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Objective: In recent years Iranian Social Security Organization has developed its protection level to more labor force population and accepted more responsibilities. Because of these more responsibilities, more costs have been charged to this organization. At this article short run protection costs related to such responsibilities for the above mentioned organization are investigated. Method: For this purpose, cost function for short run protections with the help of literatures for multi - product firms and using Panel Data in econometrics methods for all Iran's provinces have been estimated. Findings and Results: Results show that short run protections has most sensitivity by quantity of unemployment insurance users.

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Objective: This study evaluated the knowledge and attitude of Tehran northwestern young population toward ecstasy use and its consequences. Method: In this descriptive, analytical-crossectional study, 400 young (247 males, 153 females) persons residing in northwestern districts of Tehran were assessed by a demographic and knowledge, attitude and behavior questionnaire. They were selected via the multi-stage random sampling. The data were analyzed through the descriptive statistic methods and X2. Findings: 41% of samples had good knowledge, 50% had moderate knowledge and 9% had low knowledge. 32% of samples had good attitude, 44% had moderate attitude and 24% had bad attitude. 26% of respondents have reported that they have used the ecstasy tablets. One important finding is that 31% of ecstasy users are also addicted to other kinds of narcotics. 44.9% of males and 35.3% of females were moderately aware of the dangerous outcomes of the ecstasy use. 25.9% of males and 20.3% of females regarded the ecstasy use a bad and dangerous act. In this study there was a significant relationship between attitude and gender (p = 0.035). Also there was a significant relationship between ecstasy use and gender(p < 0.001) and a notable relationship between ecstasy use and education(p = 0.008) Results: A considerable percent of respondents was not aware of the dangerous outcomes of the ecstasy and did not show the expected negative attitude toward this drug and a vast percentage of them had used the drug.

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Objective: Globalization of economy is characterized by increasing movement of labor and capital, technology, increased international trade, integration of markets and communication. Liberalization and globalization lead to increased foreign investment and increased amount and type of goods and services traded by nations. One of the challenges in globalization literature is its impacts on living condition of income groups and more specifically on poverty and income distribution of different income groups. Some believe in a positive relation between poverty and trade liberalization. However, others have got a negative relation between them. Method: In this study the effect of globalization on poverty was investigated using both of micro and macro frameworks. In macroeconomic lens, globalization effect on Poverty Headcount and Poverty Gap criteria was studied using a variable as foreign trade – gross domestic production ratio. In microeconomic lens the results obtained for Wheat market was used. The Wheat market contains equations of import, domestic production and domestic demand simultaneously. The results of the Wheat market obtained from Mousavi’s(1385) study, conducted to predict the impact of globalization on Wheat market. In the microeconomic approach in addition to the Wheat market results, household expenditure, collected by Iranian Statistical Center, was also used. In the microeconomic approach the impact of different levels of increase in Integration of International Trade (LIT) criterion (as a mean indicating level of globalization) on Wheat (Bread) consumption was investigated. Two approaches were considered in order to investigate the impact of globalization on consumption. In approach one, the total changes in Wheat consumption was regarded as summation of changes in domestic supply and import. While in second one the changes in Wheat (Bread) domestic demand was regarded as consumption changes. Different levels of increase in Integration of International Trade criterion were also 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 percent. In addition to the increased levels of the Integration of International Trade criterion, the impacts of increase in price of bread on selected households expenditure and poverty indices including Headcount, Poverty Gap and Severity of Poverty was studied. Findings & Results: Based on findings, globalization has no considerable impact on the percent of urban poor, while 1% rise in globalization criterion can reduce urban poverty gap by 2.95%. Inflation index also reveled that increase in prices results in decreased poverty gap in urban Iran. In the case of rural households the findings showed that globalization results in a reduced poverty head count, but it raises poverty gap. In other words participation of Iran in global market will result in more undesirable condition of rural lower income poor, needing for more protection of the mentioned groups. The impact of agriculture sector growth on rural poverty is also interesting in that more growth of it lead to more poverty. Based on the results agriculture sector growth is expected to increase both of the poor number and poverty gap. The results of Headcount criterion revealed that 36.74% of urban and 25.43% of rural households are considered as poor. The results of micro lens evaluation that was also performed using coefficients obtained from Mousavi’s (1385) study and household expenditure showed that globalization of wheat market individually, and increased bread price would not result in a considerable change in poverty Headcount, Gap, and Severity.

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Objectives: This article evluated urban upgrading achievements and challenges of the Urban Upgrading and Housing Reform Project conducted in Iran during the period 2004-2009. Method: The assessment is provided both at the project level and in the target informal settlements of Bandar Abbas as a case study. Data and information were collected through a desk review, a beneficiary assessment conducted in Bandar Abbas, and a set of interviews held with project stakeholders at the national level and in Bandar Abbas. Findings & Conclusions: One of the most important achievements of the project it is making positive attitude to the informal settlements in public level. Alsoseries of interventions including streets improvements, water piping schools construction, chanel reform, and construction of hygiene an medical centers have resulted various benefits for local inhibitant. Yet the project faced with the challenges and difficulties and have disappointed some of it’s appliances.

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Objective: The conceptualization of Social Capital impressed by the studies of thinkers and theorists in various districed of social sciences ether in the past or modern era. Today this concept has standed as an important role in researches, polices and planings. Therefore the study of Social Capital in Kerman City has done. Method: The method which is used in this research is Survey and questionnaire is considered as a method of gathering data which were needed. The social statistic includes the habitants above 15 years old in Kerman City which was selected350 samples with the use of cocheran formula and multi stage clustral sampling method. Findings: The results show that the Social Capital in Kermanhas been stimated in medium that has plurality in aspects and indexes. In some aspects can see the traditional kind of Social Capital while in others the modern kind overcame. Considering that Iran society experiencing the transmission from tradition to modernisms, reinforcement of civil institutions, Enrichment of public educations, preparing security, governmental decentralization, promoting trust, strengthen beliefs and positive attitudes and are recommended to eliminating the challenge between tradition and modernisms and promoting Social Capital.

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intorduction: Social capital is a well - known social determinant of health. This study intends to determine the relation between social capital and social health indicators and show how social capital influences social health. Method: one of the specific type of correlation study is ecologic or aggregate study in which research unit is group not individual, we used this kind of study. Social health indicators and social capital data were gathered from formal institution and national survey of measuring social capital in Iran in 2007. To analyze data, SPSS 15 was used. Finding: The results show that there are significant relationships between social capital and poverty, population growth rate, violence, literacy rate, unemployment and insurance coverage as social health indicators and there are positive correlation between social capital and poverty, population growth rate and unemployment. Altogether, the correlation between social capital and total social health (calculated by principal component analysis) in Iran is significant (r = -0.54, p value = 0.001). based on 0.30 coefficient of determination, 30 percent of variance in social health can be explained by social capital. Conclusion: Positive correlation between social capital and poverty, population growth rate and unemployment can be explained by this view that, on the one hand, predominant type of social capital in developing provinces of Iran is old social capital with intra group relationships, restricted and specific trust. On the other hand, old (traditional) social capital in developed provinces of Iran was eroded and new (modern) social capital didn’t form, therefore we can see distorted and unequal development in this province such as Tehran and Esfahan. Thus in order to social health promotion and improvement we need to pay attention to various kind of social capital, especially new social capital in health policy and planning.

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Introduction: social capital is the most important of concept that considered by scholars, in this sense health scholar considered it in particular way. This study examine the relationship of social capital and social health with theatrical analysis of researches and studies that did in this arena. There are two approach: first approach assumption that two concepts are independent and social capital is independent variable, and social health is dependent variable.in Second one, there is conceptual blending between them.

Critical review: there are three different approaches to social health determinants of health, social health of society and social health of individual. Determinants of health is trying to identify and determine the variables that provided condition and areas were effected on social health. Social health of individual is the process of citizenship in social affairs. Indeed if people social participations are more in the society, not only individual social health will increase but also have consequences that social health indexes will strengthen. In other word, these three approaches are the complete pattern of social health that have own policies, planning, performance and results. Therefore, it seems that it’s better to consider all approaches simultaneously for accurate and fair assessment of social health condition in a country.

Discuss: individuals with the same social and economic status may have different level of social capital. Thus, individual and psychological characters could explain this different. In other word, with regarding that social health is subjective known as an aspect of social capital that is being indicate of personality potential for developing relations. Blending view include psychological aspect in related to social capital and social health that is individual capacity for participating in the society.

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Introduction: Social capital is the result of interactions among humans, organizations and institutions based on trust, empathy and norms that facilitated by social participation and cooperation for resulting to common interest. Social capital is the sum of resources that accrue to an individual or a group by possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition. This construct is discussed and analyzed in different macro, middle and micro levels. Therefore, it has found increasing use in social sciences as well as in other fields such as health, management, economics and politics. Actually, social capital has a numerous definition and division in terms of scientist and scientific perspectives and for this reason this concept has faced with measuring problems. So, it is necessary to constructed and validated scale for social capital. In the most studies the separate forms of social capital has been neglected. The lack of proper scale that measure both forms of bonding and bridging social capital is one of the reason for this situation. So, the main purpose of this research is building and validating scale for the social capital. This scale can help researcher to conducting and measuring this concept without any problem.  
 
Method: The research method is correlation. In this research 28 items of social capital project and 12 items of bridging (SAM scale) are analyzed. The sample population was 415 people 189 (45.5%) female and 226 (54.5%)  male in 18-70 age range with multi-stage cluster sampling method in three areas of Tehran based on low, middle and high economic-social status. In terms of education respondents were Deploma to Ph.D level. For evaluating the suitability of data for factor analysis Bartlett's test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer Olkin scale was used. The result of the Kaiser-Meyer Olkin scale (KMO = 0.791) shows the adequacy of sampling. The exploratory factor analysis were estimated with varimax rotation based on the construct validity and reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (internal consistency).

 Findings: In the total of 40 items, finally, 20 items remained that compose the "social capital questionnaire" and measure this construct in bonding and bridging social capital. Three structure of scale factors are  related to  bonding social capital (empathy and belonging, trust, partnership) and two structure of scale factors are related to bridging social capital (different interests, different lifestyle). So, we make a scale for social capital that measure both of Bonding and Bridging social capital together. Their structural factor consist of 5 dimensions (empathy and attachment, different interests, different lifestyle, trust, participation) that explain 58% of social capital variation. Meanwhile, the scale has a high reliability (α=0/825).
 
Discussion: This scale made a suitable measure for recognition of social capital forms in future research among different groups and also for studying reasons and results of them. It is suggested that researchers use this scale in their studies for describing the state of bonding and bridging social capital in different populations and to identify interventions for promoting of social capital forms. It is recommended to be used as a criterion validity in future studies and in further research. It is important to addressed and validate this scale in other cities and certain groups such as the disabled, the addicts, and students.

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Introduction: The concept of change, coupled with growth in various forms has always been of interest to scholars of social sciences. However,  as of the twentieth century, special attention has been paid to the concept of development and planning to achieve the development turned out to be a worthy goal for most countries. This attention was intensified after the World War II due to the need to rebuild the destruction caused by war, as well as the independence of the former colonial countries. First, the Soviet :::::::::union::::::::: started the planning and due to its success other countries more or less started to codify a comprehensive and focused plan (with extensive government intervention in all means of production of goods and services). Iran, alongside the onset of first experiences in planning in 1948, is a pioneer in this field. In this regard, after the victory of the Islamic Revolution five development programs have been implemented. This study examines different dimensions and components of social development which have been addressed in these programs and evaluates and compares them.
 
Methods: This study is descriptive-analytical and it was conducted applying  qualitative and quantitative content analysis. Through document analysis and literature review,  the main  and secondary dimensions and components of social development were extracted (eight core dimensions and forty-four subcategories). Accordingly, the content of  the development program documents  was  analyzed and the examples of the programs which were in accordance with core dimensions and subcategories were analyzed in Excel applying quantitative content analysis.
Findings: The study findings suggest that in the fivefold development programs, components of "education", "social security and support", "environmental protection", "optimal utilization of resources", "promoting science and technology" and "adjusted gap of deprived and rich areas" have been considered. With regard to the components of "gender justice", "national cohesion", "ethnic convergence", "reduced religious divergence", "the youth", "the elderly", "family health and stability", "social security" either there have been no policies or policies have been vague
Discussion: Considering the  socio-cultural requirements of Iran’s society  and the growing trend of social problems, also lack of access to a proper global position based on vision plan, it is necessary to revise the development programs policies and pay more attention to the neglected components of  the development documents.
 

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Introduction: Governments are expected to adopt proper policies to promote health indicators and to control and decline social harms. However, current social harms statistics and types as well as age range of people who are involved in them show an unsuitable situation. Lack of convenient policy underlies poor interdisciplinary work, inadequate resource management, and arbitrary decision. There are many barriers which prevent social harms to be well identified and figured out: politicians and the public must intend and demand special consideration towards social harms; media activists should be concerned about it instead of focusing only on trivial or unsolvable topics; remarkable research evidence must be provided, and social harms must be well conceptualized as they vary time to time and place to place. The present study has been conducted to provide a list of recommended policies in order to control social harms in Iran, utilizing experts’ opinions.
Methods:This is a qualitative and applied-developmental research study, conducted implementing a Delphi method. Delphi is a systematic data gathering method through which experts’ opinions are obtained as regards a particular subject or question. In this study, during three rounds, experts answered written questions anonymously. The participants could see feedbacks of others and change or insist on their viewpoints. Finally, the research team continued the procedure until they felt that relative consensus has been reached Twenty experts were asked to participate in the study. The experts were selected based on some criteria that could enable researchers to reach the study goals. They all had academic and scientific reputation, and they were also nationally known for their works on the topics related to the present study, either in social harms field directly or germane areas, such as sociology, social health, social work, social policy, economics, etc. They had also prominent practical experience in the fields that assured researchers that they are knowledgeable in the study topic. Since this method is inherently time consuming, the participants should have been provided with sufficient time to answer and get to know the topic. All recommended parts of Delphi method including controlled feedback, results analysis, and consensus were respected until  the best possible agreement was reached.
Findings: Results were discovered differently in any round. In pre-round stage, one single open question was posed and 52 policies were taken out. In order to purify the received responses, 48 items were sent back to the participants. In the next rounds 31 policies were agreed upon and in the last round, experts noted that one of the items must have been divided into two, accordingly 32 policies were identified, and it was assessed and pointed out that the participants have agreed on 32 policies. Some of the most prioritized subjects were identified as, continuous monitoring of social harms, attention to community-based approaches, special attention to economic issues, attention to expanding alternative dispute resolution, developing happiness and hope, inter-organizational cooperation, attention to religious and social values, futurism, attention to high-risk areas, removing parallel and ineffective organizational structures, continuous assessment of social health, providing social and cultural attachment for programs, attention to educational centers, training specialized and professional persons, attention to virtual space and social media, healthy lifestyle, social identity, improving health-care, social support promotion, social inclusion, social responsibility and social demanding, attention to social responsibility of corporations, decreasing workplace stress, using mass media, using capacity of urban and rural management system, sense of social security, recreations, occupational training and empowerment, international communication and insurance coverage.

Discussion: Based on the findings, it can be claimed that despite all the efforts that have been made, there is still a long way to go to reach a satisfactory point to be able tackle social harms. Results of the present study revealed that except for addiction field that has already been made, macro-level social policy as regards social harms seems necessary to be built. Just by taking a macro-level policy into account, it will be possible to design pathways to avoid arbitrary decision making, to get all capacities, either in GO or NGO parts together, to begin an inter-organizational coordination, to manage sources effectively, to determine priorities for policy making, to administer programs comprehensively, inclusively, and adequately, and finally, to do a better work division among related organizations at different levels. It is, of course, a noticeable progress that high ranking politicians did acknowledge that we are still several years behind compared to the way social harms change, since it helps scholars and managers to address the problems and find ways to solve them. Since social issues are interrelated, governments are supposed to make policies by which all indicators of health, including social health indicators become continuously investigated and along with changes of social issues, particularly social harms, policies become flexibly modified. Media and civil society would be good partners for governments to adopt and implement policies against social harms.

 

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Short Abstract
One of the important public plans to provide housing for low income families is the “Mehr Housing Project” (MHP). It seems that the aforementioned policy has a special emphasis on the quantitative aspect of housing than its social aspect. Regarding this issue, the present study addresses the status of residence satisfaction among citizens living in MHP of Parand City. Primary data gathering was accomplished using a questionnaire from sample consisting of 398 participants. The content validity ratio and content validity index for initial questionnaire were calculated. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha was used. The average total satisfaction of residents of MHP of Parand was 2.39 (out of 5), which indicates the lower medium score. Among the different dimensions of residential satisfaction, the highest satisfaction was related to the low social problems and the lowest one was public services. Findings show a significant correlation between residential satisfaction and predictor variables, such the amount of saving, district of residence, access to public transport, type of ownership, and population density. It seems that the promotion of the desirability of MHP requires comprehensive policy packages in the field of urban development, construction, public services, and social policies.

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Introduction: Divorce is a phenomenon that affects not only families but also society in general. There are some people who change their minds after applying for divorce. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the perception and causes of divorce among women.
Method: the phenomenological method was used in this qualitative study. For this purpose, 12 divorced women in District 14 of Tehran were voluntarily and purposefully selected in 1396, these were the applicants who had given up their decisions as regards divorce. The data were collected by in-depth and semi-structured interviews.
Findings: The findings of the study were categorized into three main classes: 1- Perception of women during the time between application and renunciation, most of them referred to the period before returning to cohabitation as a dangling state of extreme suffering which was categorized into two main classes of negative perception and logical perception 2 - Reasons for renunciation of were categorized into seven classes of children, lack of support, new opportunity given to them, negative attitude of society towards divorced women, fear of loneliness, use of counseling services, and having dependent personality. 3- Looking at the current life (after renunciation), it was also categorized into three classes of hopeful and satisfied, hopeful and dissatisfied, and disappointed and dissatisfied most of whom were unhappy with their marriage.
Discussion: According to the results obtained, it is worth mentioning that the number of women who have given up divorce is not small, but it seems necessary to improve and enrich the lives of these women through providing them with necessary training. Besides, counseling before divorce can also be helpful.

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Introduction: It is necessary to pay attention the subjective well-being or satisfaction of employees in an organization since lack of attention to them would result in deleterious effects on their individual and organizational performance.  
Method: The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that form managers ‘mental patterns regarding subjective well-being of employees as well as to explain managers ‘mental patterns. The present study is a mixed-method research in which the Q approach was used. The statistical population comprised managers and supervisors of Ferro Gilan Complex (N = 22) who were directly related to the research topic. To collect data, in-depth interviews were administered, whose validity and reliability had already been confirmed, respectively by CVR approach and Cohen’s Kappa method. In the qualitative part of research, the managers were interviewed by Q method, and Q cards were distributed among them, and there were Q-Set and Q-Sort. After collecting the data from Q sorting, they were analyzed by factor analysis in the quantitative part of the research. 
Findings: The study indicates managers’ seven main mindsets relevant to employees’ subjective well-being that are as follows: justice-oriented, collaboration-oriented, spirituality-oriented, trust-oriented, satisfaction-oriented, happiness-oriented, positive organizational behavior-oriented.
Discussion: Managers with mental patterns such as Justice-oriented, collaboration-oriented, spirituality-oriented, trust-oriented, satisfaction-oriented, happiness-oriented, positive organizational behavior-oriented can improve the subjective well-being of employees.

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Intorduction: According to psychological theories, identity acquisition is influenced by various factors, including psychological factors. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of agentic personality, social capital, moral intelligence and psychological capital in identity prediction.
Method: This study is a descriptive and correlation was used in the study. 633 undergraduate students studying in different universities in Tehran were selected by random sampling method in the academic year of 2018-2019 and completed the research tools including Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status II (EOM-EIS-II), Multi-measure Agentic Personality Scale (MAPS), the Social Capital Measurement Questionnaire, Moral Competency Inventory (MCI), and Psychological Capital Intervention (PCI). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression implementing SPSS-24.
Findings: Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between achievement and moratorium identity states with personality agency, moral intelligence, social capital, and psychological capital. Also, these variables positively and significantly predicted the achievement and moratorium identity states. Conversely, the relationship between identity diffusion and these variables was negative. In relation to foreclosure identity, only social capital and psychological capital were found to be positively and significantly related to this variable.
Discussion: According to the findings of this study, it can be stated that different identity states have different relationships with individual (personality agency, moral intelligence, and psychological capital) and social (social capital) constructs according to different levels of identity crisis and sense of commitment to personal identity.

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Introduction: The aim of the present study was to develop a conceptual model of opportunity creation based on women's lived experiences of perceived opportunities and threats during corona home quarantine.
Method: For this purpose, in a qualitative and phenomenological method, 12 women in Tehran were selected by purposive sampling method and using semi-structured interviews, the data were analyzed using thematic content analysis method.
Findings: The findings of the study indicated that the six dimensions of family (family consistency/inability to control problems), individual (functional well-being/functional numbness), spiritual (recourse/impatience), economic (resistance economy/ consumption laziness), social (Cooperation of executive policies/non-compliance with executive policies) and health (self-care/taking risky behaviors) was achieved by looking at threats and opportunities during quarantine. Each of these dimensions also had sub-themes. Finally, a conceptual model for opportunity creation was extracted from the findings.
Discussion: All six dimensions of family, individual, spiritual, economic, social, and health were involved in creating opportunities and modeling.
 

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Introduction: Social capital is a complex and multi-dimensional construct and concept, and it implies to a phenomenon that the main source of its creation is the sphere of social interaction. Social capital can be considered as the sources that has been created as a result of social relationships in the past, and at the present time, it facilitates collective action. In this study, we seek to describe the status of social capital, based on the four main constituent components: social trust, social relations network, social participation and social norms in Iran, in 2014-2015 (1393).
Method: This research is a quantitative-descriptive study that was conducted through survey and questionnaire tools in a cross-sectional study in December 2014 and January 2015 (Azar and Dey 1393). The population of the study includes people aged 15 years and older living in urban and rural areas of Iran. In this research, by systematic random sampling and cluster sampling, 37,200 people were selected as sample from all over Iran.
Findings: The findings showed that the people of Iran have more trusting to the individuals and groups closest to themselves; are more participation in the collective activities of these groups; and if needed, they provide more social support to these people.
Discussion: We can conclude from this study that the status of bonding social capital (within a group) and bridging social capital (between groups) in Iran is different and people have more bonding social capital than bridging social capital. According to this result, strengthening social capital, especially in the dimension of association relations, social participation, strengthening civic institutions and motivating civic activists, which can increase the bridging social capital in society, is recommended.

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The purpose of this study is to provide a model for proper interaction between charities and the Imam Khomeini Committee.
 Research Method: The method of this research is qualitative and Delphi. It is a group and it answers the question of what can / should be? Thus, in order to reach an agreement and theoretical consensus of experts regarding the ways and manner of interaction between the Imam Khomeini committee and charities, the statistical population of the study Were formed from (23 people) of individuals (managers and experts, university professors) in charities and the Imam Khomeini Committee.
research findings: There are many differences between charitable modeling and service delivery and relief committee; The variety of projects in charities, unlike relief, is very small, charities, especially well-known organizations in specialized work; They have high management.
 Discussion and Conclusion: the existing fields and conditions; Meeting the needs of the deprived, working in parallel with aid agencies and charities, reducing people's trust in government organizations, increasing the number of clients and referring to charities and the relief committee can be considered for interaction between the relief committee and charities. The most important strategies by charities; Trust in the Committee / Creating empathy and participation / Chain and specialized work of institutions / Alignment in line with the goals of the Committee to alleviate poverty and reduce the needy / Unification of databases / And in the Imam Committee: Empathy and communication between managers and staff / Networking / Transparency and Sunni Online, which ultimately leads to charities; Increase self-efficacy, increase influence among the people, and in the relief committee, as a promoter and policymaker / community, realistically monitor and present a comprehensive poverty map, which will surely reduce poverty and the damage caused by it.

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Introduction: Nowadays the concept of the child welfare system is defined in different countries due to the role of government in providing an appropriate context for the comprehensive development of children. In Iran, there is no defined child welfare system, and one of the first steps to establish the system is to identify its target group. Therefore, this study seeks to identify different types of at-risk or in-need children in which government should provide them with special services.
Method: This qualitative study was conducted in two phases applying conventional qualitative content analysis. In the first phase, content analysis was applied to in-depth semi-structured interviews conducted with child welfare experts.  In the second phase, content analysis was utilized to analyze the laws, regulations, and policies.
Findings: In this study, current and proposed target groups of the child welfare system in Iran were categorized. Currently, 22 categories and 96 subcategories of in need children are given special attention in policies or by various government agencies. In addition, the proposed target group were categorized into 23 categories and 123 subcategories. Both of these target groups were classified into three types of risky situations: risky situations related to individual factors; risky situations related to family factors, and risky situations related to structural social, economic, and cultural factors.
Discussion: Defining and classifying the target groups of child welfare systems, could lead to an integrated and coordinated structure and framework for policy and service planning in the organizational and inter-organizational levels to cover comprehensively all of the at-risk children.

 

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Introduction: Poverty is an undesirable socio-economic phenomenon that endangers the political stability, social solidarity, and mental health of the different sections of society. The literature on poverty in recent years has not been limited to income poverty, but also to other aspects such as health, education, and living standards. By identifying patterns of poverty, instead of prejudging the suitable economic and social policies to combat poverty, we can explain the appropriate and effective policy on poverty at the community level in accordance with the nature of these patterns.
Method: In the present study, with a multidimensional approach to poverty (including educational poverty, housing poverty, food poverty, health, and income poverty), the vulnerability of government-supported households in Iran were investigated. For this purpose, the expenditure information of government-supported households in 2017 was the basis of the study.
Findings: The results showed that nearly 47% of the households surveyed are below the food poverty line. In terms of depth and quality of dominance of different dimensions of poverty among the studied households, housing poverty has the largest poverty gap, followed by education poverty with a poverty gap of nearly 40%. In summary, the poverty gap in income and health dimensions in this study is very low compared to the mentioned dimensions. In general, it was found that government-sponsored households, in addition to income poverty, also suffer from poor health, housing, education, and food poverty.
Discussion: Based on the findings, it is suggested that policy makers adopt and formulate policy-support tools in which the various dimensions of poverty are considered in the form of a comprehensive system.

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Introduction: Joy and cheerfulness is the missing thing of contemporary man and the common desire of all people. Man is a purposeful being who seeks joy, happiness, and prosperity, and he does not feel joy, happiness, and prosperity until he achieves what he wants. The cheerfulness is one of the factors affecting economic, social, cultural, and political development and promotes sustainable development.
Methods: The present study was conducted with a phenomenological social approach and with the aim of examining psychologists' experiences of social vitality. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 psychologists with PhD degrees and at least five years of teaching experience in the academic level.
Findings:  Smith's phenomenological method was used to analyze the data, during which eight main themes and 46 sub-themes were extracted from the data.
Discussion: The results showed that in some sub-themes such as the definition of social vitality, consequences, obstacles, and causes, there is some alignment between the views of psychologists and the background; However, there are different results in the solutions. Psychologists, based on their psychological perspectives and experiences, have proposed various solutions for parents and organizations at the micro and macro levels. For example, their proposed solutions include not politicizing social vitality, careful selection of officials and meritocracy, reducing the distance between social classes, organizing the economic situation, having a scientific view on the issue of social vitality and several other strategies. The results of this study will pave the way for further research in the field of interventions related to social vitality.