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In contemporary of social science, many thesis and ideas were discussed from the viewpoint of citizenship. This article with a historical approach to the citizenship is trying to provide some definitions and social attitudes to gain social welfare. In order to do this, we have to represent some definitions about citizenship and a tendency toward self - orienting among boys, civil Republican, and marshal Marx theories and so on. Different approaches indicate a bilateral relationship between citizenship and social welfare. Some viewpoints have called social welfare as a part of citizenship, and named it as a law. While some others announced availability of various facilities as a framework to citizenship. Thus in the framework of citizenship we can directly obtain social welfare Also indirectly through obtaining social welfare in different people we can prepare a ground of citizenship.

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Participation can be defined as a decision making process influencing on life. This term has been used and discussed more or Jess by other scholars but recently it has got new versions of application. One of the recent versions can be called children's social participation which came to existence in recent decades following Children Rights Convention. This fact can be brought into account according to development and accountability related to citizenship. The education based on rights and accountability will be of great advantage toward children social participation and is known as a pre- requisite for the development of society. In this article, the main attention has been paid to practical participation and citizenship according to a scheme of education and experience. Basically it is believed that 'Iranian society needs a thoughtful revolution to take advantage of children participation and give them a sense of responsibility.

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Poverty is the most widespread and important socio-economic issue in today's world. Scholars have approached poverty and its relationship with other issues through a number of theoretical perspectives. This article attempts to review the various conceptual and theoretical formulations on the relationship among poverty, deprivation and citizenship from a sociological perspective, and examines them in the Iranian context. Findings indicate a complex relationship among poverty, deprivation and citizenship. In particular, poverty and deprivation have acted as obstacles to the realization of citizenship in some areas. Furthermore, transcending structural limitations, citizenship is found to be an appropriate theoretical tool within people whose frame work .i.e, the poor, are not ignored, their individual rights are upheld, and their participation is ensured. Put differently, one may use citizenship as a dynamic concept that can effectively analyze the process, interrelations and dialectics of the various dimensions of poverty and deprivation

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This paper introduces the concept and main ideas presented by scholars concerning social capital. Objective: This paper only intends to serve as a platform based upon which discussions about key concepts, core elements, and current debates surrounding social capital may be presented. Moreover, it should be viwed as an attempt at introducing the ways in which. Conceptualization of social capital has been carried out. Findings & Result: The main premise of social capital is the fact that social relationships of various nature should be regarded as valuable assets that can be used for material gains and other benefits. The paper also shows that social capital far from being clear, well defined or understood, has been used in so many ways leading to confusion with negative consequences. This justifies a review of various attempts at conceptualization of social capital. At the end issues such as determinants, sources, benefits and dimensions of social capital however briefly are reviewed.

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Objectives: Changes that happened during last decades in the world have severely affected formation and increasing social problems of youths. Iran also like other developing countries from one hand is facing accelerating evolution of globalization, and on the other hand crucial socio-political indigenous events and structural changes driving from those evolutions made a suitable ground for critical and anomic situation and emergence of various social problems as well. One of due social problems is "sense of anomie" which itself is reflection of shallow organized and anomic society. Anomie is a Situation in which one Feels normlessness and refers to such a status characterized by confusion and disintegration between the individual and Society. Accordingly this article is reflecting research results of assessing economic sense of anomie and some affecting variables of that among youths of Iran. Method: In the light of increasing importance of social Problem of youths, this article focuses on the "sense of economic anomie" in Iran. By constructing a conceptual framework following a review of the literature. After it, by method of survey and using questionnaire and applying interview technique, necessary information was collected. The research utilizes a member of statistical methods to reach the conclusions. The main variable, i.e. dependent variable "economic sense of anomie" and other independent variables, in initial studies and after that measuring with standard of one or multidimensional scales, gained high validity and reliability. The statistic population was youths of Tehran which among them 816 people with multi stage and random sampling method were selected as size of sample. Finding & Results: Large proportion of youths in their assessment of society draws an anomic and unstable condition and shows a sense of loosing integration with that. Sense of economic anomie among youths of this study is achieved by calculating data's of their opinion on variables like context of socio-economic condition in the domains of economic control, changes in economic condition of country, obeying rules and moral regulations in achieving economic success, cleavage between poor and riches, uncontrolled economic problems such as inflation, disordered of social condition and corruption. Totally 13.2% low, 32% middle and 54.3% were highly feeling economic anomie. This kind of anomie derived from individual, family, attitudes, confusion, distrust and pessimism factors. Among all these, pessimism of youths towards economic condition and possibility to have control over the means of economic success through legitimate rules and regulation has a highest rank in the statistic analysis. Findings of the research confirms the sociological theories particularly those of Durkheim and Merton's that one of the main reason for the emergence and spread of the sense of anomie in a particular society is that there is no balance between culturally desired goals and institutionally accepted mode of achieving it. In Iran also placing value on those who have achieved material wealth and power is growing and the idea those who do not achieved wealth are not accorded status is generating. According to the findings of the research, high sense of economic anomie in different dimensions among youths of Iran has been as following: 55.7% think that only a small part of society has control over the economy. 49.5% think that there should be an action to change the economic condition of country. 61.5% feel that in achieving success they do not need to follow the rules and moral regulations of society. 55% think that there is no control over economic problems such as inflation. 50.2% believe that they have to pay bribe to be able to solve their economic problems and 59.7% also believe that economic condition of society is deregulated. Therefore, sense of economic anomie can generate total anomie in the society. it is necessary to consider this social problem and the factors of that in programs focusing on youth Participation.

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Objectives: During past few decades, the rate of drug abuse in the world has been increased and after production and accumulation of nuclear weapons, environment pollution due to increasing population growth, poverty and disparity shifted to be one of the main issues of the world. According to various reports, Iran also severely facing with the problem and youths are the main social group which being threatened by the danger. Since large part of Iran's youth population are involving in schools therefore, a project approved by Ministry of Education and conducted by authors of this article in order to describe the problem of drug addiction in schools. A report of that project and its findings has been reflected in this article. Method: This study was a case study focused on "Physical Education and Health Department" of Ministry of Education which its main mission was to cope with the problem. For data collection, first we did a library survey and provided a list of "SWOT" factors and checked it with academic sighted persons and made two types of questionnaires. In the second stage we conducted a filed work study based on questionnaire, searching "SWOT" factors of the department and inquiring prevention programs against spreading drug abuse intentions among the school students. All general directors, advisors and experts of the department have been questioned twice. First, asking them to point out the strength, weak, opportunity and threat factors to their department. In second questionnaire we asked them to characterize importance index of factors by giving credit from one to four and ranking them from one to five. So, after that, by mathematical calculations most important threats, opportunities, weaknesses and strength points have been characterized. In the next stage we had to determine that which factors are external to the department and which are internal. Findings & Results: The results show that there are many external factors -such as increasing rate of unemployment and divorce, low price and easy accessibility of drug in society -affecting the prevention programs of the department but are out of the department’s control. They are macro factors in national level that needs to be solved in macro decision- making levels. Some coordination with other relating drug abuse prevention and confrontation organizations is necessary. There are also internal factors for the department such as – not paying attention to the student’s interests while planning their leisure time, scarcity of space and place for playing, games and cultural activities, lack of information and teachings on drug among students-which are mostly weak points and rarely strength point. Among totally 24 internal factors characterized as more important factors effecting the department’s prevention drug abuse programs 18 factors (75%) are in the zone of weak points, 4(16%) in middle and only 2(8%) are in the strength zone. There are suggestions for the department to change middle and weak to the strength points and make opportunities out of them.

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Objective: The demand and consumtion of cultural products in Iran including movies and going to cinema will rise in future because average economic growth rate in recent years in Iran has been 5 present and this means the demand for going to cinema will rise in future and since government protects movie making and distribution in Iran and pay them benefits or independenty act in this area, the studay of factors influencing household demand and income and price elasticities, and price of related products will help policy makers to respond to increasing demand for cinema and provide facilities and conditions to meet futurer demands. Method: In this article we use the Almost Ideal Demand System, proposed by Deaton and Muellbauer (1980) to estimate household demand for cinema. The main reason why Almost Ideal Demand System is used is for its simplicity which enable researchers to test homogencity or heterogenity restrictions and symmetries. The provinces under study are: 1- Booshehr 2- Kohgilooyeh va Boyrahmad 3- ChaharMahalo Bakhtiary 4- Isfahan 5- Ilam 6- Fars 7- Ghazvin 8- Gilan 9- Hamedan 10- Hormozgan 11- Kerman 12- Kerinanshah 13- Khorasan, 14- Kurdistan 15- Lorestan 16- Markazi 17- Mazandaran 18- Semnan 19- Sistan 20- Tehran 21- Yazd 22- Zanjan 23- Eastern Azerbaijan 24- Western Azerbaijan. Finding: In this article the demand functions for going to cinema, in different provinces, are estimated, based on the statistics and data pertaining to household expenditures. Considering different formulas of price and income elasticity, the price and income elasticity calculated for all different provinces. According to the obtained resultants, with exception of Isfahan, Hormozgan, Kerman, Kurdistan, Mazandaran and Eastern Azerbaijan, the price elasticity is less than one, which means demand is not sensitive to the price variations. The same elasticity for the entire country is -0.91 which is the almost equal to one and shows low elasticity of the commodity in household consumption. The amount of the elasticity shows that in case of a 100% increase in the ticket price for cinema, keeping other factors constant, demand for going to cinema would be decreased by 91 percent. Cross elasticity of price for journals and cinema in 9 provinces of Kohgilooyeh va Boyrahmad, Chahar Mahalo Bakhtiary, Isfahan, Ilam, Fars, Gilan, Hamedan, Yazd and Zanjan are negative, which means these two commodities could substitute each other in consumption. But, in other provinces the elasticity is positive that means these two commodities complement each other in consumption. The important point is that in both states the absolute value of the elasticity is very small and almost zero that means the relation between journals and cinema is very weak. The same elasticity for the entire country is -0.12 that means in the country, in general, two commodities of cinema and journals substitute each other in consumption. In fact, if the journal price is increased by 100%, the demand for cinema is reduced by 11%. Crossed elasticity of price between book and cinema, in every province, is negative. This means in all the provinces these two commodities substitute for each other. This elasticity for provinces of Chaharmahalo Bakhtiary, Isfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamedan, Kurdistan, Lorestan, Tehran and Zanjan is more than other provinces. The amount of the cross elasticity between the two commodities in demand function of cinema in the entire country is almost -47% that shows if book price increases by 100% and all other factor are kept constant, demand for cinema will decrease by 47%. In other words these two goods are complementary in consumption. The income elasticity in each of the provinces is positive it is between zero and one. The income elasticity expresses the degree of sensitivity of demand in proportion to variations in household income. The amount of income elasticity for this commodity in the entire country is equal to 0.57 that means if income of a household increases by 100%, demand for this commodity would increase by 57%. On this basis, this is a necessary commodity and if the household income increases, the expenditures for cinema would increase by a lesser amount. Result: Noting income elasticity of household demand for cinema and the average growth rate in recent years ahead, it is forcasted that the following income rise of about 2.1 times, (170 percent growth of incomes), demand for cinema will rise 96.9 percent (about 2 times) in fact, if government and policy makers want to meet this increase in demand, it is necessery to develop and increase cinemas and related facilities and conditions.

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Objectives: Health is the base for socio-economic development and is the most important component of social welfare. Women’s health status, particularly, mothers’ health, is more vulnerable than men, in Iranian society. Evidences, resulted from different researches, indicate that health is related to socioeconomic determinants more than medical and nursing interventions. The term of Social Capital is a new concept in social sciences that during a short time, has been populated in literatures of social determinants of health. Social capital is consisting of the individual's participation in collective life and trust between them, which can enhance their human capital. In this article we looked the health as human capital. This study aims to explore relationships between individual measures of social capital and health, among mothers with children under age of 7 who attend the Abdolabad Health Site in south of Tehran. Methods: A cross- sectional design was used. 80 randomly samples were selected from mothers who attended to mentioned Health Site to attain preventive health services. Using “Shortened Version of Social Capital Assessment Tool” (SASCAT) we measured two basic dimensions of social capital: structural (group membership, social support and citizenship activities) and cognitive social capital (trust, social harmony, sense of belonging, sense of fairness). “SF-36” health questionnaire was used to measure two main components of health - physical and mental health – and also 8 health subscales: physical functioning(PF), role- limitations due to physical health problems(RP), bodily pain(BP), general health(GH), vitality(VT), social functioning(SF), role limitations due to emotional problems(RE) and mental health(MH). Partial Correlation Coefficient was applied to explore association between social capital and health. Findings: The study found low levels of group membership, social support and citizenship among the mothers. The findings indicate that, the study samples show medium scores of cognitive social capital and poor structural social capital. Mother's physical health was better than their mental health. The sample had the highest (best) mean scores for physical functioning (PF) and they showed the lowest (worst) mean scores for role limitations due to emotional problems (RE). Maternal cognitive social capital had statistically positive significant relationships with their physical health (r=0/45, p= 0/000) and also mental health (r=0/37, p= 0/001), but structural social capital had negative association with mental health(r=- 0/26, p= 0/027). Results: In this study, positive relationship between maternal cognitive social capital and their health was notable. We conclude that the quality of human relationships (cognitive social capital) play more effective role than the quantity of them in maternal health

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Objective: In the new social welfare, issues of social capital have been important and are very necessary because today not only social welfare can not simply available and can not be guaranteed by direct economic and material components, but in addition the resources of social society including social capital of different groups of people must be mobilized. Several experimental findings are emphasized on the importance of social capital at promoting level of development and welfare of communities. Studies show that the areas or countries with the relatively high storage of social capital (according to generalized trust and civil commitment) obtain higher levels of growth compared with the societies with lower trust and low civil commitment. In this study , the collective social capital approach in which social capital is defined as collective assets that leads to the effects and the consequences through orientation to collective (Putnam theory) due to it’s authenticity to the subject of research, approved as the theoretical framework in relation of explanation and analysis of social welfare situation. In this research social capital , as Putnam defined , is studied as a collective asset. Therefore, conceptual elements of social capital considered as a set of cognitive and subjective dimensions which formed social trust and social norms in the behavior in social network which totally formed the social capital components. The average scores of these three components has been considered as social capital scores. Also in relation of social welfare, the combination of individual’s social welfare (Bentham theory) that their indicators proposed by social statistics center of Euroup, approved for measurement in this research. The general hypothesis is that: social capital has a positive impact on social welfare any higher amount of social capital leads to higher amount of social welfare. In addition to the general hypothesis , some other hypothesis as especial forms of relationships between variables such as individual trust, generalized trust, institutionalized trust, social solidarity, cooperation, social support, formal participation, informal participation, amount and variety of relationships are measured. Method: The methodology of this research is survey and questionnaire is used for data gathering . Statistical community of research are all households residing in Tehran and statistical unit of the research is the head of family. Sample size are 299 cases that selected by cluster sampling. Findings & Results: The results of research as generally indicate the approval of hypothesis and research expectations about the role of social capital in increasing of social welfare. As results of the statistical analysis show the social capital has positive impact on social welfare that is , any higher amount which social capital may be, the rate of social welfare will be higher. Also all the indices considered for social capital(such as trust, social norms, and social networks) have a positive impact on social welfare these results are consistent with Putnam theories. The research shows that some indicators of social capital which have better situation in research community have a more relationship with traditional aspects of society such as religious informal participation and charity affairs and some indicators that are consistent with modern life such as modern social capital (institutional trust, generalized trust, solidarity and formal participation) are not in a desirable situation.

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Problems statement: New millennium started while more than half of world population lives in cities. This issue requires attendance of the citizens in affairs managemanet along with necessity of equipment, demands and needs. The important point is barriers and prohibiting factors which prevent participation. This article intends to answer these questions by reliance on research findings in 2009 that how much the Tehran citizens tend to participate in urban affairs and what factors they follow and what their contripation in urban affairs? Methodology: It’s a survey using questionnaire and interview to gather information. For sampling, districts of the city were classified in terms of economic and social differences and then 1370 families were studied on the basis of population of each group in 22 districts of Tehran. Finding: Reinfocement of participation requires motivation, feeling of attachment to others and societies. The more the scope of attachment to city and district, the more the tenency of person to participation n urban affairs. Reinforcement of participation equires awareness, trust, satisfaction feeling and tendency to cooperation with urban associations and establishing strong relationship between citizens and urban managers. There should be trust and experience of cooperation with urban associations so that people become satisfied in addition to better performance. When the people are not sufficiently aware and are not informed of the strategies, they will not be satisfied with associations relating to ubran affairs and consequently, there will be no other participation. Although extent of participation of the persons in Tehran urban affairs is law, there are some differences between the districts. Results: Participation in urban affairs can be regarded as external requirements of the urban problems which are realized by democratizing the society, decentralizing and empowering different classes. In this regard, organized, Formal and planned models will be the best strategies along with spontaneous participations.

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Objective: The conceptualization of Social Capital impressed by the studies of thinkers and theorists in various districed of social sciences ether in the past or modern era. Today this concept has standed as an important role in researches, polices and planings. Therefore the study of Social Capital in Kerman City has done. Method: The method which is used in this research is Survey and questionnaire is considered as a method of gathering data which were needed. The social statistic includes the habitants above 15 years old in Kerman City which was selected350 samples with the use of cocheran formula and multi stage clustral sampling method. Findings: The results show that the Social Capital in Kermanhas been stimated in medium that has plurality in aspects and indexes. In some aspects can see the traditional kind of Social Capital while in others the modern kind overcame. Considering that Iran society experiencing the transmission from tradition to modernisms, reinforcement of civil institutions, Enrichment of public educations, preparing security, governmental decentralization, promoting trust, strengthen beliefs and positive attitudes and are recommended to eliminating the challenge between tradition and modernisms and promoting Social Capital.

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Introduction: Today the mass media have presence between different societies. In respect of the existing figures and statistics, we can admit the reality that the television it self has allocated the most share in between media technologies. Then in developing and developed societies, the domains which are affected severely by education and media shows are the extent of citizenship awareness, civil behaviours and social participation. On this base and in recent years, there is attention and concentration of researchers and experts- and of course social planners and responsible- on the subject of the effectiveness of media on different people awareness.

 

Method: In this study with exploitating sociologist and communication

 

Method: Sciences theorists theories such as Bal Rocage, Di flor, Porto, Gidenz, Marshal, Falks, and etc. We collect information with survey method. The statistical society was people of Khoram abad city which by using cokran fornula, 382 Person were questioned.

 

Findings: These findings show that there totally is a meaningful relation between television in respect of subjects such as extent of television use, content of television programs in three dimensions civil, political and social with extent of citizenship rights awareness.

 Discussion: Comprehensive collecting and planning of awareness making in the context of citizenship rights by television and using different programs, introducing active associations and parties in different fields such as social, political, civil and … By this media to participate the most people I different orders of society, creating citizenship network or social development network to give necessary awareness to people in citizenship components or by creating social- cultural television local networks to expand awareness of citizenship culture between different people in respect of native culture of people can affective in promoting awareness of people I context of citizenship and provide the context for proving democracy and citizenship society

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Introduction: social capital is the most important of concept that considered by scholars, in this sense health scholar considered it in particular way. This study examine the relationship of social capital and social health with theatrical analysis of researches and studies that did in this arena. There are two approach: first approach assumption that two concepts are independent and social capital is independent variable, and social health is dependent variable.in Second one, there is conceptual blending between them.

Critical review: there are three different approaches to social health determinants of health, social health of society and social health of individual. Determinants of health is trying to identify and determine the variables that provided condition and areas were effected on social health. Social health of individual is the process of citizenship in social affairs. Indeed if people social participations are more in the society, not only individual social health will increase but also have consequences that social health indexes will strengthen. In other word, these three approaches are the complete pattern of social health that have own policies, planning, performance and results. Therefore, it seems that it’s better to consider all approaches simultaneously for accurate and fair assessment of social health condition in a country.

Discuss: individuals with the same social and economic status may have different level of social capital. Thus, individual and psychological characters could explain this different. In other word, with regarding that social health is subjective known as an aspect of social capital that is being indicate of personality potential for developing relations. Blending view include psychological aspect in related to social capital and social health that is individual capacity for participating in the society.

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Introduction: Family physician program is one of the most important policies that has been proposed in the past decade in the field of health system. Hence the importance and necessity of  studying it originate from the importance and the status of health in development and welfare of a society. Therefore, this study  aims to investigate  the status and the process of the implementation of the Family Physician Program in Iran's health system. This study answers these questions that what is the  historical, legal and execution background of family physician program? And what are the challenges and obstacles to implement this program?

Method: This research was a  qualitative study applying the purposive sampling method . .Data were collected through applying interview and document analysis techniques. The data drawn by interview were analyzed using content analysis, which was  based on coding.

Results: Concurrent with detecting  the historical, legal and execution  background of the family physician program, executive barriers were identified   based on four categories: “dependency of plans to person and the impact of management and government changes on the national program”, “challenges emanating from the way  the tenth government supports  family physician program”, “cultural challenges” and “illegality and lack of political determination and commitment of senior officials”.

Discussion: Family physician program that has been gradually introduced in the health system since 2002 should have been implemented across Iran, according to the existing law such as the fourth and fifth development plans. However, in practice  its implementation  was limited to villages and two provinces of Fars and Mazandaran and with different procedures . This study showed that many of the economic, social, political and cultural conditions  which had a key role in the success or failure of any program and should be taken into account in policy making were not satisfied.

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Introduction: It is of great importance to study the relationship between social phenomena and concepts. One of the most important social concepts in recent century is the social identity. Social identity is the result of  the interaction among human beings which is affected by many factors. Ties, formal and informal networks, norms and trusts among individuals and in general social capitals have a significant role in forming the social identity. The relationship between the dimensions of social capital and some types of social identity (ethnic, national, and religious) is the subject of this study by using Giddens’s views on social identities, Kelman and Putnam’s view on social capital..
Method: This research was a quantitative approach using  questionnaires  among 381 citizens in Rasht which were chosen through  multistage cluster sampling technique.
Findings: findings showed that among men, the average of ethnic and national identity and among women, in comparison to men, religious identity was higher. Between single and married people, later had a higher ratio of ethnic, national and religious identity. National identity for retired people was higher in  comparison to  soldiers, students and unemployed individuals. Religious identity for housewives is higher and among soldiers, unemployed people and students is lower.
Discussion: It can be said that the dimensions of social capital have the greatest impact respectively on religious identity, ethnic identity and national identity and improve these identities. The relationship which Colman emphasized on it as well. Among the dimensions of social capital “trust” has the greatest impact. The lowest impact on different types of social identities is dedicated to official networks.

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Introduction: Health is a fundamental and indisputable right of every human being and is considered as an important factor in the socio-economic field. Health can be used as a starting point for social change and for achieving a high-priority objective such as justice. The impact of poverty and inequality mechanism in the field of health is so that the economic inequalities cause inequality in accessing the health services by making a social slope. Therefore, the importance and necessity of studying factors affecting health inequalitiesis due to the fact that health is a universal right. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the socioeconomic factors causing health inequality as well as the current situation of each of the variables in Iranian society. Because Justice is one of the main principles of ethics in the healthcare system, and its establishment at macro level depends on formulation of appropriate policies by policy-makers and healthcare providers. Health care policies and payment and reimbursement systems have a significant impact on health systems’efficiency and cost control. BecauseEquity in health implies that all the individuals who need healthcare services must be able to access them timely and adequately.Inequality in health expenditures depend on some predisposing variable that were shown in this study and with improving socio-economic variable can reduce the inequality in health expenditures and their impoverishment effects.
Method: This is a descriptive-analytic study. In terms of purpose, this study is an applied study. In addition to illustrating what is, explaining and explaining the reasons for its existence and why the problem’s situation and its dimensions have been addressed. To explain and justify the reasons, it has been used as the basis of reasoning in the literature and theoretical discussions of the research.The data collection method used in this study is library and documentary method. The data and the Ministry of Cooperatives, Social Welfare and theMinistry of Health and Medical Education, the search for books, journals and articles and researchare used.
 Findings: Based on the results, there is a significant and negative relationship between absolute poverty, health extremely high expenditures, poverty caused by health extremely high expenditures, inflation, Gini coefficient, urbanization, unemployment as independent variables and equity in health as a dependent variable. In other words, by increasing one indicator, another index value is reduced. There is also a positive and significant relationship between education and economic participation rates. The findings indicate that the socioeconomic status of individuals and macroeconomic components of health of individuals is overshadowed by them.
As well as Our findings indicate an acceptable improvement in many of the health indicators in rural areas of Iran during the recent 1-2 decades. On the other hand, despite the inequality decrease in some of the indicators in recent years, still inequality remains as the chronic and main problem of rural health system in Iran.
 Discussion: Regarding the results achieved in the field of health, the increase in cost of health systems due to the expansion of new and expensive health technologies, the increase in community expectations regarding the health systems and the growth of chronic diseases cause significant growth in health expenditure of the households. Some of the problems of the health filed are structural and some others are caused by sectors outside the health filedand health macro policies.
There is no doubt that none of the payment and reimbursement policies is perfect and each of them has the potential to put caregivers or health care providers financially at risk. Therefore, policy-makers should select a combination of the best approaches, considering socioeconomic factors, in order to provide a maximum coverage of health services and ensure fairness in the health system. Efficient payment and reimbursement approaches should undoubtedly preserve the rights of all parties in a fair and logical manner. Current national policy shows that a high percent of health care expenditures are financed through out-of-pocket payments, and therefore appropriate policies should be adopted to lighten this burden.
Herefore, promotion of health in deprived and vulnerable people through appropriate programs for these groups of the population, reducing the gap between poor and rich communities in the community and creating a positive health slope for all social and economic strata should be considered by the government. The actual commitment of the authorities Health as a social goal and considering it as an important component of development can be a cause of success in the health of individuals and society.

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Short Abstract
This Research is based on the Diner’s approaches dividing the effective factors on subjective well-being as well as the theory of ecological systems of Bruffen Brener (1995) identifying the communities and layers of the child’s presence and activities. The study of the background of the research was conducted using documentary study method and empirically using the scroll. The tool was a questionnaire which was distributed among 453 participants whose age range was 10-12 years old. The analysis process was performed using SPSS 21 software, descriptive statistics, and analytical methods. As indicated by the findings, school teachers are unlikely to have a direct impact on subjective well-being in multivariate regression. However, the school’s environment appears to be important. The living environment with a direct and indirect coefficient of 0.48 has the greatest impact on the subjective well-being of children. Therefore, the most influential factors seem to be the living environment, the group of friends, and the school space, and ultimately, it is the family which affects the subjective well-being of children. Accordingly, it can be said that children have valuable and more useful, and careful consideration in the determinants of child satisfaction, with minor reforms in policies, has made the communities offer a great service to the future of the citizens and the countries.

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Introduction: Social capital is a complex and multi-dimensional construct and concept, and it implies to a phenomenon that the main source of its creation is the sphere of social interaction. Social capital can be considered as the sources that has been created as a result of social relationships in the past, and at the present time, it facilitates collective action. In this study, we seek to describe the status of social capital, based on the four main constituent components: social trust, social relations network, social participation and social norms in Iran, in 2014-2015 (1393).
Method: This research is a quantitative-descriptive study that was conducted through survey and questionnaire tools in a cross-sectional study in December 2014 and January 2015 (Azar and Dey 1393). The population of the study includes people aged 15 years and older living in urban and rural areas of Iran. In this research, by systematic random sampling and cluster sampling, 37,200 people were selected as sample from all over Iran.
Findings: The findings showed that the people of Iran have more trusting to the individuals and groups closest to themselves; are more participation in the collective activities of these groups; and if needed, they provide more social support to these people.
Discussion: We can conclude from this study that the status of bonding social capital (within a group) and bridging social capital (between groups) in Iran is different and people have more bonding social capital than bridging social capital. According to this result, strengthening social capital, especially in the dimension of association relations, social participation, strengthening civic institutions and motivating civic activists, which can increase the bridging social capital in society, is recommended.

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Introduction: The development of a society relies on the strength and participation of its members, characterized by progress across various sectors. In rural-urban and marginal areas, which consist of diverse social strata and groups with different statuses, it is crucial for women to have opportunities that extend beyond traditional roles. By participating in important decision-making processes—such as economic planning and educational reforms—women can significantly influence their communities' growth. This study, therefore, aims to examine the sociological status of women in the social development of these areas, shedding light on how their empowerment can lead to broader societal benefits.
Method: This study employs a qualitative research method, utilizing thematic analysis and qualitative content analysis. Data were collected through both individual and group interviews. In total, 32 women were interviewed using a purposive sampling method to ensure a diverse and relevant sample. To compare and complete the results of the individual interviews, group interviews were also conducted. These group interviews consisted of three groups of women: one group of 16, one group of 8, and one group of 5 members. The groups of 16 and 8 included participants separate from those in the individual interviews, ensuring a broad range of perspectives. The group of 5 included individuals who had also participated in individual interviews, providing a deeper understanding of their experiences through collective discussion.
Finding: The analysis, conducted using MaxQDA, reveals that the most critical priorities in the main themes of the interviews related to the social development process are agency, social institutions and cultural constraints, security, and female heads of households. In the sub-themes, highlighted issues include problems arising from tradition for female heads of households, the determining role of tradition and religion, preference for male children, marriage status, and divorce status. Considering the overall development trend in Iran, the lower participation of women in social development at both macro and micro levels can be attributed to persistent social traditions. The lack of necessary education and skills results in women being deprived of equal opportunities. Additionally, socialization processes, or gender socialization, exacerbate this issue, leading to greater isolation and marginalization of women.
Discussion Given the social and cultural context of the region, policymaking and planning in social domains necessitate cultural sensitivity and a comprehensive understanding of individuals' social conditions. Fundamental changes must be implemented in socialization processes and the definition of social roles for women at both macro and micro levels. For instance, addressing the issues highlighted in the findings—such as the preference for male children and the constraints imposed by tradition and religion—requires targeted educational and policy interventions. These interventions should aim to equip women with the necessary skills and opportunities, thereby enabling them to participate more fully in social development. Moreover, redefining gender roles through inclusive socialization processes can help mitigate the isolation and marginalization of women, fostering a more equitable and progressive society.