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Women harassment is regarded as a historical and global phenomenon by WHO that should be mentioned as a priority to other health problems since it has left a lot of physical and mental effects on the victims. This research is done to recognize the women who are offended and the men who commit this crime. We have taken advantage of descriptive and cross-sectional method along with questionnaires and interviews. According to the findings, most of the people were in an age average of 20-39 and %85.8 of victims got married at the age of 24 years old %70 of victims had a high school diploma or less, %40.9 had a high education than their husbands, %28 were employees and %72 were housewives. Meanwhile, %44 had children and about 297 children witnessed the violence against theirmothers at home.% 65.8 of victims chose their husbands by their own and %83.6 got their husband out of the relative systems and only %5.5 of this group had come to the courts or other leyerlative sources. %36 of the victims come back home after making their complaints and %75 of them had children. The main physical harms were as follows: the bruise and in sever conditions abortion. It seems that lock of knowledge about women nights feeling shameful of going to courts, the high rate of expenses that should be paid are among the main reasons that women prefer to stay with their husbands and to devote the offense against themselves. It will be of great help to approve much stronger and more comprehensive laws to protect women against the offence and violence and assure them of different centers which can refer to at the time of danger.

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The valuable studies over the rural poverty is originated in the last 4 decades in the country, but no exact and precise assessment is achieved from these studies and therefore, it can be considered that the lack of such data and achievements related to rural poverty play a role as obstacles in recognition of causes and reasons in this regard. In this article, it is tried to represent a variety of assessment and recognition methods and attitudes, and even this phenomenon (rural poverty) is defined in a clear way. This article has taken advantages of documents and evidences related to the phenomenon, so that it can provide a clear definition and its situation in village societies in country. Finally, we have tried to bring some facts into consideration in order to make a perfect evaluation system for studying the poverty in rural areas. The method which is used to provide this article is documentary method and meta-analysis for obtaining a better recognition about the situation of poverty in rural communities in Iran.

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Objectives: The youth unemployment issue is one of the most important issues in country’s macro planning. Although the youth unemployment rate is available through labour force survey but the youth employment challenge and issues they suffer in their first entry into the labour market, finding and maintaining decent jobs, can not be studied through results of mentioned surveys. For gathering above information, International Labour Organization has designed the School-to-Work Transition Survey (SWTS). The results of this survey helps countries improve their youth employment policy and planning. Method: For discovering the issues that country’s young suffer for entrance to the labour market, SWTS has carried out in 3 selected provinces of the country in 2005 with probability sampling scheme and 2925 sample households. Findings: Based on survey results, the most important barriers of the youth successful transition are as follows: - Around one third of the youth have stated self-employment as their preferable employment status. Since the self-employment share in the country’s economy has had a descending trend and the unpaid family worker share an ascending trend over the recent years, another problem appears in the youth employment. - The country’s disorganized labour market and the weak role of the recruitment and place of education institutions have caused most of youth to be seeking for work informally, enjoying limited of work options consequently. For this reason, a great percent of the economically active youth (employed or unemployed) have stated not having a reference as one of obstacles in finding a job and only a small percent of the youth have been seeking for work through recruitment and place of education institutions. The most important obstacle in finding a job from the attitude of the most of the economically active youth is the limited number of job opportunities caused by the labour force supply surplus, mainly due to the high population growth rate in the 1978-88 decade and shortage of labour force demand. Moreover, the participation rate has increased as a result of increase in the youth educational level that has been more sensible in the female youth. - In the opinion of many economically active youths the educations and trainings received, may not facilitate their access to employment. Also, most employers have considered the youths’ educational and training level and their ability in applying the instructions to the working environment, relatively weak. This problem arises from the lack of interaction between educational institutions and labour market that may not include the labour market needs in the country’s educational system contents. In addition, such an interaction could considerably increase the role of the educational institutions in keeping the youth informed of available job opportunities. - In opinion of more than half of the youth, there is sex discrimination in employment promotion in the labour market. Also, since the absolute majority of employers prefer to hire males, inequality of job opportunities for males and females really exists at least in the private sector wage and salary earning employment. - Considering the fact that the great majority of the self-employed youths depend on their households’ financial support or their own savings for starting their business, it is certain that the youths from the low-income households would face more problems in their transition and the self-employment is the choice only for the youths from wealthy households. - The youth with higher education has experienced easier transition than the youth with lower secondary educations and high school. Therefore, the youths’ failure in their admittance to the university is an obstacle to access the easy transition. Also, the mismatch between the limited university admittance in various fields and specializations required by the labour market, prevents the more successful transition of the young university graduates

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Objectives: Periodical revision of regular surveys is inevitable and essential to keep or to raise their efficiencies through making necessary improvements in designing process and application of available methods, usually such improvements or adjustments could affect the Comparability of the data time series so that it may not permit such comparability easily.It is important to note, however, that despite the benefits of improving current survey, changes should be approached cautiously and the effects measured and evaluated. When possible, methods to bridge differences caused by changes or techniques to avoid the disruption of historical series should be included in the testing of new or revised survey. The present study aims to ensure the comparability of Unemployment rates from the two Labour Force Surveys (2005 and 2006) and the Household’s Employment and Unemployment Characteristics Surveys (2002 to 2004) by adjusting such rates based on the standard definitions. Method: The methodology that implied in this research is a librarian method. It is based on documents, information and data that Produced and accessible in this area from related resource. Findings: The Household’s Employment and Unemployment Survey is suffering from a considerable overestimation in unemployment rate because of sum deference’s between its definitions and international standard definitions, mostly caused by lack of care for the criterion "Seeking work" in the survey implementation and processing its results and undercount employed with work house of 16 or less and self employed in agriculture sector. Comparison of the adjusted rates in the years from 2002 to 2006 is indicative of reasonable increase in Unemployment rate in 2005 and 2006 as compared with the preceding years. The extent of such an increase is not observable on the basis of figures released from the two surveys in the years mentioned. Results: As a result of using different definitions and criterias for dividing work age population to employed, unemployed and inactive in new and old surveys, the resulted unemployment rates by those surveys are not comparable directty. In fact we can compare above rates just after reconstructing them by the same definitions.

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Introduction: Since lack of strategies and activities based on situation analysis for promotion of health and development in Iranian children has always been an important and serious challenge in this field of work, the main objective of the study, on the basis of which the present manuscript was written was to develop a comprehensive strategic analysis (SWOT analysis) of the present situation in Iran in terms of early childhood development, leading to strategies and activities based on its results, derived from maximal professional consensus among experts and heads of related governmental and non-governmental organizations. Materials and Methods: This was part of a larger qualitative study which was carried out in five stages, during which the first pre-draft, second pre-draft, first, second and third (final) drafts of a comprehensive plan for promotion of development in Iranian children were developed respectively. One important section of the plan consisted of the situational analysis and another, included recommended strategies based on the situation analysis. The study population was the population of experts and executive managers of governmental and nongovernmental organizations dealing with child health, care and development in the country and the Delphi procedure as well as focus group discussions were the main methods for gathering information. According to qualitative study protocols, we tried to choose the best and most knowledgeable people, meeting the inclusion criteria, as the sample for this study. Results: By carrying out a SWOT analysis, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in this field of work in the country have been identified and confirmed by experts and executive managers cooperating in this study, after which in order to overcome the present challenges 2 goals, 5 objectives, 19 strategies, and several number of activities have been suggested. Discussion: The authors recommend that the four main ministries dealing with child health, care and development in Iran, that is the ministries of Health, Welfare, Education, and Higher Education and Science, on behalf of their mission and legal responsibilities, give serious attention to the results of the present situation analysis which has been established and approved by a significant group of experts or managers somehow related to childhood issues in the country, and consequently take effective steps for implementing their strategic recommendations, at the national level.

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  Objectives: efficiency in public sector economic development and social welfare has always been regarded economists. Basically one of the important sections of this study to determine the optimal size and optimal state. Many previous studies examined the effect of government size on economic growth result showed disagreement in this issue that is because of kind of

  country and location and type of. Government presence in the economy. This article examines the relationship between size of government and human development.

  Method: This article kind of analytical and econometric approach has been used for inference, statistics and data has been obtained from resources index World Development (WDI), International Financial Statistic (IFS) and the Human Development Index from the Human Development Report United Nations Development Programmed (UNDP). Econometric method to test the method of generalized dynamic (Dynamic Generalized Method of Moments). Statistical population of this study is the oil countries (include Iran) and non-oil developing countries in the period 1990 to 2006. Based on Heiter (2001) study, in this study took the size of the government separately to share consumption spending and capital spending in GDP.After statistical analysis research variable, the model has been estimated. In this model, the Human Development Index used as the dependent variable and the government consumption spending and capital spending that the state government to gain size as the explanatory variable

  Finding: Estimations results show that, in that period, the relationship between

  the size of government and human development oil countries and non-oil developing countries is positive relationship between government consumption spending and capital spending

  Results: The size of the oil countries is bigger than non-oil countries, but for reasons such as deficiency in these communities function, low quality goods and public sector... Government failed to optimize the impact on human development, impact in developing countries, governments have been more.

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Objective: Population censuses, as rich resources to find knowledge of demographic characteristics, are used to survey main characteristics of households in Iran that have wide application in planning, socio-economic and cultural policymaking. One of the most difficulties in demographical studies is the composition of households and analyzing the trend of changes during time. In this paper, the trend analyses of household composition during 1996-2006 are studied. Since knowing about what reasons made these changes can lead to make a correct planning, by using some characteristics of the head of households, these changes are discussed. Methods: It’s a descriptive study based on censuses information of two years in 1996 and 2006. This study is about household composition regarding the relationship between the members of the household and the head of household in 2006 and comparison of household composition changes in 1996-2006 periods in Iran. Investigation of the portion of the different kinds of household change and investigation of the head of household characteristics such as age, economic activity status, marital status and literacy status in different household types are the other objectives that are discussed. The structural manner of household composition in different provinces in 2006 and the situation of welfare facilities in different households are also studied. By a statistical log linear model, the association between types of household and some household welfare facilities are discussed. Findings: The most important finding is the change of household composition between years 1996 and 2006, difference between some characteristics of the head of the household in different types of household and also the difference between the structures of household composition in provinces in 2006. Also some association between types of household and some household welfare facilities such as car, computer and housing are found, by using a statistical log linear model. Conclusion: Although the greatest part of household composition in our country is married couple family with child(ren), the external circumstances show that the proportion of these households who have the traditional pattern of household composition, is decreasing from two aspects. On one part, the proportion of single parent households has an increasing trend and from the other part, the proportion of one-person household, individuals who live alone, is increasing. The mentioned changes that reflect increasing rate of divorce and life expectancies follow several bad results and it is necessary that authorities consider a cure (such as demonstrating special facilities, building psychosomatics consulting centers etc.) for the social, cultural and economic requirement of this growing population that live in one-person households or single parent households.

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intorduction: Social capital is a well - known social determinant of health. This study intends to determine the relation between social capital and social health indicators and show how social capital influences social health. Method: one of the specific type of correlation study is ecologic or aggregate study in which research unit is group not individual, we used this kind of study. Social health indicators and social capital data were gathered from formal institution and national survey of measuring social capital in Iran in 2007. To analyze data, SPSS 15 was used. Finding: The results show that there are significant relationships between social capital and poverty, population growth rate, violence, literacy rate, unemployment and insurance coverage as social health indicators and there are positive correlation between social capital and poverty, population growth rate and unemployment. Altogether, the correlation between social capital and total social health (calculated by principal component analysis) in Iran is significant (r = -0.54, p value = 0.001). based on 0.30 coefficient of determination, 30 percent of variance in social health can be explained by social capital. Conclusion: Positive correlation between social capital and poverty, population growth rate and unemployment can be explained by this view that, on the one hand, predominant type of social capital in developing provinces of Iran is old social capital with intra group relationships, restricted and specific trust. On the other hand, old (traditional) social capital in developed provinces of Iran was eroded and new (modern) social capital didn’t form, therefore we can see distorted and unequal development in this province such as Tehran and Esfahan. Thus in order to social health promotion and improvement we need to pay attention to various kind of social capital, especially new social capital in health policy and planning.

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  Introduction: An important priority in society is attention to health and longevity, and trying for its maintenance and improvement. In current study the effects of social, economic, and environmental determinants of life expectancy were estimated for West Pacific Region (WPR) based on the Grossman (1972) theoretical model.

  Method: Multiple long-linear regression model and Panel data of 1995-2007 periods for WPR countries was used. Based on Hausman test, Parameters were estimated by fixed effect model (Least Squares Dummy Variable).

  Findings: The results of WPR estimated model have shown a positive and significant relationship between per capita income, education, employment rate, One-year-old immunized with Measles-Containing Vaccine (p<0.01), urbanization (p<0.05) and life expectancy.

Discussion: The economic stabilization policies such as increasing productivity and economic growth, and reducing unemployment, play a significant role in people’s health in these regions. On the other hand, policies related to improving health system efficiency, particularly revision on financing and health services provision systems, are keys for health and longevity improvement

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Introduction: In this paper, the relationship between social capital and subjective welfare among the staff of Ministry of Welfare and Social Security have been studied. The basic question of this study is “What is the relationship between Social Capital and Subjective welfare"? and "Do staff’s Subjective welfare, lead to increase Social Capital or not?".

 

Method: research method was survey, for collecting data, questionnaire was used. 160 people of the staff of Ministry of Welfare and Social Security (1388) were selected by Cochran’s formula, based on proportion classification sampling.

 

Findings: the research indicates have shown that subjective welfare dosnt have any significance difference among background variables discussed in this research such as sex, age, and so on. Also there is no significant relation between social network, civil participation and institutional trust with subjective welfare, while, there is a significant relationship among social capital and indexes of interpersonal trust, generalized trust and social participation with subjective welfare.

 

Discussion: Conclusion of research indicates have shown that social capital impacts on subjective welfare in other words, increase of rate of social capital is lead to increase of subjective welfare.

 

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Introduction: Justice is one of the fundamental concepts of human social life. One way to study status of justice in every society is measurement sense of justice among the people. In this study, using the theory of justice, John Rawls, justice is separated to three variables equal fundamental freedoms, social opportunities and the principle of distinction and examined individuals approach to the variables the review, Rawls's theory can be received that sense of justice emanating from such factors as self esteem, value system, sense of deprivation and social economic status of individuals.

 

Method: This research was conducted by using survey method and the unit analysis, which is odd. The study population comprised all individuals 18 years and over living in Tehran, by using Cochran's formula, a sample has been chosen numbers 428 men and women. For selected samples from all 22 regions in Tehran, according to their size randomly selected and data was gathered using a questionnaire and interview.

 

Findings: The main result of this research is going to mean a sense of justice among the total respondents is 10/796, which is above index average (8/533). There is a relationship between sense of justice and socio-economic status. There is a weak correlation between self-esteem and sense of justice. There is a relationship between feeling of relative deprivation and the sense of justice. There is a relationship between value orientation of people and sense of justice.

 

Discussion: To establish a balanced sense of justice in society according to principles of justice based on the public contract, all people regardless of their socio-economic status must agree about basics, principles and its enforcement procedures.

 

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Introduction: Adaptive ways of coping with stress are as a major component of mental health. The aim of this community based participatory study is to investigate the coping mechanisms in married women in order to develop appropriate intervention programs to promote mental health.

 

Method: This is a descriptive study which investigates the coping mechanisms in 200 married women 18-65 who residents in district 22 of Tehran based on random sampling and participatory approach. The tool is Folkman and Lazarus’ way of coping questionnaire.

 

Findingss: Most ways used to deal with stress, was planful problem solving and less wise methods used by participants was confronting coping. In 50% of cases, the married women used emotion based coping. Also, there was difference between educational stage and the number of children and some ways of coping.

 

Discussion: It seems that, implementing an appropriate interventions program related to adaptive ways of coping dealing to stress is effective in mental health and quality of life promotion.

 

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Introduction: Indicator and indexes of social welfare measures changes resulting from the implementation of social policies, and due to the importance of identifying this indexes, this study evaluate expert opinion on choice of priority social welfare dimensions and indicators for Iran.

Method: 25 members of multi-professional expert group completed a structured questionnaire in two rounds, rating their agreement with proposed items on a scale from 0-10 and annotating with additional comments. The median and range were calculated to give a statistical average of the experts’ ratings.

Findings: in view of experts, employment (mean 9.52 (0-10)), economic (mean 9.30 (0-10)), social insurance (mean 8.76 (0-10)), health (mean 8.42 (0-10)), education (mean 7.45 (0-10)), housing (mean 6.65 (0-10)) were the most important dimensions of social welfare, and, Unemployment rate (14 votes), social insurance coverage (10 votes), life expectancy at birth (7votes), Home ownership rate (7 votes), literacy rate for people over 6 years(6 votes), School enrollment rate (5 votes), Gini coefficient(5 votes), Inflation rate (4votes) and GDP per capita (3 votes) were the most important indicators of social welfare.

Discussion: Comparing the findings with similar studies indicates priority of objective and material dimensions of social welfare in Iran.

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Introduction: The most important effective indices on Cultural Capital forming is the possibility of having access to Media. Present article is investigating relationship between Cultural Capital and Media Consumption with using Knowledge Gap theory.

Method: The present study conducted among 188 students with using Survey method.

Findings: There is a relationship between the media consumption with three variables (press, electronic and digital ) and cultural capital ( subjective, objective and institutional ). There is a positive correlation between all aspects of media with mental and institutional dimensions of cultural capital, but there is a negative relationship between press media with cultural capital.

Discussion: Inequality of media consumption leads to inequality in information among people and inequality in cultural consumption among them.

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Introduction: The most important problem of Iran’s economy in 2010s  was decline in financial strength of government for continuing economic subsidies, which led to failure to start and continue infrastructural and vital projects . Also, it changed  the optimum social consumption habit . These reasons caused the government to start  economic reform (such as liberalization of energy conduit prices ),which was called economic evolution plan, from the winter of 2010. Beside these reforms, external shocks such as oil price increase caused a deep effect on Iran’s main economic variables such as inequality.  This research aimed to investigate the effect of inequality changes on the welfare per capita in this period .  . In other words, the effect of changes in income distribution (inequality) on welfare on 2011 compared to 2003.

Method: The marginal utility of consumption was used as the determinant of welfare per capita. To measure welfare, Bergson – Samuelson model was applied, which considers both effects of income on welfare and income distribution. The Bergson -Samuelson model’s marginal utility of consumption  is generated from two parameters; the consumption per capita and the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption / income. The second parameter is an indicator for  inequality. There are some different methods for calculation of the elasticity, but  behavioral evidence  and  revealed social values approaches are two reliable of them which were  used in this paper. Considering that welfare changes were calculated for a period of eight years, the results can be used in the long-term policy making.

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Results: The results showed that Iran’s welfare per capita decreased by 5.23 percent in 2011 compared to 2003 due to increase in inequality It is worth mentioning that  in this period, inequality aversion  increased.

Discussion: The elasticity of marginal utility of consumption in Iran for 1965-2003 and 1982-2011

was equal to  1.56   and 1.92 respectively,   which show inequality aversion. In fact, this aversion caused  a 5.23 percent decrease in welfare per capita in Iran. Also, based on the revealed social values approach, the marginal utility of consumption elasticity is equal to 1, which is not reliable due to the high share of oil revenues on the government’s income.

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Introduction: The concept of change, coupled with growth in various forms has always been of interest to scholars of social sciences. However,  as of the twentieth century, special attention has been paid to the concept of development and planning to achieve the development turned out to be a worthy goal for most countries. This attention was intensified after the World War II due to the need to rebuild the destruction caused by war, as well as the independence of the former colonial countries. First, the Soviet :::::::::union::::::::: started the planning and due to its success other countries more or less started to codify a comprehensive and focused plan (with extensive government intervention in all means of production of goods and services). Iran, alongside the onset of first experiences in planning in 1948, is a pioneer in this field. In this regard, after the victory of the Islamic Revolution five development programs have been implemented. This study examines different dimensions and components of social development which have been addressed in these programs and evaluates and compares them.
 
Methods: This study is descriptive-analytical and it was conducted applying  qualitative and quantitative content analysis. Through document analysis and literature review,  the main  and secondary dimensions and components of social development were extracted (eight core dimensions and forty-four subcategories). Accordingly, the content of  the development program documents  was  analyzed and the examples of the programs which were in accordance with core dimensions and subcategories were analyzed in Excel applying quantitative content analysis.
Findings: The study findings suggest that in the fivefold development programs, components of "education", "social security and support", "environmental protection", "optimal utilization of resources", "promoting science and technology" and "adjusted gap of deprived and rich areas" have been considered. With regard to the components of "gender justice", "national cohesion", "ethnic convergence", "reduced religious divergence", "the youth", "the elderly", "family health and stability", "social security" either there have been no policies or policies have been vague
Discussion: Considering the  socio-cultural requirements of Iran’s society  and the growing trend of social problems, also lack of access to a proper global position based on vision plan, it is necessary to revise the development programs policies and pay more attention to the neglected components of  the development documents.
 

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Introduction: In sociologis‌ts,point of view identifying is a process that is always being recons‌tructed and the recons‌truction factors socially, his‌torically and culturally are varied. Lifes‌tyle is one of the important components which has a determinative impact on  identity belonging. Lifes‌tyle is defined by the choices in  daily life. Thus, in spite of traditional society in contemporary society through emerging consuming society, lifes‌tyle and its determination in the other fields  including ethical and national belonging  has become important .
Lifes‌tyle by creating rethinking, reflective and selective power features for people, has transformed the coherent identities and relatively s‌table, traditional belonging and has created numerous and diverse resources for creating identity and belonging, obligations, as well as differences.The aim of this s‌tudy is to inves‌tigate the relationship between lifes‌tyle and ethical and national belonging of Khoramabad people.
Method: Data was collected applying survey method and ques‌tionnaires. 516 people were chosen as the sample using Cochran’s formula.
Findings: Results show that modern s‌tyle has 0/5 effect on national belonging and -0/21 impact on ethical belonging. Moreover, traditional s‌tyle has 0/24 influence on national belonging and 0/31 effect on national belonging. Modern lifes‌tyle has more effect on national belonging in comparison with ethical belonging. Also, the impact of traditional lifes‌tyle on national belonging is more than ethical belonging. The s‌tructural equation model also showed the GFI fit index of 0.94 and the AGF, CFI and RMR indices also represent a good and acceptable fit of the model. Also, the RMSEA index, which represents the residual values, is 0.047, of which the low value indicates that the model has a relatively favorable fit.
Discussion: The changes caused by the interaction between traditional and modern sys‌tems and their conflicts in Khorramabad have led to the formation of various issues, including identity issues. In short, it can be said that the city of Khorramabad is experiencing a kind of transition that can be rethought and challenged by cultural and identity factors. In fact, it can be said that the changes made by the new lifes‌tyle challenged the traditional s‌tructure of this city and left its consequences.

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Introduction: Disability is defined as the incapability of performing all or part of the normal activities of individual or social life due to congenital or acquired defects in the physical or mental abilities.
Giving rights of disabled people and empowering them to have an independent life and to participate  in all aspects of life rely on making appropriate  urban environments.
 Disability and challenge of environment appropriateness in the current era are an irrefutable truth  . Modern societies deal with this fact in an actual manner and to this large minority, they give rights  and are committed to performing them.
Critical review of resources: The question of whether the government has an obligation to provide equal access for disabled people  has not been addressed in the written works on the rights of people with disabilities, which has been criticized.
Another unanswered question is whether not using the usual infrastructure facilities of society by the disabled is due to a defect in these people or  it is due to a lack of urban infrastructure
Discussion: Research has argued  that since our country , Iran, is based on the Islamic state, the question arises as to whether equal access for the disabled as a right is recognized in the foundations of Islamic jurisprudence, including the Qur’an and tradition And whether  the government, on the one hand, and the Islamic community, on the other hand, have such an assignment to such a right.
This article was written using  analytical-descriptive method and the rules and principles defined in the ijtihad course  and tried to find an appropriate answer to  this question.
Awareness of the Islamic approach to disability phenomenon, while eliminating some misconceptions, has an effective impact on improving disabled people’s  attitude towards themselves and society’s attitude towards  them. Also,  it is considered as a basis for the demand and supply of special services to the disabled and their other social rights.
Moreover, with the advancement of modern societies in the provision and promotion of services for the disabled, if a religious government like our beloved Iran, cannot be present, at the present time, at least on theoretical foundations - alongside these countries, definitely in the future will move backward in this race.
Findings: The findings of the research indicated that the general and religious evidence point to the rights to equal access and the necessity of the presence of people with disabilities in the society, and the government cannot, and  has no such right that due to the lack of conditions and by keeping the process of access for everyone silent, always and permanently deprive people with disabilities from social responsibilities. But the right to proper implementation and the rights to the equal access are obligatory to the government.

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Introduction: The planning system in Iran is influenced by the ruling political and social discourses, and that what place such discourses hold for subjects and categories is represented in development programs. Among the very important subjects is the subject of “women”. According to the meaning and identity the subject of women has in the discourse of the executive states of the development,  the signifier of “gender equity”  is either considered to be the same as in the planning system or is left idle . Hence, it is the attention or inattention of the development programs to the gender equity that could lead to its establishment or continuation of gender inequity.
Method: Using the discourse analysis of Luclau and Mouffe,  the representation of discursive conflicts of gender equity in the Development plans was investigated.
Findings: Development plans after the revolution, in terms of paying attention to the subject of women, have been by the ongoing discursive  conflicts in the political arena.  The analyses showed that in the first and second programs, educational justice  and the imminent implication of health equity have been taken into consideration. The signs of “increase of occupation chances for women and their occupational promotion”, “paying attention to gender combination of labor force supply”, “promotion of women’s occupational skills” by referring to signified  of “economic equity”; and the signs of “essential reforms in legal affairs”, “facilitating the legal and judicial affairs of women”, “legal services”, “protecting the women rights”, “reviewing the rules and regulations” and “legal preparation for removing violence against women”, organize the semantic system of “legal equity” in the reforming discourse. The “Planning for a Health Promotion and Lifestyle Health Education Program” statement is an inadequate indication of health equity and “access to equal educational opportunities ” is a representation of “educational equity” which the discourse of political development has included it in the third and fourth programs. In the fifth program of development, the signs of “promotion of women’s health” and “establishment of the House of Health for girls and women” are taken into consideration as “hygiene equity”. Although “development and the organization of economic-subsistence affairs” represents the “economic equity”,  since it emphasizes the female-headed women and the household occupations, it doesn’t contain the whole sense of economic equity. The statements of “supply of the required trainings appropriate to the role of boys and girls” and “guaranteeing the access to equal training opportunities appropriate to gender” refers to the signified educational equity and cover its sense totally. Also, the discourse analysis of gender equity in the sixth program of development indicates that the discourse ruling the sixth program of development is formed with pivotal signs of “gender equity” and with the signified “occupational chances”, “health & hygiene”, “literacy of women”, “reform of legal system” (in the family domine) and “participation in decision-making and decision-taking”(not the opportunity of political equality). These semantic signs contain economic equity, hygiene equity, educational equity, the imperfect implication of legal equity and inadequate political equity.
Discussion: Regarding the findings, it can be said that gender equity is one of the semantic signs of discourses of reform and moderation, with the conception of equality as analogy. . Hence, the gender sensitivity of the third, fourth and six programs of development should be considered, as if the structural limitations have exposed them to enmities and the critics of the rival discourses which prevents the programs from a complete implementation.

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Expended Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, new methods of relationship between both sexes have emerged which have no family framework. Today, some girls and boys are living together although they have not got married legally and formally; based on a mutual agreement for an unspecified time.
Some scholars express that Iran’s society has faced with increasing waves of changes in values and norms by expanding new communicational facilities. The process of value changes including the increase in the divorce rate, increasing the percentage of female-headed households, prevalence pair selecting pattern by himself/herself, and differences between generations have created remarkable changes in marriage desirability. A subculture is a life style by a group within a larger culture which accepts a lot of life styles in that larger culture, but it is different from the larger culture in many aspects and faces against the public culture. This study tries to answer these questions: first, what are the backgrounds and consequences of expanding cohabitation subculture in the metropolis of Tehran? second, how can the cohabitation subculture provide a field for decreasing the marriage importance and family formation? The researchers will work on coding the payments. Albert Cohen, Giddens, Peter Blow, Bowman, Weber, Simmel, and Inglehart’s idea has been used to construct the conceptual framework for this research.
Method: Qualitative methodology has been used as the prevailing method in this study and the grounded theory method was applied for data analysis. The grounded theory is a method of quality analysis, and  it includes some distinctive features, such as theoretical sampling, the use of continuous comparisons, and coding procedures that explain complex phenomena. Besides, due to the sensitivity of the subject and the fact that the couples were not easily accessible, and they were not from a specific community, available sampling was used to find the target respondents for the interview. After finding the respondents and conducting 20 interviews, the researchers achieved theoretical saturation.
Findings: According to the research findings, it can be said that some casual conditions which have resulted in the formation of cohabitation subculture in society are the distance between sexual maturity and economic maturity, individualism, generation difference, rethinking, and considering cost-benefit. Marriage and family formation was a priority for the past generation after reaching the maturity age, but for a new generation, the priority is with getting higher university degrees and finding a suitable job after graduation. On the other hand, marriage and family formation following the traditional customs have high costs. Therefore, there will be a distance between the sexual maturity and the economic one. Non-responsibility can also be regarded as another reason for leading cohabitors towards this kind of life. The interviewees believe that no responsibility has been imposed on them in life, and they feel their life conditions are more comfortable than the traditional marriage. They prefer to have a relaxed life without any responsibilities forcing them to have commitment to others. These behaviors show individualism is likely to be on the rise in persons. The interviewees also said that if they encounter problems, first of all they refer to their friends and ask for help, and their social relationships are limited to travelling with friends. Most cohabitors hide this way of living from their families; instead they prefer to take this matter up with their friends. These factors show big changes between two generations’ values.
Cohabitors break the social norms and create new values by their deconstruction. The role of a man and woman in life and their duties after the life formation is clear for both of them in traditional marriage and life, but cohabitors have changed the duties which are entrusted to each pair and have no obligation in doing so. Further, the cohabitors tend to maximize their own benefits, a temporary relationship which meets their needs and have the most benefits and can exit the relationship with the lowest cost.
The background conditions on forming cohabitation subculture are educational and job migration, changing the life style and devotion of marriage. Most students who come to Tehran for continuing education do not like to return to their cities because of the  opportunities for finding a suitable job in Tehran. Living in a big city where people pay no attention or even ignore the issues of others’ provides a basis for breaking the norms.    
Although marriage is a holy Covenant in our society and culture, and our religious orders have emphasized on the importance of marriage and family formation, the analysis of interviewees’ remarks show that traditional marriage has been less important.
The friendship experience with the opposite sex and familiarity with cohabitation life is as an intermediary condition in the emerging life in the form of cohabitation. Cohabitors experience a friendship before living together. These types of friendship and conflicts among them in love processes have provided the conditions for living together.
Redefinition of sexual roles and meeting temporary needs are the strategies which cohabitors use. Each cohabitor does not enter this kind of life as the definition of their roles in society which are expected from them; for example, the female cohabitors have an economic independence and they do not pay attention to home works and the male cohabitors do not take the responsibility for life costs and have the same role in the home works as the female ones. Both of them have a consideration to a deep cognition to his/her own pair. The consequences of forming cohabitation subculture have been divided into two individual and social groups.


Participants characteristics in the study
Row    Gender    Age    education
1    Man    36    High school Diploma
2    Man    37    Bachelor’s Degree
3    Female    27    Bachelor’s student
4    Female    28    Bachelor’s student
5    Man    32    Master’s student
6    Man    27    Bachelor’s Degree
7    Man    36    High school Diploma
8    Female    28    Bachelor’s Degree
9    Man    29    Master’s Degree
10    Female    26    Bachelor’s Degree
11    Female    25    Bachelor’s Degree
12    Man    29    Bachelor’s Degree
13    Female    27    Associate’s Degree
14    Female    25    Master’s student
15    Female    30    Bachelor’s Degree
16    Female    31    Master’s Degree
17    Female    33    Bachelor’s Degree
18    Man    35    Bachelor’s Degree
19    Female    36    Master’s Degree
20    Man    37    Bachelor’s student


Figure 1.  Paradigmatic Pattern of Cohabitation Subculture
Discussion : Aside from the casual and intermediary conditions which were considered, some conditions are governing on our in-transition society which can provide a background for decreasing marriage importance and family formation according to interviewees’ remaks. The high unemployment levels of unemployment, raising the marriage age, increasing number of the single-occupied housing, girls’ financial independence and, etc. can be referred to as other important conditions. Nevertheless, the family function still has its own importance and value among the society members as a lot of single girls and boys believe that the most important matter in their lives is family formation and marriage.
Ethical Considerations
Funding
We have not sponsor for this article.
Authors’ contributions
This article was written with Cooperation all authors (Pouran Omidvar & D.r Parvaneh Danesh & D.r Fatemeh Javaheri & D.r Mohammad Javad Zahedi Mazandarani).
Conflicts of interest
The results of this article are not in conflict with the previous articles.
Acknowledgments
This article is certified by the university and Extracted from the thesis.