a negative effect on the production of industry, public accommodation services and transportation. In other words, subsidizing energy carriers have a positive impact on the value added growth of these sections. But removing subsidies on energy carriers and price liberalization in all four scenarios, agriculture sector's value added, due to its lower dependency on energy carriers and also low relative prices of this section would increase. This shows that subsidizing energy carriers would not have a positive impact on agricultural sector economic growth. Moreover, the results show that after price liberalization of petroleum products, electricity and natural gas, wholesales and retail services, restaurant and other services sector value added would increase. This shows that subsidizing energy carriers may not have a positive effect on these sections.

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  Introduction: In recent decades advances in science and technology generate economic growth in many countries. Therefore, some countries which are relatively poor in terms of natural resources, by using modern knowledge and technology, have made a big jump in the national economy. This instrument in efforts to create new branches of economics, as is knowledge based economy. This article estimates knowledge base economy indicators for the provinces of Iran on statistics of 1386.

  Method: The estimation methodology for knowledge which is introduced by the World Bank, have been used. In addition to the World Bank methodology, we have also taken advantage of factor analysis method.

  Findings: The results have shown that 4 provinces such as Tehran, Esfehan, Yaz and Semnan being top in term of the indicators which mentioned. While some provinces like Sistan va Balochestan, Hormozgan and Azarbayjan Gharbi stood on the lower place.

  Conclusion: The results of this study have indicated that, in terms of indicators, in addition to being with lower ranking in the world, the domestic resources and the knowledge based economy indicators are not distributed properly.

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Introduction: One of The most important exchange resource in country has been oil revenues. So, the examination effect of incomes obtained by oil revenues on society welfare seems important and necessary.

 

Method: by using of stoical data during 1347-1388 and Vector Outo Regression method, the relationship between social welfare and oil revenues has been examined. Data was gathered by EVIEWS6 software.

 

Finding: we see less effect of national income on welfare. Non-oil revenues have a negative effect on welfare in longterm. Also, oil revenues have a positive effect on welfare in short term but this positive effect decreased in longterm.

 

Discussion: Since national income can be a good indicatore to increase of social welfare, more attention to distribution oil revenues between society people would be nice. Non-oil revenues also can have a positive effect on welfare by tax system.

 

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Introduction: At present co-insurance (out of pocket payment) of insured parties in Iran for medicine prescriptions in outpatient ward equals to 30% of total cost of prescriptions. This amount of payment of co-insurance in those families with difficult to treat or chronic patients, causes to increase the encounter with catastrophic health costs. The goal of this research was to examine the willingness to pay of Social Security Organization insured for not encounter to catastrophic cost of medicine prescriptions.

 

Method: This cross sectional research was performed through interview based questionnaire in Esfahan Social Security Organizations insured society. The interviewees were randomly selected among head of households insured who referred to Esfahan's Quods Clinic. Contingent valuation method was used to evaluation the mean of willingness to pay of respondents. Validity and reliability of this method were verified through several studies. One way Anova and categorical regression in SPSS software were used for examination of variables relation and analysis of factors effected upon the amount of willingness to pay.

 

Results: Respondents were willing to pay 3496 Tomans (SD=2396) of medicine prescriptions costs for exemption from payment of prescriptions with prices more than100,000 Tomans.The results of categorical regression analys showed the maximum effect of income level upon the amount of willingness to pay.

 

Conclusion: Regarding to the mean evaluated of willingness to pay insurer organizations can increase the coverage of medicine prescriptions cost more than 100,000 tomans price, through decreasing the coverage of medicinal prescriptions with fewer prices than estimated WTP.

 

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Introduction: Indicator and indexes of social welfare measures changes resulting from the implementation of social policies, and due to the importance of identifying this indexes, this study evaluate expert opinion on choice of priority social welfare dimensions and indicators for Iran.

Method: 25 members of multi-professional expert group completed a structured questionnaire in two rounds, rating their agreement with proposed items on a scale from 0-10 and annotating with additional comments. The median and range were calculated to give a statistical average of the experts’ ratings.

Findings: in view of experts, employment (mean 9.52 (0-10)), economic (mean 9.30 (0-10)), social insurance (mean 8.76 (0-10)), health (mean 8.42 (0-10)), education (mean 7.45 (0-10)), housing (mean 6.65 (0-10)) were the most important dimensions of social welfare, and, Unemployment rate (14 votes), social insurance coverage (10 votes), life expectancy at birth (7votes), Home ownership rate (7 votes), literacy rate for people over 6 years(6 votes), School enrollment rate (5 votes), Gini coefficient(5 votes), Inflation rate (4votes) and GDP per capita (3 votes) were the most important indicators of social welfare.

Discussion: Comparing the findings with similar studies indicates priority of objective and material dimensions of social welfare in Iran.

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Introduction: Study of the effect of oil revenues on social welfare  is one of the most important subjects for economic policy makers in oil-rich countries. Despite Iran's massive supply of natural gas and oil, poverty and unemployment have been critical issues in recent years for the majority of people. .  In Iran, oil almost provides a significant percentage of government revenues independently from the other economic sectors. In economic studies, different nonlinear methods have been applied to examine the relationship between oil shocks and social welfare in both importing and exporting countries . This study focuses on the nonlinear effect of oil revenues on social welfare in Iran during the 1975-2014 periods.
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Method: In this research, by modeling the effective factors on social welfare with emphasis on the role of oil revenues, a threshold regression model is estimated for Iran’s economy. Several classes of nonlinear autoregressive models were formulated for time series applications based on  threshold models. In mathematical or statistical modelling, a threshold model is any model where a threshold value, or set of threshold values, is used to distinguish ranges of values where the predicted behaviour  by the model varies in some important way.
Findings: The share of oil revenues in GDP has a nonlinear and threshold impact on social welfare. In other words, in low oil revenues regime- (when the share of oil revenues in GDP is lower than 9.35%) - increase in the share of oil revenues in GDP has led to a significant increase in  social welfare,  however, after exceeding the threshold of 9.35% and being in the high oil revenues regime, an increase in the ratio of oil revenues to gross domestic product had a negative impact on the social welfare index.
Discussion: In low oil revenues regime, the positive effect of oil revenues on social welfare is  due to the expansion of the oil industry and workforce transition from the traditional to the oil sector which lead to improvement in income level and income inequality reduction. Also, oil revenues in the early stages of entering the state budget are largely devoted to government’s development programs and infrastructure and development expenditures which are effective in improving growth and social welfare.
 In addition, the entry of oil revenues, import of goods and services and urbanization all have effects on improving social welfare. However,  with the increase in the share of oil revenue in GDP, the government rent seeking behavior by popular and anti-development current expenditures, crowding out effect, inefficient civil projects, non-targeted subsidies  and strengthen the activities of rent-seeking will reduce social welfare.