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Persons with disabilities as a member of human society always confront to challenge about work and profession. This problems are not necessarily resulted from physical conditions of these persons, but most of the time arise from wrong point of view of society that keep out them of work and activity. In spite of international transitions about this matter in the area of law and sociology, those leading to positive regards for work of persons with disabilities, the exact frame of the right of these persons are uncertain. In this paper, we discuss about the right to work of persons with disabilities in national and international regulations, and set forth the ideal conditions to secure these right for them.

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Considering this fact that natural disasters especially those ones that are followed by heavy damages and human loses demand an immediate interference and necessity of taking short term and long term steps to prevent socio-psychological damaging effects which are the consequences of such disasters. This research investigates the living conditions of Bam earthquake survivals and their satisfaction of the supports and aids sent to the area after the earthquake. This research which is done according to field method, tries to assess the living conditions of 363 family members (203 females and 160 males). Who are chosen with cluster sampling out of the total survivals of the earthquake and lived in tents. The results were achieved by doing a survey that included a questionnaire divided into four parts A: anthropological characters B: conditions of  living area. C: socio-mental conditions D: People comments about the aids and consisted of 6 questions relating to reconstructions of quake hit area local and other people management and the government sectors roles. The collected-data was analysed with statistical methods.

According to the results most of the participants in this research are 21-30 years old whom married with high school education and housewives the vast majority of them were displeased with the lack of facilities such as drinking water food cooking equipments toilets detergents materials tent and sleeping equipments and their residing area. Most of them complained about the education and entertainment limitations or shortage so that most of them had no access to newspaper or books or training courses of any kind such as physical equipments and facilities.

An increasing rate in behavioral-mental disorders after the quake and abusing narcotic drugs were among the findings too.

All the findings mentioned in this research claim an immediate attention to the survivals and providing them whit the basic living facilities such as educational and health ones and the most important of all job opportunities.

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Although sexual exploitation of women and children has a long history, but in the current decades it has been well shaped and become regular. In this paper, we ana¬lyze International Instruments and the national law of some countries that engaged in this global problem. It seems that with increasing of victims of these crimes, international instruments inclined to precise study of victims' right and necessity of their protection. This search based on two principles: "unconditional prohibi¬tion of sexual exploitation" and "necessity of protection of victims irrespective of their assent and nationality".

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Objective: Social Security as an essential element for modern life, formed in follow of world wide evolutions in concepts of rights and political thoughts of governing. In spite of many researches in the field of social security from social, economic, political and historical view points, there were not often legal analyses in this matter. Method: The purpose of this paper is to study the social security creation and completion process according to the history of global conventions and provisions. Findings: There are two per-suppositions for this research: the relation between rights and duties, afterwards social security as one part of human rights.

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Objective: One kind of violence that is rarely considered, because of social and cultural problems, is sexual violence against women. Separate discussion about this matter in criminological observations implicates increasing rate of sex crimes and necessity of special considerations. Method: The method of this research is descriptive and the purpose is criminological analyze of sexual violence against women and providing guideline in prevention such crimes. Findings: This paper indicates that the consent of victims has caused immune commitment of sexual crimes and uphill the prevention processes. Likewise, government shall take special attendance to victims of these crimes. Results: Preventing sexual crimes against women has some closest relations with culture. Then realizing delicate distinction between different categories of sex crimes victims is essential.

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Objective: The planning for prevention and control of the wives running away from home needs the evidence-based information about its complex bio-psycho-social causality network at the family, husband home and the community levels. This article aims to present a survey on psychosocial factors of running away from home among a sample of Iranian wives. Method: This research is based on a survey on 31 cases and deep interviews with 8 cases in the 9 centers of Welfare Organization and Prisons during 8 months consecutive sampling. Findings: The most run away wives were exposed to domestic violence and a weak network of social support. They felt depression, anxiety, sense of isolation and powerless. They had low access to the valuable resources at the family and they mostly Show extroverted and neurotic personality. Results: The problem of wives running away from home is the consequence of a complex psychosocial causality network and needs more analytical study and strengthening of supportive social organizations and improving the women knowledge about their capabilities and social rights.

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Objectives: Among adolescents and young adults, the phenomenon of running away from the home environment has been associated with a variety of factors such as poverty, violence, discrimination, and limited access to social resources. The long-term consequences are by no means confined to the individual and are likely to have an impact on the society as well. This research uses a causative-experimental model to determine the social and psychologic factors that cause adolescent and young girls to runaway from homes. Methods: Our research included both qualitative studies (6 in-depth interviews and 4 focus group discussions) and a population-based case-control methodology with 281 cases and 250 controls. The cases were drawn from State penitentiaries and rehabilitation centers run by the Welfare Organization. Controls were chosen from the general population of girls in ten different provinces of Iran. Findings: Factors leading girls to run away from home include inequities in access to resources, absence of parents or competent caregivers, divorce, lack of a social support network, abuse and violence, rejection and neglect by the family, inadequate adaptation skills, social dependence, feelings of powerlessness, and lack of established norms of behavior. These social factors have major interactions with such psychologic variables as locus of control and emotion-seeking behavior. Results: Lack of cohesion at community level is associated with a wide range of communicative, normative and distributive abnormalities. Most runaway girls are victims of inequitable access to social and economic resources, a feature closely related to distributive inequalities within the community at large. Poor communication - indicating an absence of supportive relationships- is related to defects in the structure and function of the social milieu and often creates feelings of isolation, hopelessness, and social alienation. Within the person's immediate surroundings, defective social and emotional bonds often lead to a lack of cohesion at the family level. This situation is results from the absence of normative rules or, in other words, the absence of effective social regulation and leads to a state of intense confusion and stress. It must be remembered that poor emotional ties within the family can lead to poor adaptation and coping in the social environment. Hence, defective social integration and reluctance to conform to the social norms are two aspects of the same process their end result is a lack of social commitment. Theoretically, it might be stated that the various problems facing runaway girls are the result of a broad range of social defects at distributive, communicative, and normative levels and these defects in turn reflect poor cohesion within the larger community.

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Objectives: This article evluated urban upgrading achievements and challenges of the Urban Upgrading and Housing Reform Project conducted in Iran during the period 2004-2009. Method: The assessment is provided both at the project level and in the target informal settlements of Bandar Abbas as a case study. Data and information were collected through a desk review, a beneficiary assessment conducted in Bandar Abbas, and a set of interviews held with project stakeholders at the national level and in Bandar Abbas. Findings & Conclusions: One of the most important achievements of the project it is making positive attitude to the informal settlements in public level. Alsoseries of interventions including streets improvements, water piping schools construction, chanel reform, and construction of hygiene an medical centers have resulted various benefits for local inhibitant. Yet the project faced with the challenges and difficulties and have disappointed some of it’s appliances.

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intorduction: Social capital is a well - known social determinant of health. This study intends to determine the relation between social capital and social health indicators and show how social capital influences social health. Method: one of the specific type of correlation study is ecologic or aggregate study in which research unit is group not individual, we used this kind of study. Social health indicators and social capital data were gathered from formal institution and national survey of measuring social capital in Iran in 2007. To analyze data, SPSS 15 was used. Finding: The results show that there are significant relationships between social capital and poverty, population growth rate, violence, literacy rate, unemployment and insurance coverage as social health indicators and there are positive correlation between social capital and poverty, population growth rate and unemployment. Altogether, the correlation between social capital and total social health (calculated by principal component analysis) in Iran is significant (r = -0.54, p value = 0.001). based on 0.30 coefficient of determination, 30 percent of variance in social health can be explained by social capital. Conclusion: Positive correlation between social capital and poverty, population growth rate and unemployment can be explained by this view that, on the one hand, predominant type of social capital in developing provinces of Iran is old social capital with intra group relationships, restricted and specific trust. On the other hand, old (traditional) social capital in developed provinces of Iran was eroded and new (modern) social capital didn’t form, therefore we can see distorted and unequal development in this province such as Tehran and Esfahan. Thus in order to social health promotion and improvement we need to pay attention to various kind of social capital, especially new social capital in health policy and planning.

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  Introduction: The present study aimed to introduce the temporary marriage and to evaluate its position in Tehran.

  Method: this is a descriptive study. 395 residents of Tehran were selected either single or married. An attitude questionnaire was used for gathering the data.

  Findings: The results of the study have shown that there is at least 9.1 of temporary marriage in the families of the study sample. 25% of the cases said that they were ready for temporary marriage. Culture, family objection, logical objection and permanent wife’s objection are the main obstruct for temporary marriage in Iran. Also, men, single people, employed people, residents of the south and people with a history of temporary marriage in their family have tendency toward temporary marriage. Although 25 % of the study population was inclined to temporary marriage, its prevalence in the society is about 9 %.

Conclusion: The main obstacles for temporary marriage are culture and family.

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  Introduction: An important priority in society is attention to health and longevity, and trying for its maintenance and improvement. In current study the effects of social, economic, and environmental determinants of life expectancy were estimated for West Pacific Region (WPR) based on the Grossman (1972) theoretical model.

  Method: Multiple long-linear regression model and Panel data of 1995-2007 periods for WPR countries was used. Based on Hausman test, Parameters were estimated by fixed effect model (Least Squares Dummy Variable).

  Findings: The results of WPR estimated model have shown a positive and significant relationship between per capita income, education, employment rate, One-year-old immunized with Measles-Containing Vaccine (p<0.01), urbanization (p<0.05) and life expectancy.

Discussion: The economic stabilization policies such as increasing productivity and economic growth, and reducing unemployment, play a significant role in people’s health in these regions. On the other hand, policies related to improving health system efficiency, particularly revision on financing and health services provision systems, are keys for health and longevity improvement

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  Introduction: Due to Irregular Growth and Expansion of cities, especially in developing countries, various issues and difficulties have arisen in different Economic, Social and Ecological Fields and various measurements and approaches in order to supply desirable conditions for today and future generations. Healthy City Approach is one these approaches as today it’s a new mechanism proposed by the World Health Organization and running of course, but assessing that what city is healthy or when comparing to other cities in what level of healthy is located, still remains as a complicated and ambiguous affair.

  Method: In this study, using Delphi Method and Entropy Method, the criteria and indicators of Healthy City Approach and Proportional Priority Rate of parameters mentioned above are determined, respectively. Then, in order to prioritize the urban settlements through Healthy City Approach, the methods of SAW, TOPSIS and LA have been applied. Considering that the results obtained by methods mentioned above didn’t have consistency in cases, therefore, in order to reach a general consensus, integration of Breda and Cap Land Methods were used for final prioritization.

  Findings: Evaluation and prioritization of urban settlements with healthy city approach in cities of Mazandaran indicating the city of Babol in Mazandaran province has allocated the first rank and city of Galoogah, Neka and Savadkoo have also allocated final rank to themselves. Next ranks, cities like Sari, Babol, and Noshahr after Babol enjoy more desirable condition, respectively, but instead cities of Joybar, Amol and Mahmood Abad, enjoy more undesirable conditions before cities of Galoogah, Neka and Savadkoo, respectively.

Discussion: Thus, this study aimed to evaluate and prioritize urban settlements in city with Healthy City Approach in cites of province of Mazandaran has been developed.

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  Introduction: Matrimony and finding a life partner is one of the most important elements of the social dynamic in a society. This research aims to compare the family functionality both in a modern style marriage and a traditional marriage.

  Method: In one study a comparative questioner, evaluates the functionality of the family based on McMaster technique. The other study includes demographic information and also the marriage scheme (traditional or modern) between 384 married women in the Tehran. This information is analyzed by using T and CHI2 models.

  Findings: The research shows that in problem solving there is no meaningful difference between women in modern style marriage compared to women in traditional marriage though a modern marriage proves a success when it comes to good communication, role playing, emotional response, Affective involvement and behavior control.

Discussion: The research clearly shows pre-marriage familiarity between the couples and consequently a modern marriage will massively improves the functionality of the family and also the greatly stabilizes the foundation of the family

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Introduction: Knowledge of the socio-economic characteristics and the household life cycle expenditure profiles in different ages, incomes and expenditure groups is an important tool for evaluating policies and social and economic planning for each country. This topic has always been one of the most important economic issues at the level of micro and macro data to investigate and analyse the economic behavior of the households in lifetime. Therefore, in this article, the expenditure profile of urban households during 1996-2008 is investigated to identify the gradual change of expenditure distribution for some major consumer items of households.

 

Method: The present research is a descriptive and economic analyse based on Urban Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data during 1996-2008 to investigate consumption profiles of these households and analyze the trend changes. In this paper, in addition to descriptive analysis of changes in consumption trends, a well-known technique developed in Deaton (Deaton, 1997) was used, we have estimated the life cycle expenditure profiles of cohorts. In this method, the household's expenditure is decomposed into cohort, age, and period effects in a way that enables the investigation of the components of the cohort life cycle profiles of consumption.

 

Findings: One of the most important finding in this research is the change of life cycle profiles of expenditure of urban household during the years under investigation in 1996, the share of non-food commodities expenditures is approximately 2.5 times of food expenditures while in 2008, this share is almost reached to 4 times. Also through these years, the share on clothing and footwear dramatically decreased while expenditure share on miscellaneous goods and services dramatically increased and the expenditure share on medical care and health services, communication and transportation increased. The results of the modeling for household's expenditure indicated that there exist different life-cycle profile curves among various consumer goods for urban households in which the profile of nondurable, durable and transportation expenditures rises sharply until about age 55 and become flat after it while the profile expenditures of cultural services and entertainment, prepared foods, hotels and restaurants in Iranian households are hump shaped over the life cycle, peaking in age 55. The expenditures of clothing and footwear in Iranian households are hump shaped over the life cycle, peaking at age 45. Also the consumption profiles of households with men and women heads are different and the significance level for modeling is 0.05.

 

Discussion: The results showed that the purchasing power of households is lower in early life time and thus preparing the durable goods, utilities and living standards are difficult to reach. But after several years of work and employment in various economic sectors, by increasing the productivity of individuals and households, and thus increasing their purchasing power, supplying the goods and utilities become easy and achieving the desired standard level of living is provided. On the other hand, costs of the younger cohorts are more than older cohorts (even at the same age) that this issue due to rapid economic growth can lead to better incomes and consequently higher cost of younger generation.

 

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  Introduction: This article has been conducted to investigate the relationship of family burden with family function in mentally ill’s caregivers.

  Method: This is a cross sectional-analytic study. Respondents are 118 caregivers of people with mental illness selected by systematic random sampling method. To collect data, family assessment device questionnaire (FAD), the Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBI), and a demographic information check-list are used. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis and U-Mann-Whitney tests are applied to analyze data.

  Findings: The findings have shown a positive and statistically significant correlation between family burden and general family dysfunction (P<0/05). The same relationship was found between family burden and problem solving and emotional response (P<0/05). Also family burden has positive association with length of time caregivers spent with the patient, family income, and being or not being under governmental organizations’ protection (P<0/05)

  Discussion: It seems rational to conclude that make plans to reduce family burden of caregivers of people with mental illness could indirectly improve their family’s function and consequently promote their health.

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  Introduction: Addiction is a complex challenge in Iran society. This phenomena cause problems for narcotic consumers and society with regard to prevalence of addiction and urbanization.

  Method: Type of research is applied and used correlation analysis and comparied analysis. The methods of data collection are: urbanization data, data about narcotic material and situation of addiction in Iran. The aims of this paper are: study of addiction and narcotic material in urban system, the effect of urbanization on change of narcotic consumers and addictions in Iran.

  Findings: The results show that: Kerman, Khorasan Razavi and Fars are at the highest level in detection of narcotic material. And Qum, Tehran and Isfahan provinc are at the highest level in urbanization rank. These provinces have a high ranking in detection of narcotic material.

Discussion: The detection among mens is more than women's and among single persons is more than married people. The eastern area of Iran has a high ranking in detection of narcotic materials

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Intruduction :Several studies have been already conducted to explore social health related indexs due to the importance of this concept that the existing definitions of health are usually defined based on the experts’ views and less attention has been paid to the grass-root people’s experiences and in some instances, those experiences have even been neglected. According to the necessity the present study is going to develope and formulate a comperhensive definition on social health based on people’s experiences and perceptions.

Method : In this study, the “Focused Group Discussion” method was used through holding three focused group discussion sessions, participated with 22 residents of Tehran City and the characterics and aspects of healthy community were extracted by using qualitative content analysis method.

Results: The present study identified 14 following characteristics for “healthy community” based on the experiences and perceptions of residents of Tehran:

Government’s proper performance of its duties (in planning, social welfare, establishing democratic freedoms, laws and procedural justice, meritocracy, social justice and social security establishment scopes), emotional ,mental and spiritual health, culture and social values, healthy family, lower social problems, social capital, economic security, healthy education system, social vitality , healthy environment, political security, neutrality of government  regarding people’s personal opinions, physical health and food security.

Discussion: The present study showed that a part of experiences and perception of people as characteristics of healthy community have some commonalities with experiences of other countries, including emotional ,mental and spiritual health, healthy environment, physical health, food security, social capital, lower social problems; while a number of the charasteristics were found in our society including suitable performance of duties in part of government (democratic freedoms, procedural justice, meritocracy), healthy education system and neutrality of government against people’s personal opinion

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Introduction: Managing and dealing with the risks of the economic activity, income security in retirement period and job security are one of the most important requirements for absorbing labor force in agricultural and rural activities. Although the social insurance fund has been established for more than a decade for farmers, villagers and nomads, only a few percent of considered goal mentioned is achieved in noteClause 2, aArticle 3, ofin the structure of the comprehensive welfare and social security law rule that has wasbeen confirmed in 1383 has been achieved., and Aalso, a remarkable part of the people couldn’t use these services. Based on this nNote, the government was obliged within two years from the date of notification of this law to cover fFarmers, villagers, and nomads under insurance. It seems that the social insurance fund for farmers, villagers, and nomads has faced many challenges in attracting maximum participation. In this regard, the current qualitative study has analyzed the obstacles challengingfacing the development of social insurance in Kermanshah and finally provided some solutions for them.
Method: Current qualitative research, studies the obstacles facing the development of social insurance among farmers, villagers, and nomads in Kermanshah city using by Grounded theory in Kermanshah city. The studied population was chosen among fund brokers and rural people by theoretical and purposive sampling in Kermanshah city. In order to collect data, semi-structured interviews were used. Validity and reliability of data were approved by using triangulation and participants’ feedback.      
Findings: Findings showed that the main obstacles in developing social insurance were organized in 5 categories. These categories are: “structural constraints”, “administrative barriers”, “economic constraints”, “socio-cultural barriers” and “motivational barriers”.
Discussion: The results indicated that structural barriers were recognized as the main obstacle to the development of social insurance among farmers, villagers, and nomads.  This problem was obtained from concepts such as criterion weaknesses, poor organization of the rural labor force and inadequate coverage of rural and nomadic services.

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Introduction: The major goal of this study is political participation, highlighting the role of social trust. In fact, how social trust and political participation are united is analyzed and assessed. Since political participation is one of the key traits in social and political progress, influential factors need to be pointed out indeed. So the main focus of this study is to find the relationship between social trust and political participation. In addition to trust, five other basic variables have been concentrated on by the researcher. These include gender, age, education, marital status, and mental class. The theoretical framework is according to the comments of Lipst, Almond and Verba, Engleheart, Nelson and Huntington, etc. Political participation is the entry into the arena that has led to the fulfillment of a collective will or hinders its realization. Michael Rush sees political participation as being involved in various levels of an activity in the political system, from non-conflict to having a political official. The fundamental idea behind the participation is to accept the principle of equality of people, and its purpose is to promote intellectual, cooperative, and collaborative efforts to improve the quality and quantity of life in all social, economic, and political fields. In this study, in order to measure the impact of social trust on political participation, a combination of theories of social scientists and sociologists has been taken into consideration. In his book entitled Political Person, Lipst explains political participation. In the book, he tries to explain the political participation of individuals,groups, and social groups based on several general social determinants, using his own sociological model. In his opinion, people participate in the following: 1. Their interests are heavily exposed to government policies, such as dependence on the government as its employee, if they are not exposed to economic constraints or have moral-religious values affected by government policies. 2. Access to information that identifies the relationship between political decisions, interests, and their interests, such as the direct and obvious effects of government policies, job training, empirical general insight, and leisure time are among the most influential factors. 3. People vote if they are exposed to social pressures; pressures, such as deprivation and alienation, the strength of the political class organization, and the level of social contact. 4. Finally, the crossover pressures, that is, individuals do not vote for the compulsion and pressure of the political parties, which have opposing interests, in different directions and in different ways, providing different information. Inglehtar also explains the increase in participation by promoting education and political information, changing the norms governing women’s participation and changing value priorities. In his view, the variables of formal education, socioeconomic status, skill levels,information, communication skills, career experience, organizational networks, and the reduction of sexual differences in social and political tasks affect the increase in participation. Giddens mentions the three dynamics of modernity, the titles of the separation of time and place, from rebelliousness and appropriation. These factors have changed the model of trust in contemporary modern society; he mentions the impact of communication systems (media) on the formation of micro-level characteristics, trust in the process of socialization and personal identity, the trust of individuals in abstract and political systems, mechanisms in the current world, and the main areas of trust in a traditional world that either destroyed or neglected the traditional kinship system, local community, and religion. According to Putnam, the commonplace traditions and norms in society, including trust and cooperation are among the most important determinants of political participation. In some areas of the world where civil traditions, with trust in interpersonal relations and high public confidence, are witnessing active political participation, but political partnerships  also decrease in the areas where the norms of trust and cooperation are low. Thus, trust, both among individuals and in the political trust of individuals in government, is shaped by factors, such as the rethinking process and the impact of information,the access and use of a variety of media, and other mechanisms in the modern society. Robert Putnam pointed to the fluctuations of political participation in social capital, where social trust was one of the important dimensions of Putnam’s definition of social capital. Thus, Putnam’s theory as one of the most appropriate theories in this field can provide a coherent framework for analyzing the relationship between social trust and political participation.
Method: This study is among those surveying research studies that use questionnaires to collect data. The subjects were the people of Gorgan, and 407 of them were chosen as a sample and the proper classes were chosen and studied using random sampling. To confirm the variable credit of the study, the formal credit method was used. Besides, the fixity of the tools was also calculated by the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, which are respectively 782 and 780 for social trust and political participation.
Findings: The findings of this study show that the average level of political participation is 825.2 out of 5. The level of social trust of the responses was also average. The average of political participation of men was more than that of women, and that of the married was found to be more than the single. The highest political participation was between the 50 to 59 year-old people. The result of all these theories showed that there is a positive relationship among social trust and its aspects (institutional trust, public trust and people trust) together with political participation with its aspects (election behavior and active participation). The results of regression analysis show that generally 061.0% of the changes in variables is assessed via other variables, like social trust, age, sex, marital status, and education.
Discussion: According to the results, when people trust the government, institutions and organs become active participants in political incidence and happenings. As the social trust increases in the society, people participate more inpolitical events. Besides, as shown by the findings, political participation is influenced by peopl’s relationship and their trust among family members, friends, and relatives, resulting in an active or inactive participantion.
 

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Abstract
Introduction: This study investigates the factors affecting crime in the Harandi neighborhood of Tehran. 
Method: The present study was conducted using case study method. Research data was collected through various data gathering methods, such as surveys, secondary data, previous studies, and observations. In order to investigate some causal factors and mechanisms of the theoretical model, 370 residents were selected using random sampling method, and survey questionnaires were distributed among them.
Findings: The results show that the structural characteristics of the neighborhood such as poverty, residential instability, ethnic heterogeneity, mixed land use patterns, disrupted structures caused by weakening social relations, the power of the dominant culture and increasing number of disorders, shaping the cultural framework of legal cynicism, and undermining collective efficacy led to crime-ridden neighborhood. In other words, the Harandi neighborhood has become crime-ridden because the neighborhood’s collective efficacy or self-regulation capacity has been disrupted. Under these circumstances, residents would not be able to to mobilize their resources to fight against crime through informal and formal processes.
 Discussion: The findings imply a set of factors that weakened collective efficacy and self-regulatory capacity has made Harandi neighborhood become crime-ridden. Crime has also, under some circumstances, enhanced collective efficiency and in some sections of the neighborhood has weakened community life and collective efficiency