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Objectives: The growing increase in criminal acts in human societies has made criminologists study the sources and causes of criminal behavior. Method: This research was carried out as cross-sectional study on 136 male criminal inmates in Tehran prisons using SCL-90 -R. Findings: These people were in the age range of 30-37 with an average age of 33.6, about 87% of them had psychological disorders, among which aggression, anxiety, and somatization were the most abundant and OCD & phobia, the least (P<0.01). Conclusion: This investigation clearly shows that majority of the cases under study suffer from some of psychological disorders such as aggression, depression, paranoia etc. Although according to Islamic Criminal Law these psychological disorders do not result in a reduction in penalty responsibility, at the presence of mild psychological disorders, tendency to commit more severe crimes may increase

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Objective: The primary purpose of present research was to determine which social components influence social deviance. Method: A self-report questionnaire designed to assess factors which influence on social deviance was administrated to 60 male and 60 female. We selected our sample by using stratified random sampling from Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (IKRF) university students who had attended at Samen-ol-A`emme camp in summer holidays in Mashhad. Finding: As follow, we conduct an exploratory factor analysis. Additionally, we compare our explored factors with other authors. Factor analysis of research – made scale (S.D.) yielded evidence for 4 factors which 89.89% of total variance was explained by them. We find four factors, including, a: Family and per cohort, b: parent-external control, c: economic status and d: educational-cultural factors which respectively, 24.05%, 22.21%, 22.16% and 21.47% of total variance was explored by them. Result: At the results, socio-cultural variations in attribution of social deviance are discussed, suggestion for direction in future research and cultural politymakers on the attribution of social deviance are offered.

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Objective: Crime is a multidimensional phenomenon which its investigation needs the use of an interdisciplinary approach. It has a unique spatio-temporal (spatial and temporal) context which distinguishes it from other behaviors and causes the criminal behavior not to have an even spatial distribution in an area. Some places due to their physical/ environmental features, kind of activities common in them, or social and economic characteristics of their inhabitants provide more opportunities for crimes to occur and attract active and strongly motivated criminals who on a basis of a rational choice look for the safest and most suitable places and conditions to commit a criminal act. This research as an interdisciplinary study has used a combination of sociology, criminology, and geography disciplines to investigate crime phenomenon in Game Nets in city of Tehran. Game Net as a place that provides users with computer games, due to its anatomy and spatial properties, environmental design as well as its usage situation and environmental ground can, regardless of the individual and social characteristics of the users and managers, prepare a suitable ground for the emergence of criminal behaviors. Ecological properties of the areas in which these Game Nets are located can also cause different rates of crime. Method: The present study investigated the crimes related to Game Nets at two levels of micro and medial levels: crimes inside Game Nets and the Game Net -crimes spreading over different urban districts of Tehran. Using the GIS software, the research intended to identify the spatial pattern of these crimes in order to examine how the environmental factors affect the occurrence of the Game Net crimes. To achieve this purpose, using a questionnaire as a tool in this survey method we Surveyed 400 users inlOO randomly chosen Game Nets about crimes related to those Game Nets. Findings: The results of the present study revealed that the highest rate of reported crimes were related to cursing/swearing, fighting, and gambling in respective 53.1, 43.1, 38.7 Percent of the participants reported the rates of swearing, fighting, and gambling as high and very high in respective. The ecology of the crime in this study was investigated too. The maps drawn according to rates of different crimes showed that spatial distribution of Game net-related crimes in Tehran did not follow an even pattern and reported various rates at different districts. But the regions located at suburban and city entrance areas or located at more commercial areas revealed higher rates of crimes. Results: The results revealed that typologically the Game Nets which were located out of official and unofficial inspection zone, those located in busy business centers as well as those have residential usage respectively had the highest crime rates due to chances they could provide for criminal activities. According to proposed theories (hypothesis) Opportunity, Daily activities, and social supervision are considered the most important variables which interfere between Place and Crime. Investigation of environment in study of given crimes helps researches to detect the patterns of the criminal behaviors and to identify crime prone centers. Attention to environment as an unmediated factor in comparison to personal or structural factors makes it possible for researcher to propose more practical crime prevention strategies.

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Objectives: The article is based on a nationwide quantative gender-sensitive research on Iranian rural health workers’ working conditions, job satisfaction and motives using a representative sample of 2416 “ behvarz”es. Behvarzan, or the locally sourced health workers or are originally trained to meet the basic healthcare needs of people living in rural areas. A female behvarz is responsible for, among other things, child and maternal health , a male behvarz for sanitation and environmental projects. The health workers are well familiar with the culture and traditions of were they live and work i.e. Iranian villages throughout the country. There are about 17 000 health houses in the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the recent Ministry of Health statistics. Almost 27 000 community health workers are working in these health houses, more than half of them women. On average, each health house serves 1500 people in its village and surrounding settlements. Since a community health worker is from the local people therefore has their approval and support. These workers regularly supervise people's health. Among their duties, female community health workers are responsible for vaccinations, registrations and administering medicines. A male community health worker is charged with activities mainly outside the health house, such as making follow-up visits to patients and identifying them in surrounding villages. The minimum age for male and female health workers is 20 and 16 respectively. They are required to have had 11 years of regular education, plus two years of theoretical and practical training before being awarded a certificate to be allowed to practice. Even after their graduation, the behvarzan are subject to regular monitoring and distance-learning to meet the requirements by the Ministry. According to the Iranian health officials, these community workers have made huge success in improving Iranian health indexes. They has made a significant contribution to the sharp decline in mortality rates in the past three decades,helping to reduce deaths among infants and pregnant women, and curbing contagious diseases. Method: This was a nationwide survey with a representative sample of 2416 rural health workers based on a combination of sampling methods using the latest list of (sampling framework ) of around 27000 behvarzes provided by the officials of the ministry of health in Iran. Findings: The findings show that there were significant differences between female and male health workers’ job satisfaction with regard to different aspects of their job. Females were more satisfied with the job as a whole while for males the satisfaction was sourced out of their clients’ appreciation and the support and appreciation from the directors. The dissatisfaction with their job was caused mainly by low income as for males and the amount of work load for women. There were large differences among health workers living in various provinces and over all the job satisfaction was affected significantly by age, marital status, job history and having extra income by other sources. Results: Results: There were statistically significant differences betwwwn female and male health workers' job satisfaction with regard to different aspects of their job. Overall dissatisfactions among female. Health workers were concerning their huge work-load whereas male health workers were more dissatisfied with the issue of income and rewards. However, in general female health-workers or behvarzes were More satisfied compared to men, with their income as well as their job As a whole. They were however less satisfied in terms of the community's appreciation and the reactions from the supervisors and higher officials. It was seemingly somehow reflecting the conventional Patriarchal relationship pattern in the traditional and rural areas Atmosphere in relation to female workers.

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Objectives: Health of society is based on its individual. Person’s healthy life is product of interaction between personal choices and their enveloping socioeconomic environment. In 1948, the World Health Organization identified social well-being as one of several facets of an individual’s overall health. Social well-being is defined as an individual’s self-report of the quality of their relationship with other people, their neighbourhood, and their communities. Social well-being is operationalized as an individual’s perceptions of their integration into society, acceptance of other people, coherence of society and social events, one’s sense of contribution to society, and the potential and growth of society. The Learning of social skills and membership in a social network enable individual to interact effective with others. These are indicators of behavioural health and social well-being. This study aims to major Social Wellbeing and explore its relationship with social demographic variable. Method: this study design as a cross sectional. The sample size of this study was 1024 students of university of social welfare and rehabilitation. 168 students agreed to enter the study. To collect data 2 different questionnaires was applied: social demographic and Social Well-being questionnaires. Data analyzes was done with One-Way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation, T and Mann Whiney test results. Statistically analyses were done by spss. Findings: In terms of educational departments, students of clinical psychological and Speech Therapy showed in tern, the highest and least Social Well-being scores but not find meaningful difference between educational departments. MST student’s Social Well-being scores were higher than BS. Findings showed marriage student’s Social Well-being scores were higher than singles as marriage student’s Social Well-being scores were 84.84 and for single’s were 66.63. And male students had higher scores than female as male students Social Well-being scores were 86 and female students Social Well-being scores were 67.6. Also, averages of Social Well-being scores for were membership in association were 82.13 and for students were not membership in association were 66.20 and this difference was meaningful. Results: The finding of this study showed significant relationship between social well-being and some social demographic variable among students. Social Wellbeing had significant relationship with material status, education, sex, membership in association, and employment status, but not with education major, parent’s education and student’s age.

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Objective: In Iranian society, women as half of the population play an important role in employment and social development. Hence, addressing the issue of women’s working and its relationship with their health status is inevitable. On the other hand, evidence suggests that in addition to medical interventions, health depends on socioeconomic conditions like job classifications. Method: It’s a cross-sectional study on 160 women working in welfare centers in Tehran. Participants were recruited using a multistage cluster method. To measure the variables, checklist of personal data with demographic variables and General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) were used. Findings: Between mental health and job classification, there was a significant correlation (p<0.005). Comparing job classifications on a one-to-one basis showed a significant difference in mental health between manager and expert women, so that, managers had less mental health than experts. Conclusion: Managers and policy makers of organizations, as well as health planners, should pay more attention to job which seems to be a social determinant of women’s mental health.

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Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine expenditure distribution and inequality changes in Tehran. It separately explored expenditures distribution for health, education, and food in rural and urban areas from 1989 till 2006. Method: Using Household Expenditure Survey conducted by Statistical Center of Iran, expenditure distribution and inequality changes for urban and rural areas in Tehran and whole of the country within the time span of 1989 to 2006 were calculated. Gini Coefficient and Theil's Index were calculated and the results were compared. Findings: Inequality in health and education expenditures are too severe (Gini=0.6-0.8) but, food and gross distribution expenditure are more equal (Gini=0.3-0.4). There was a significant difference between urban and rural areas in Tehran for gross expenditures. Heath expenditures distribution in urban of country was more equitable than Tehran, but in rural areas, there was an adverse condition. Regarding education expenditures, there was only a significant difference between rural areas in Tehran and whole of the country that means distribution expenditure in whole of the country in more equitable. Conclusion: With respect to the calculated indices, there are severe inequality in health and education expenditures both in Tehran and whole of the country, but a nearly equitable distribution about food and gross expenditures. These results show that food expenditures have a significant relationship with gross expenditures and therefore, food expenditure shows the real consumption of the households. For these, policymakers have to pay more attention to health and education expenditures in targeting subsidies.

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Introduction: due to importance of poverty reduction in reducing social problems, sustainable development of a country and increase of social welfare level or to detect qualified persons using welfare programs, to study the poverty phenomenon has to be studied This can help policy makers in poverty elimination. Method: we used the statistical data on household budgets for measuring poverty indices (Foster-Greer-Thorbecke).this study conducted for both urban and rural areas of Kerman province and their comparison with corresponding Indices in National level. Findings: in general, the trend of poverty measures in both urban and rural areas has been declining. Using independent T test we found that incidence and intensity of poverty in rural areas has been higher than the corresponding figures for the urban areas. all of three measures in urban areas of province was higher than the same measures in urban areas of Iran.Hypothesis of increasing poverty measures in rural areas of province than rural areas of Iran were confirmed only about two variables (e.g. P0, P1). Conclusion: although the general trend of poverty in both urban and rural areas of Kerman province has been declining , but in some years this trend has high fluctuation that show poverty reduction policies has not been applied in strategic and sustainable program and has not been with strict identification of the poor. Increased severity of poverty in rural areas of Kerman needs more attention by policy makers to identify the poor and allocate helps to them, in the end of study regarding to socio-economic properties of Kerman province, we propose recommendations for poverty reduction in province.

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Introduction: Income distribution is such a controversial subject which besides the economic aspect, its social aspect is also very important, as any economic approach to income distribution, followed by the  special social consequences inevitably. Given that health is one of the categories that directly and indirectly affected by income distribution, in this study, we examine the relationship between income inequality and life expectancy as an indicator of health regarding the role of other factors such as health, environment and community can be studied.

 

Method: This paper uses time series data of 1351-1388 to evaluate the long-run and short-run dynamic relationships among the Gini coefficient, income per capita, doctors per capita, literacy rates and life expectancy in Iran. In order to test for existence of long-run relationship the bound testing approach to level relationship and error correction model (ECM) are applied.

 

Finding: Bounds test results indicate the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between income inequality, literacy rate, and doctores (per 10000 population) and life Expectancy. According to the results of the ECM, deviations from long-run equilibrium rate adjustment is equal to 0/15. This confirms that the deviation from the long-run equilibrium is adjusted with rate of 15% per period. Moreover, estimated long-run coefficients indicate that an increase in literacy rate and physicians per ten thousand people, improves health indicators. While the effect of income inequality on health is significant and negative, rising inequality threatens public health.

 

Conclusion: The results indicate that income inequality affects public health more than any other variables. Therefore, the income distribution is important determinant of the health and the appropriate policies to improve income distribution can be effective in promoting public health.

 

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Introduction: Gender-Based crimes against girl children soldiers which are one of the international concerns were the subject of international criminal law from past two decades. The perpetrators of these crimes in international courts for Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone have been considered by the judges, but in practice faced serious gaps to punish them, although all efforts which were made by the International Criminal Courts from early stage in this area to give a panoramic view of these crimes to international community and bring it to the International Criminal Court. Congo was the first case of sexual allegations against the girl children soldiers in Criminal Court. Women human rights activists collected many evidence and gave them to victims and witnesses. Those evidence indicate the sexual crimes against girl children soldiers were committed by Lubango or his forces. In the case of Lubango non-governmental organizations contributed to an attempt to collect and present evidence of sexual crime. Legal representatives of sexual crimes victims refer to witnesses' assertion to indicate girls were recruited widely and systematically to assault sexual crimes against them. The prosecutor also did a lot of research in Congo to report on the sexual offense against the girl children soldiers cited in these areas. However, the prosecutor did not pay any attention to these reasons.

Critical Review: However, the Criminalization of Gender-Based crimes in the statute of the Court in evolutionary approach is a historic occasion and hope that no impunity for the perpetrators of gender-based crimes does not exist. Rome Statute prepares wider context to prosecute gender-based crimes against girl children soldiers in the International Criminal Court that missed in previous courts. Although the statutes have predicted the complete set of indictable gender-based crimes, personnel and organizational requirements, but it is disheartening to see how these facilities use for the benefit of victims of gender-based crimes in the International Criminal Court precedent. Rape charges against Lubanga in the court has particular weaknesses which were caused by the performance of prosecutors and Pre-Trial Chamber, collecting insufficient evidence, incomplete indictment, and court inaccurate interpretation on sex crimes against girl children soldiers. Many reasons which were supported the occurrence of certain sex crimes by Lubango were heard during the hearings. The witnesses for the prosecution also testified occurrence of crimes and confirmed it during the hearings. Finally, these efforts found a great result. The methodology of this research was descriptive-analytic and relying on the history and jurisprudence of the Former Criminal International Court including; Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court which were dealing with gender-based crimes on girl children soldiers.

Discussion: Results of this study, after review course to the jurisprudence of the former Criminal International Tribunal to International Criminal Court in dealing with gender-based crimes, reflect the fact that despite of development of international criminal law there are still bugs and deficiencies in jurisprudence of International Criminal Court in the fight against gender-based crimes on girl children soldiers in Congo situation. The prosecutor's statement, reasons for legal representatives of victims and witnesses were not considered by the justices. No new charges based on allegations of sex crimes has added to the former list of Lubango's charges. Lubanga was on trial for the same charges, registration girl children soldiers. The final decision issued too little impact of sexual violence against Lubanga.

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Short Abstract
This Research is based on the Diner’s approaches dividing the effective factors on subjective well-being as well as the theory of ecological systems of Bruffen Brener (1995) identifying the communities and layers of the child’s presence and activities. The study of the background of the research was conducted using documentary study method and empirically using the scroll. The tool was a questionnaire which was distributed among 453 participants whose age range was 10-12 years old. The analysis process was performed using SPSS 21 software, descriptive statistics, and analytical methods. As indicated by the findings, school teachers are unlikely to have a direct impact on subjective well-being in multivariate regression. However, the school’s environment appears to be important. The living environment with a direct and indirect coefficient of 0.48 has the greatest impact on the subjective well-being of children. Therefore, the most influential factors seem to be the living environment, the group of friends, and the school space, and ultimately, it is the family which affects the subjective well-being of children. Accordingly, it can be said that children have valuable and more useful, and careful consideration in the determinants of child satisfaction, with minor reforms in policies, has made the communities offer a great service to the future of the citizens and the countries.

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Short Abstract
Since the school years are considered as periods of human development, school environment is a convenient setting for grading health, self-esteem, life skills, and good behavior. The aim of this research was to provide a mental well-being pattern based on educational, social, emotional, physical, and security climate of school through mediation of academic resilience. This research in terms of the purpose and the nature is, respectively, fundamental and descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all first grade high school female students in public schools of Tehran in the academic year of 1396-1397, in districts 2, 7, 11 and 18. The statistical sample consisted of 630 students. Sampling method is a multi-stage clustering method. The data gathering tool includes the questionnaires of 2015 school climate, mental well-being (2003), and Academic Resilience scale (ARI) (2004). The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS softwares and structural coefficient equations. The results showed that the direct path between the school climate and resilience was positive and significant. Moreover, a positive direct relationship between school climate and resilience was found. Apart from that, a significant indirect relationship between school climate and mental well-being with resilience mediation was observed. Finally, it was found that the direct path coefficient between resilience and mental well-being is positive and significant.
Therefore, it was concluded that school is the most important place for promoting health among adolescents.
 

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Intorduction: The major focus of this research is on studying protection behavior with emphasis on the role of components of protection motivation theory. 
Method: This research study is based on the survey method, which has been conducted using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was all rural residents of Mazandaran province, comprising 338 individuals who were selected using simple random sampling method as a statistical. The reliability of the instrument has been confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for protection behavior (0.752) and threat and response evaluation (0.780).
Findings: Findings showed that the average personal protection behavior (3.97) was obtained from 5. The results of the hypothesis test also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the components of protection motivation theory (perceived risk intensity, perceived vulnerability intensity, response costs, response self-efficacy, and response effectiveness) with personal protection behavior. Also, the results of regression indicate that a total of 0.529% of the changes in the dependent variable can be explained through the above-mentioned variables. In addition, the results of structural equation model analysis showed that the components of motivation protection theory (perceived vulnerability severity, response costs, response self-efficacy, and response effectiveness) had a direct and significant impact on respondents’ personal protection behavior while facing Covid-19 disease.
Discussion: The results of the study showed that protection motivation theory and its components could explain a social problem such as Corona virus pandemic logically and practicably and as such it can be said that this theory can be useful as a model for similar research in other rural areas of the country.

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The challenges of modern life and human nature encourage the need to earn a living and move toward materialism, in which direction jobs are the most important means of achieving this. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the clinical profile (aggression, anxiety, obsession, individual sensitivity, somatic complaints, psychosis, paranoid imagery, depression, and fear) and to compare career path profiles (behavior, self-efficacy, belief and adaptability in job seekers and job seekers were waiting. The research method was causal-comparative. For this purpose, all job seekers registered in Najaf Abad employment centers in 1397 were considered as a community. Of these, 110 were recruited by 52 job seekers and 58 were expected by available sampling and were divided into two groups of job seekers and job seekers. Research tools included Job Path Adaptation Questionnaire (Savikas & Porfili, 2012), 20 Questions about Job Behavior (Salehi, 2005); 10 Questions about Job Behavior (Salehi, 2005); Job Beliefs Test (Salehi, 2005) and SCL-90 (Dargoyess et al., 1973). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS-22 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two dimensions of career path in behavioral attribute and in the belief dimension (P <0.05) and there was no significant difference between self-efficacy, adaptability and job satisfaction (P <0.05). / 0 

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Introduction: One of the characteristics of the higher education system is social responsibility. In the current situation, family members of higher education and other social actors expect the university to alleviate the pain and suffering caused by the Coronavirus Panidemic by acting responsibly and using the knowledge and technologies at its disposal. Th purpose of this study is to provide a conceptual framework of social responsibility of universities in dealing with the Coronavirus crisis (Covid-19 disease.)
Method: This research is of applied type and has been done by documentary and meta-synthesis method. Sandlowski and Barroso seven-step methods were used to analyze the data. A total of 21 relevant, valid, and new sources were selected for the final meta-synthesis method, from which 75 codes, 11 concepts and 6 main components were extracted.
Findings: The findings showed that the components of university social responsibility in dealing with Coronavirus include identifying changes (economically, socially, politically, culturally, technologically, and environmentally), increasing social knowledge, establishing crisis management (with the aim of developing participation), creating a flexible structure (adapted to environmental changes), having an efficient and effective communication model with society and executive dimensions, and providing a solution. The proposed conceptual model consists of six main components that affect each other.
Discussion: In general, it can be said that the framework extracted from the meta-synthesis method can be considered by the officials of the higher education system to evaluate the factors affecting the role of university social responsibility to deal with Coronavirus.

 

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Introduction: Lifestyle is a mixture of individual patterns and behaviors through life, which forms the culture of a society, which is a category of precise patterns for life. The key reason for the child abuse phenomenon is the way of life and culture that has been incorrectly and erroneously established among people from the commencement and necessitates cultural and social interventions as well as legal interventions.
Method: To examine the relationship between child abuse (physical, sexual, negligence and inattention, malnutrition, emotional) and health-based lifestyle (physical activities, nutrition, addiction, spiritual health, social and psychological health, etc.) in 2021, field research (survey) was done on a sample of 97 parents with children aged 4-18 in Shahrekord city, whose children had been subjected to numerous instances of child abuse (reference organization: Welfare and Forensic Medicine Organization). The subjects' information was attained by completing the standard LSQ and child abuse questionnaires of Mohammad Khani (1998). The research hypotheses were tested via correlation and regression statistical tests.
Findings: The achieved results disclosed a negative and significant correlation between the parents' lifestyle variable and child abuse (beta coefficient = -0.704). The observed results of the regression analysis revealed that diverse lifestyle indicators are suitable predictors for all types of child abuse cases. With the upsurge of more suitable lifestyles, the amount of child abuse decreases significantly. In the present study, social health, addiction, and psychological health were higher predictors to clarify the instances of child abuse, and their role was clearly recognized in the current research (p<0.01).
Discussion: The results of this research revealed the significance of lifestyle and culture in the incidence of child abuse. The analysis disclosed that by establishing social and psychological health indicators and decreasing addiction, it is probable to reduce the occurrence of child abuse and the crimes caused by it.