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Objectives: Beck (1983) claimed that personality style of sociotropy and autonomy ia a vulnerable factor for depression that interacts with stress congruent with the same personality style. Method: This study investigates the role of stress, sociotropy and autonomy in depression in a retrospective and case – control design. 156 major depressed patients were compared with 78 never depressed and normal people based on sex, age, life events, sociotropy and autonomy, congruent stresses. Finding: Results showed that depressed patients experienced significantly more stresses than normals. Also, sociotrop and autonomous patients had experienced significantly different stresses that were congruent with their personality style. Conclusion: Results supported the role of stress in depression and congruency hypothesis that Beck asserted

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Objectives: The availability of a reliable and valid measurement to assess social support represents an important precondition to promote health research. The Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) was simple to complete and developed by Sarason, Levine, Basham, & Sarason (1983), so it had been decided to translate it into Farsi to examine its psychometric properties. Social support can be defined as perceived availability of people who care about us the certainty that there are people whom we can rely on makes it easier for us to feel good. Social support is composed of three types: instrumental, informational, and emotional. There is lots of evidence indicating that perceived social support is an important process that can reduce stress and foster positive health outcomes, such as physical and psychological well-being. Emotional support particularly was found of buffering effect of various stressful life events consequently having a positive effect on physical and psychological health. Method: A convenient sample of 270 individuals aged 18-65 years old recruited from two private English language teaching institutions and from the Ministry of Health and Education. The data were analyzed with: one-sample Kolmogorov- Smirnov Z test, Mann Whitney U-tests, ANOVAs, ANCOVAs, Spearmen’s rho correlation and Cronbach’s alpha was calculated. Findings: Women showed a higher satisfaction with social support compared to men whereas there was no gender-difference in the number of reported supporting persons. There was no significant main effect for marital status relating to the number of reported supporting individuals. Neither the number of reported supporting persons nor the satisfaction with social support was significantly associated with the age of the subjects. Conclusion: The internal consistency in terms of Cronbach’s alpha for both scales were high (number of supporting individuals .95 and satisfaction .96. The Farsi version of the SSQ has satisfactory psychometric properties supporting empirical evidence for its use in research and practice.

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Introduction: Health is a foundation of community economic - social growth, It is the universal right. Health programs for creating high quality living with physical and mental health for all citizens is a principle of development plan in any society. Enjoyment of health services for promotion and improvement of health is one of the most important elements of any society. Therefore, health assessment is essential for the healthy appropriate planning. Method: the research purpose is to examine the relationship health level with the level of health services in townships of Khorasan Razavi province. In other words, The main issue of the research is whether increasing or decreasing of health level (including level of physical health and personal health) can consider as the level of health services (including the three variables of reproductive health, immunization and access to medical services?) In order to, achieving the objective, the following main hypotheses and five sub hypotheses between exogenous latent variables and endogenous latent variable are tested: -The main hypothesis: there is a positive correlation between health services (reproductive health, health services and immunization) (exogenous latent variables) and level of health (physical health and personal health) (endogenous latent variable). - Sub hypothesis: there is a positive correlation between access to health services and level of physical health. - Sub hypothesis: there is a positive correlation between access to health services and level of personal health. - Sub hypothesis: there is a positive correlation between immunization and level of physical health. - Sub hypothesis: there is a positive correlation between immunization and level of personal health. - Sub hypothesis: there is a positive correlation between reproductive health and level of personal health. The Research methodology is Descriptive, analysis and correlation based on statistical data. For explaining the relationship between Causal variables of model, the raw data from General Population and Housing Census, Statistical Yearbook and Health and Medical Sciences Organization of province were used. This data was gathered in townships of Khorasan Razavi province. To examine the hypothesis or modeling relationship between health services and health level is used structural equation model-LISREL. Findings: Results show that relationship between reproductive health, health services and immunization facilities in the townships and the level of health and safety of the townships in alpha level 0.05 is significant (Sig= 0.00), This means that the health promotion related to promotion of health and medical services, and the townships with more health and medical services have high health level than others. And the townships with less health and medical services have less health level. Discussion: Therefore, the financing and health services for citizens, improvement of infrastructure and resources types is important for health promotion. Keywords: Access to Health Services Structural Equation Model- LISREL, Health level, Razavi Khorasan Province

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Introduction: Since one of the main areas of understanding of social policy, and that of health policy, is the attention to how the government focuses on the economic, social, political, and cultural development of the country; therefore, it can be traced to its development through the evolution of countries. This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the changes in the health system of Iran during development and development programs before and after the 1979 revolution.
Method: The present study was conducted using a comparative method with qualitative content analysis technique based on data collection from valid sources related to the health system in Iran (including medicine, health, etc.) ,the text of development programs ,evaluations , andrelated reports. In this way, the success or failure of development and development programs before and after the Islamic Revolution was compared to achieve social policy objectives, including health policy, and the impact of previous programs on future policies and programs. The research data were extracted from first-hand sources, second-hand sources,  previous evaluation, and research reports, and they were analyzed using the basic concepts of institutionalization approach.
Findings: In addition to analyzing the impact of developmental plans and development on the changes in the health system, and showing the trend of these changes, the differences and similarities between developmental plans and their impact on health system orientation were counted.
The main difference in the planning of the two study periods is the orientation of the established governments; in the government of Pahlavi and modernization of the country happened based on the nation-state andlarge-scale decisions and policies, but in the government of the Islamic Republic, establishing social justice is the basis of large-scale policy making and the welfare of the people. It is also part of the realization of these goals. Another difference is that there was not a long history of programming in Pahlavi era and strategies for achieving goals, and development plans were often conducted with the guidance and involvement of European and American experts and planners. Moreover,hardware infrastructures, such as asphalt roads and railways, appropriate communication facilities, and software infrastructures, such as the level of education and desire to participate in the advancement of programs are very insignificant, and this impediment has been an obstacle to many of the development goals, especially in the field of health.. However, in the post-revolutionary period  due to the particular circumstances of the revolution, the thinking of the mid-term planning was abandoned (the sixth development plan was generally ignored), and attempts to approve the development plan had not survived until 1988, but development plans one after the other was developed internally by experts and, in some cases, by modeling afterother countries. Besides, the required hardware and software infrastructure was provided to a large extent, and implementation of health and medical programs was facilitated more easily.  the planning differences in the two pre and post-revolutionary phases is related to foreign relations and international conditions. In the second half of the year, with the exception of the short period after the nationalization of the oil industry, there was little international pressure on Iran’s economy. After 1332 the American influence onIran’s politics and economy, and financial advisers hasalways been advocating for a dependence on the United States after implementing the policies of the White Revolution. After the 1357 revolution, consideringthe anti-capitalist ideology of the revolutionary architect from the very first days of opposition to the United States and other influential countries, such as the Soviet ::::::::::::::union:::::::::::::: and the United Kingdom beganas a result. After the revolution,the country has always been subject to international tensions and pressures. The imposition of eight years of war, the confiscation of the properties of the state and the Iranian people in the United States, the adoption of a variety of economic, scientific, and military sanctions, and ultimately, the boycott of Iranian oil purchases over the past decade have been examples of the measures that have always been an obstacle to the implementation of development and justice promotion programs.
The most important similarity of development planning and social policy before and after the revolution is the dependence of the program resources on the proceeds from the sale of oil, which is the main component of the development and development costs of oil money, and ithas two major consequences for the health system: The formation of the rentier government, the reduction of government accountability to the public ,the creation of uncertainty in the provision of resources for development programs, and the failure to implement many social policies, including health policies. The other similarity of the administrative system before and after the revolution is thatthe scope of the government’s involvement in the administration of state affairs and recruitment has had its roots in both corruption and ineffective administration. Finally, as it is the case in many developing countries, the share of health financing has been very low, and the efforts made to transfer part of health care to the private sector have not been so successful; hence, allocating more funding to the health sector can help improve the health of the people.
Discussion: After seven decades of development planning in Iran, despite the advances and changesmade in the health sector, equity in health, especially in the treatment sector, has not yet been achieved, and inequalities in access to health servicesstill exists, and its cost is high and has increased over the past decade, partly due to rising health care costs and the other part because of lower income levels and an increase in the gap between income groups, which is not reflected in the objectives of development plans in other headings, especially the economic headline. Therefore, the success of the implementation of health policy and the realization of social justice depends on developingprograms based on data and rational and realistic estimates, moving towards mixed plans (guiding grammar), and implementing fundamental structural reforms in social and economic planning.


 

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Introduction:  Due to the fact that gender is important as the most basic pillar of individuals’ identities in all social relations, it is helpful to identify current deficiencies in policymaking.
Method: The method used is qualitative content analysis in the gender analysis approach. To this end, the documents and approvals of the main women policies and social security policies became qualitative content analysis.
Findings: The results show that there are various discourses in social security policies in Iran but the dominant discourse in women related policies is the subordinate citizenship (male breadwinner/female homemaker model). This model, while strengthening the supportive approach of the social security system and increasing its costs, is not commensurate with the demands and developments of society. Although the policymaker has considered The Universal Breadwinner Model in the main laws, it contains a small proportion of women’s participation. The policymaker has considered The Caregiver Parity Model in two current decades, but have had some problems in implementation. The Universal Caregiver Model has remained at the recommendation level and few policies such as paternity leave has been considered since five years ago by the policymaker, but this policy, has been aimed more at encouraging child-rearing. Despite the similarity-based approach of specific social security laws, macro gender policies have had a greater impact on social security policies.
Discussion: Formulation of policies based on the context and developments of society and consensus in the gender approach governing the policy-making environment, can resolve the existing contradictions in social security policy-making.
 

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Introduction: The health system as the main custodian of health in Iran has a history of nearly a century and during this period has witnessed many changes to the current form and structure. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the formation and evolution of the health system and the policy-making process in it with an interdisciplinary perspective. 
Method: The research has been conducted in a historical way and historical texts about the health system and its sub-sectors including health care and education have been reviewed and analyzed with an institutionalist approach.
Findings: The government, civil society, private sector, family and international institutions have been the main agents of health policy in Iran from the beginning until now, which in the context of situational, structural, cultural and external factors have directed the health system and its developments in Iran. They have been effective.
Discussion: Although the government has been the main agent of health policy in Iran from the beginning, but many institutional factors have been effective on its efficiency and performance in the field of health, and this institution needs more serious attention to community elements to formulate health policies and pave the way for social justice. Civility and the characteristics of families and leaving matters to the private sector, and in this way interaction with international institutions and the use of their experiences, especially in the field of health is of particular importance.