Objectives: This paper presents and discusses the findings of a research project that has conducted by the authors. Here there is an attempt to study the fear of crime among women in the light of interdisciplinary theories. We focus on two words: women and public spaces. This is because women are considered as much vulnerable at public spaces. Method: We used both quantative and qualitative methods of collection data. That is, FGDs and survey. Finding & Results: Our main findings show that the fear of crime among almost 48 percent of respondents is high, 33 percent is middle and 19 percent low. Our tabulation tabals indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between rate of fear and income, education, neighborhood, and satisfaction with police operations.

Objective: Social capital is one of the concepts in social sciences which during the short time, less than two decades, not only has been populared in academic environments as a scientific term, but also it could arrive into the level of policy-making. The importance of the concept is up to high level that there is a special act about social capital in the fourth program of economic, social and cultural development. Also, social capital is called as an desired characteristic in the document of Iranian development for the year of 2025. But, how is the situation of social capital in the Iranian society?This article, that is extracted from a survey research with a provincial approach and carried out in 2006, try to answer the question. Method: The main target of the study is measuring and ranking of social capital in 20 townships of Isfahan province. The data are gathered by interview based on a standardized questionnaire. The sample size are 4739 cases who have been selected on the basis of a quota method by sex, age group and region. Finding and Results: The results have revealed that in some subdimensions such as institutional trust, trust towards family members, friends and acquintances, security feeling, social participation and social mediation are in better situation than the others that consist generalized trust, the new pattern of participation and civil engaging of citizens in social life. The most important result shows that Isfahan city, as the center of the province, accompanied by city of Khomeinishahr are located in the lowest rank of the social capital hierarchy in comparison with other townships.

Introduction: The family studies conducted worldwide revealed an  increase in female headed families. In the current situation, the increase in female headed families will lead to the increase in poverty and social vulnerability as well as a high prevalence of psychological pressure in the society. The increase in the number of working women, particularly those of female headed families who make a living by peddling their wares around the subways, can have an impact on changing the family patterns on the one hand, and reflects the changed patterns caused by the structural transformation in the family which is manifested in the social relations, on the other hand. This is a fact that our society is faced with the pressure of traditionalist cultural patterns regarding  men and women’s roles and gender-based division of labour, on the one hand, and it requires the acceptance of broader social and economic roles by  women and their higher  participation in accepting the responsibilities and solving the problems of the family life, on the other hand. This study aimed to identify the effects of performing multiple roles on ,  female peddlers in subways their attitudes toward themselves and their strategies to address the role pressure.

Method: A qualitative study using observation techniques and semi-structured interviews with female peddlers in the subways was applied. Participants were chosen through snowball sampling, a non-probability sampling technique.

Findings: This study approved the role accumulation theory and the role enhancement theory describe in the theoretical framework. The multiple roles of subway female peddlers (e.g.economic role, maternal role and housekeeping) provided them with a set of opportunities and constraints. Having a job was associated with developing skills and creating a regularly scheduled framework for life and it had minimized the

psychological pressures caused by the conflict of the roles. Therefore, the results showed that having multiple roles does not affect women destructively.

Discussion: The results of the study showed that although  approaches, such as role plurality, role conflict and the pressure of role overload lead these women to have adverse conditions in terms of anxiety, fatigue and depression compared to those women who accept only the traditional roles (e.g. housekeeping), having a job

leads to  higher self-esteem, more financial independence as well as achieving  extensive social support. Moreover, by creating feelings of usefulness, a part of the psychological needs are met and their capability and self-confidence are increased.