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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between identity styles and self-efficacy beliefs (personal and collective) and to compare them in Iranian and Afghan high school student boys who inhabit in Qom city. This study is of a special importance since it is a multi-cultural and comparative study between Iranian and Afghan nations. Method: Subjects were selected from all the high school students of the Qom city. They were 231 Iranian high school boys and 132 Afghan high school boys. By cluster sampling, we chose two region from four and two schools from each region. We used Berzonsky’s Identity Styles Questionnaire, Bandura’s Personal Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Kim and Park Collective Self-Efficacy Beliefs. Finding: There was a significant direct relationship between informative identity style and normative identity style with personal self-efficacy beliefs and collective self-efficacy beliefs. On the other hand, a significant negative relationship was observed between confused identity style and identity commitment. Conclusion: Informative identity style with collective self-efficacy beliefs and normative identity style with personal self-efficacy beliefs and collective selfefficacy beliefs was higher in Afghan high school boys.

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Objective:The aim of this study was investigating efficacy of group counseling based on sources of self-knowledge on increasing self-esteem of high school girl students. Method: This study was an experimental one using a pre-test post-test design with control group. Participants consisted of 24 high school girl students who were selected using a multistage sampling method on the basis of the scores achieved from the Pop self-esteem test (PSI). Then, participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental group were given 14 sessions of group counseling while the control group received no intervention. Both groups were tested again after 10 days of the last session. Results of self esteem test were analyzed through comparing and analysis of covariance. Findings: Group counseling based on sources of self-knowledge had increased girl students self-esteem (p<0.001). Conclusion: The students in experimental group had shown a considerable increase in their self-esteem, suggesting the efficacy of this intervention.

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Objective: The aim of the present study is to examine associations among several family functions and resilience against substance which is begin use in high school students. Method: 145 high school students at risk for substance use participated in this correlational study. Family assessment device (FAD) and a researcher-made questionnaire were applied to assess variables. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regressions. Finding: This study revealed significant associations among family functions (problem-solving, communication, roles, control, emotional involvement and general function) and resilience against substance use. But emotional responsiveness was inconsistent with them. Results of multiple regression showed that the emotional involvement can Predict respectively 13% of the resilience against substance use variance (p<0/0001). Conclusion: The more the family functions is healthy and favorable, the more probability of offspring becomes resilient in the face of substance use.

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  Introduction : The aim of this study is to determine the effect of communication skills training on increasing self-differentiation among high school boy students.

  Method: This study was an experimental project by using a pre-test post-test design with control group. The sample consists of 30 high school boy students who were selected by using a multistage sampling method and then based on the scores achieved from the differentiation of self inventory (DSI), 30 students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Students in the experimental group were given 12 sessions of group communication skills training. While the control group received no intervention, both groups were post-tested after 10 days of the last session. Obtained data from self-differentiation inventory was analyzed through the comparison and analysis of covariance.

  Findings: The Findings of the study have shown that group counseling based on communication skills training has increased boy students self-differentiation (p<0/001). Besides, the students in experimental group have shown a considerable degree of increase in all four dimensions of self-differentiation.

  Conclusion : Communication skills training lead to increasing self-differentiation in high school boy students.

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Introduction: The subject of this article is comparing the Dehkhoda and Syed Ashraf aldin Gilani social satire. Satire is a literary sort of language which is based on the contradictions and inconsistencies with the audience system mental contracts. With modified intent, Satirist displays shortcomings and disadvantages of the various aspects of life in a ludicrous and exaggerated way. One of the themes of satirical works is a social satire in which chaos and darkness found in some of the different levels of society, such as customs and traditions, systems, norms, and different people are criticized. Pioneers of satire in the age of Mashrooteiat are Syed Ashraf aldin Gilani and Ali Akbar Dehkhoda that they both in a common period of time took advantage of the satire sharp weapon to fight problems, disadvantages and social corruption of their time.

 

Method: The method of this study is descriptive and comparative.

 Findings: In this study, with comparing the satire works of Dehkhoda and Syed Ashraf similarities and distinctions between the social satire of both can be seen. Although many social problems of that time were commonly critical goal of both of them, Dehkhoda social satire is deeper and his understanding of the social disadvantages is broader. On the other hand, due to Syed Ashraf satire long time, more broader corruptions and social problems are reflected in his works

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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify living experiences of dual-career couples as regards financial issues.
Method: This research was done by qualitative approach and by the method of interpretive phenomenology. In this study, the researchers selected and interviewed 12 dual-career couples with snowball sampling and 12 dual-career couples with marital conflicts through purposeful sampling. Interviews were analyzed using the Dicklman, Allen, and Turner’s (1989) method, which is team-based.
Findings: Analyzing the participants’ experiences led to the identification of two main themes under the heading of financial conflict (with the sub-themes of absence of financial preference, inappropriate financial relationships, absence of financial commitment, weakness in financial skills, individual financial management, and financial violence) and financial compatibility (with the sub-themes of lack of financial preference, optimal financial relationships, financial commitment, joint financial life, and equal financial skills).
Discussion: The results of the study showed that the scope of financial issues in the lifestyle of dual-career couples is not limited to talking and arguing about money and budget. Moreover, what is more important than financial challenges and money-related disputes is how such couples understand these financial problems and the way they deal with them. The dual-career couples also can move toward financial sustainability with the help of appropriate prioritization indicators, appropriate financial relationships, financial responsibility, team-based financial life, and financial skills acquisition.