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Showing 4 results for Razavi

Pooya Alaedini, Mohamadreza Razavi,
Volume 3, Issue 12 (4-2004)
Abstract

This paper discusses female labor force participation and employment in Iran. It shows that despite women's educational and social achievements over the last thirty years, their position in the labor force has not improved. Their rate of participation remains low, their unemployment rate has been on the rise in recent years, and their occupational choices are limited. Further, educated women have not faired well in the labor market. The war and revolutionary atmosphere in the 1980s resulted in a severe decline of women's participation and employment figures. Public policy was partly responsible for the decline but there were also cultural issues that tended to exacerbate the situation. The Paper examines the gender characteristics of recent developments in Iran's labor market. It analyses data from the most recent years, and reviews institutional and structural issues pertinent to women and work. The paper also provides a number of recommendations for future initiatives.


Siamak Zand Razavi, Keyvan Ziaei, Maryam Rahmani,
Volume 8, Issue 33 (7-2009)
Abstract

Objectives: The role and significance of local communities and participation in rural, urban development and planning is increasing throughout the world day by day. UNICEF in cooperation with the municipality and City Council of Bam are trying to establish the city of "Dustdare-E-Kudak" (Child-Friendly City) in the quake-hit city. The plan will involve citizens’ sustained participation in planning and decision-making processes, management, executive tasks, assessment, supervision, and distribution of benefits within local communities. Since the nature of a local community depends on the social capital which, in turn, relies on the neighbors’ networks in urban areas, it was necessary for the level of local and social capital in the city of “Dustdar-E-Kudak” (Child-Friendly City) to be determined both qualitatively and quantitatively, and the weaknesses be identified and, accordingly, the necessary planning and required measures be taken. The present article is the result of a research aimed at gaining this basic and necessary goal. Methodology: The study is a survey research in which data were collected by means of standardized interviewing (questionnaire), in which questions were mostly based on Likert Scale and suitable for Bam’s setting. About 1417 subjects were involved in the research, of whom, 288 above the age of 15 from both genders, were selected through Stratified Random sampling and finally were given interviews. The five following factors were considered for social capital: social participation (formal and informal/ traditional and modern), interactive norms, social trust (inter-personal, generalized, institutional and governmental). It should be noted that the validity and reliability of the research were acceptable. For reliability of the test, Cronbach’s alpha, and for validity of the research, formal and construct validity were used. Findings: The state of social capital’s components in the target area is generally average. The index of participation was divided into two dimensions: objective and subjective. The subjective participation among citizens was low and the objective participation was average. Applying the hypothetical testing of U Mann-whitney, we also showed that there is significance difference between the average formal objective participation with informal objective participation, and traditional objective participation with modern objective participation. In other words, objective participation in formal and modern forms is low, whereas objective participation in informal and traditional forms is average. Descriptively speaking, traditional participation is high and new participation is low, and participation in informal participation is far more than participation in formal participation. The social capital’s internal relationships were tested through Spearman’s Coefficient of correlation, and participation, the basis for a local community, was considered as the dependent variable. Positive and significant relationship between the index of norm (strength of correlation = 0.31) and the index of trust (strength of correlation =0.33), and also the negative and significant relationship between the sense of powerlessness (correlation = -0.45) with the social participation were confirmed. The results of the regression equation are as follows: Interaction0/13+ social confidence 0/23+ sense of powerlessness 0/34 = social participation 1/60 Conclusion: If a local community is a network made up of individuals having interactions with each other and generally living in a single area, then social capital is something which creates and objectifies that local community (like an interacting group with a local identity). Therefore, for creating local communities based on the residents’ stable participation in the city of “Dustdare Kudak” (Child-Friendly City) in Bam, it was necessary to identify the potential for social capital, particularly social participation as well as the factors affecting participation in the questioned area, and to plan accordingly. So, the findings indicates that: here are necessary capacities for establishing local communities however, there is little inclination on the individuals’ part towards civil, modern, organized institutions and some forms of subjective participation which can be disruptive. To promote participation we should consider such factors as reducing the sense of powerlessness, raising trust and interactive norms among the citizens of the city of “Dustdar-E-Kudak”. To cover the weaknesses and to promote participation, methods like “participatory problem-solving workshops”, “local meeting”, “local training” can be used.


Maysam Musai, Behzad Razavi Alhashem,
Volume 11, Issue 41 (Social Welfare Quarterly 2011)
Abstract

Objective: This article probesto answer that which are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of citizens’ participation in civic affairs in Tehran? This is achieved through studying social, cultural, economic, politicalmanagerial, legal, and spatial-physical aspects of the subject -- providing the basis upon which planners can formulate strategies and models for citizens’ participation in short-, medium-, and long-term plans. Method: Benefiting from a qualitative approach and relying on in-depth interviews and open questions, information on social, cultural, economic, political-managerial, legal, and spatial physical aspects of citizen’s participation has gathered with the aim of providing a SWOT analysis. A statistic community consist of 60 prefessors, urban planning and social science experts, and public sector officials were selected from the several University of Tehran and Socio- Cultural Bureau of Tehran Municipality have been selected and Studied with aimed and accessable sampling. Findings and Conclusion: The Results indicated that citizens’ participation in Iran specially in Tehran faces with the number of structural, socio-cultural, political-managerial, legal, and juridical impediments. Despite the current impediments various strengths and oppor tunities for stabilishment and empower of citizens’s participation in civic Affairs exist for there more weaknesses and thresats of participation from the citizens and city management has affected the partiction. yet the neccessity citizens practipation in the affairs is not be recognized by the Urban managers and cibizens. The citizens participation is mostly superfacial and symbolic.
Nasim Razavi, Hassan Ahadi, Gholam Reaz Saramiforooshan,
Volume 16, Issue 62 (10-2016)
Abstract

Introduction: The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased in developed and developing countries. Obesity is a metabolic disorder that is related to many diseases and can be caused by one factor or a chain of factors. Moreover, childhood obesity will most probably turn into adult obesity. Various research indicates that obesity is caused by the interaction of genes, psycho-social factors and environmental variables. Regardless of the true belief that obesity is caused by a mixture of factors, health viewpoints merely study individuals. In other words, these viewpoints neglect the structure of society and interest of power groups which make obesity an economic-political phenomenon as well as a genetic, biological, psychological and behavioral phenomenon. Therefore, it should be accepted that genetics is not the only reason for the high prevalence of obesity in developed and developing countries. Other factors such as environmental, behavioral and psycho-social factors play a role as well, specially in the era of globalization.

Critical Review: In reviewing the available treatments for obesity, all unilateral treatments are being challenged. Treatments which only modify nutrition or physical activity are being questioned in terms of efficiency and maintenance of weight loss. Combined treatments for lifestyle modification which take nutrition and physical activity modifications into account, have resulted in efficiency improvement. However, they do not take psychological factors causing and maintaining obesity into account. Review of “cognitive behavioral therapy” points out that, in many studies, this model has been successfully used for losing or maintaining weight. However, applying this model with or without involving parents is a question that affects arrangement of the therapy.

 On the path of change from second to third wave of psychology, obesity treatments had an eye on mindfulness interventions, however, as they are new therapies more research needs to be done to  evaluate them more precisely.          

Discussion: This study tried to investigate childhood obesity issues, its common treatments and their shortages by introducing the internal logic of capitalism and emphasizing on the capitalism lifestyle, excessive food consumption patterns and the development of unhealthy dietary pattern for capital accumulation. It considered social determinants and contemporary environmental changes to challenge environmental and social structure and to emphasize on the need for immediate obesity treatment. It also identified factors affecting the treatment of obesity in children.



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