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Objectives: Sound income inequality issue and poverty measures and reliable statistical inference have become increasingly important in policy making. As inequality is broader concept than poverty in that it is define over the entire population, the present paper is seeking identification of the inequality structure in Iran’s Economy in the recent decade and realization of effective factors and components on inequality changes among Iranian households in the decade and especially on the 1383-84 period by using Gini and Atckinson coefficient, generalized entropy indices and quantile regression. Method: In the paper by utilizing the data from the Statistical Center of Iran’s Household Expenditure and Income Survey for the period of 1997-2005, as calculating the inequality indexes of Gini and Atckinson coefficient, it was tried by decomposability states of generalized entropy indices, the inequality is calculated by deciles levels and based on the separation of the household expenditure. In addition, by means of quantile regression, the manner of affecting the household characteristics on the increase of inequality, on the 2005 comparing to 2004, along the achieved results from the separation of the entropy class indexes, have been analyzed. Findings: The Gini measured a decrease in income inequality from 1997 to 2005. In urban areas it is decreased from 0.431 to 0417 and in rural areas from 0.39 to 0.41. The result of Theil index indicating that, in urban areas about the %85.7 to %88.9 of inequalities were the consequence of the inequality between deciles and in rural areas it was about %81 .9 to %89.2. the results of Atckinson and GE(0) index measured a decrease in income inequality from 1997 to 2005. But according in GE(0) index results in 2004 inequality in urban areas increased and in rural areas decreased.The result of quantile regression shows that, supporting the households with female head and education lower than high school diploma who are tenants has positive effect on the reduction of inequality in the deciles. Especially overlooking supervision over the households housing expenditure and lack of support on educational expenditures of income low deciles, can lead to the rise of inequality among the rural households and ill consequences on the coming years. Results: The results indicating that from 1997-2005 the Iran’s economy inequality structure, despite minor changes on its trend, has enjoyed a relative stability, and on the average about %87 of inequalities were the consequence of the inequality between deciles. And food component had positive effect on inequality reduction in rural area, but in urban area non-food expenditures had strong effect on reduction of inequality.

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Objectives: Injecting heroin is the most common documented reason for HIV infectious in IRAN. Drug Injection is the most common type of misusing opiate in homeless addicted persons. Different studies found that there are specific relationships between drug abuse, injecting with shared needles and other risky behaviors which are related to HIV infection and personality and behavioral characteristics such impulsivity.

Method: According to high prevalence of heroin injection in homeless opioid dependents in Tehran, Iranian Police Force in cooperation with Drug Court and Ministry of Health, systematic intervention in homeless people in city of Tehran’ project, perform a methadone maintenance program for these people for 3 months in Shafagh rehabilitation center. In duration of therapy, some serologic examinations were done for diagnose and perform next interventions because of acquisition of HIV Infectious. This research was designed to examine and compare of some behavioral scales between 2 groups (HIV⁺  and HIV^-) before accomplishment of therapy. 52 persons selected in this research (25 HIV⁺  and 27 HIV^-) and Barret Impulsiveness Scale, Eysenck Impulsiveness Questionnaire, Delay Discounting Task, demographic information form and clinical interview performed for gathering databases.

Finding: HIV infectious was related to injection drug history; in addition, HIV infectious was related to prison history. The difference in impulsivity scale of Barret and Eysenck Questionnaires between 2 groups was significant.

Results: the high rate of impulsivity and probability of sharing needles in injection drug users in compare of other injection drug users leads to progressing AIDS. High rate of impulsivity and sharing needles are two most important anticipations for acquisition of AIDS.

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  Introduction: This article has been conducted to investigate the relationship of family burden with family function in mentally ill’s caregivers.

  Method: This is a cross sectional-analytic study. Respondents are 118 caregivers of people with mental illness selected by systematic random sampling method. To collect data, family assessment device questionnaire (FAD), the Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBI), and a demographic information check-list are used. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis and U-Mann-Whitney tests are applied to analyze data.

  Findings: The findings have shown a positive and statistically significant correlation between family burden and general family dysfunction (P<0/05). The same relationship was found between family burden and problem solving and emotional response (P<0/05). Also family burden has positive association with length of time caregivers spent with the patient, family income, and being or not being under governmental organizations’ protection (P<0/05)

  Discussion: It seems rational to conclude that make plans to reduce family burden of caregivers of people with mental illness could indirectly improve their family’s function and consequently promote their health.

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Introduction: The complex and multidimensional nature of the concept of vulnerability has received attention in the last two decades, however, definitions and standard methods for measuring it are still not used in domestic and foreign studies.  
Method: Using a scoping review and the five-step methodological feamework of Arksey and O’Malley (2005), this study examines and criticizes the conceptual, theoretical and methodological field of “household vulnerability” in domestic and foreign studies during the 2010 to 2022.
Findings: Among the 105 reviewed studies (28 domestic studies and 77 foreign studies), four main areas of environmental, economic, health and social vulnerability of household can be classified respectively, in which the most important weakness identified in these studies was the lack of an interactive and intersectional approach to different dimensions of household vulnerability. Additionally, the comparative review showed that most domestic studies have weaknesses in covering diverse topics, identifying target households, choosing a broad theoretical framework, and using multi-dimensional measures, which has caused the mentioned studies to fail when explaining the way of vulnerability at the household level, lean towards individualistic explanations.
Discussion: The findings emphasize the necessity of moving from a superficial view to the concept of the household and designing longitudinal surveys that can help increase the resilience of vulnerable households and the success of related welfare policies across the country.