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  Introduction: Family has a profound influence on personality traits of child. It also makes changes in mental processes of family members. Due to the fact that the absence of one parent or both of them has unpleasant effect on mental growth of children and adolescents, this study is looking for the comparison between parented and unparented adolescents in terms of psychological hardiness .

  Method: All students whom studied in secondary schools and high schools in Ardebil in 1388-89, are considered as statistic population of present research. For this purpose, among all high schools in Ardebil city, 18 schools were selected by cluster sampling method. Then 150 adolescents (75 girls and 75 boys) were selected by simple sampling method. Through filling out psychological hardiness questionnaires, students took part in this study. Data was analyzed by the use of multivariate analysis of variance.

  Finding: Results of present research have shown that there are differences in terms of psychological hardiness between parented and unpatented adolescents, but no difference between girls and boys in term of hardiness.

  Conclusion: this study shows that parented adolescents have more psychological hardiness than others and adolescents without mother have less hardiness than two other groups. Perhaps, stress and lack of mental health have been the most important factors in low hardiness.

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Introduction: Legal protection of the rights of people with disability in Iran has been considered by the governmental and non-governmental sectors over the past two decades. In this study, we have examined the medical, social, and ethical approaches of disability in the Law enacted in 1396, on the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. We have also tried to recognize discourses involved in the law.
Method: Using Norman Fairclough's method of critical discourse analysis, the text of the law and the interviews of the people involved in its compilation have been analyzed in three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. First, we have provided conceptual categories of Faircloughian method in a table; second, we have extracted the words and phrases related to these categories from the text of the law and interviews to another table. The second table shows the relations between three levels of critical analysis: grammatical and semantic sections, textual or discourse vision, and ideological or structural frames in this research.
Findings: Our analysis of law and interviews concentrates on three kinds of data: rhetorical, discursive, and structural/ideological data. This study shows the Presence/absence and competition of governmental, legislative, private, and social discourses and their unequal role in lawmaking. In fact, governmental discourse has played a completely dominant role. Academic discourse has been absent in the process, and private discourse has had a hidden but active role.
Discussion: Changing the purpose of law-making from social to supportive is a result of predominant role of governmental discourse. This leads to an order of discourse based on inequality and low participation of social discourses. This leaves most of the social issues of disability unspoken, ambiguous, and without legal support. The predominant medical model of disability, through a reproduction of its concepts and definitions of disability, causes the continuation and intensification of disability and inequality for disabled persons.