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Objectives: This is a summary of an extended research on sociological study of drug addiction in Iran. The main focus of the study has been to identify and analyze the social correlates of drug addiction rate. It is a fact that drug addiction has been increased in Iran in the recent years. The research has been designed on the base of response to this question "what are the causes of drug addiction rate variations among provinces of Iran? " Method: The research unit of analysis includes all provinces of Iran between 1368-1380 that have been studied and analyzed. The research method of study was longitudinal-comparative method, based on secondary data . Conclusion: Theoretically, the study has been based on structural functionalism approach. Path analysis results indicate that industrialization, anomie, availability of drugs, smuggler's activity variables are the most important variables for explanation of drug addiction in Iran, respectively.

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Objectives: Illicit drug use has been a continuous problem in Iran despite efforts to curb it. Researcher has looked into the relationship that exists between influential social factors and addiction. This is a summary of an extended research on sociological study of drug related crimes in Mazandaran Province. The main focus of the study has been to identify and analyze the social correlates of drug related crimes rate. It is an established fact that drug addiction has been increased in Mazandaran Province in the recent years. The researcher has been designed on the base of response to this question "what are the causes of drug related crimes rate variations among cities of Mazandaran Province?" Method: The research unit of analysis is city and all cities of Mazandaran Province between 1375 -1380 have been studied and analyzed. The hypotheses are based on research theoretical framework. The research method of study was longitudinal-comparative method, based on secondary data. The data were secondary, cross-sectional data that relied on the Police Headquarters data. The data were later transferred to a statistical program to conduct data manipulation and statistical analysis. In order to perform the data analysis the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13 was used. Findings: The results show that there is a significant relationship between smugglers and drug addiction rate. A variable that frequently appeared as significant on the analyses was availability of drugs. Caution should be used when interpreting such significance since this variable is closely related to other variables and might be capturing the same effect as others. Finding a significant relationship would serve to establish the factors leading to problematic behavior and to improve existing programs for treatment and prevention. The findings of this study provide an insight as to other concurrent factors that affect illicit drug use. Results: Theoretically, the study has been based on structural functionalism approach. The purpose of this study was to establish if there was an association between social factors in macro level and illicit drug use in Mazandaran province. Five of the hypotheses proved statistically significant, they include: effect of smuggler’s activity rate on drug addiction rate, effect of availability of drugs on drug addiction rate, effects of urbanity and availability of drugs on social disorganization, and the effect of smuggler’s activity rate on availability of drugs. The two hypotheses that were not statistically significant are the effect of the urbanity and social disorganization on drug addiction rate. Path analysis results indicate that availability of drugs, smuggler’s activity, urbanism and social disorganization variables are the most important variables for explanation of drug related crimes in Mazandaran Province, respectively. Several implications can be derived from this study one of such public implications is the modification of preventive programs designed to reduce illicit drug use.

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Objective: The main objective of this study is to explore the relationship between "emotional perceived social support" and "mental health". Furthermore, the present study seeks to investigate the direct and indirect effects of gender, religiosity, and social class (as sources of social support), as well as social support, on mental health status. Method: The study has been conducted via survey method and data collected by self-administered questionnaire. The universe of the study was students of the Mazandaran University, and 400 students were chosen through proportional stratified random sampling. Mental health status is measured by SCL-25 and social support is measured by the multidimensional scale of perceived social support by Zimet (1988). Findings: Almost one third of the students recognized as having proper mental health. More than half of the students received high level of social support, and family was its most important source followed by important others and friends. Female and those who were belonged to higher social class enjoyed the higher levels of social support. Furthermore, there was a direct, significant relationship between perceived social support and mental health, and gender difference in the rate of mental health is proved, showing that the male students enjoyed better mental health status than females. The relations of social class and religiosity with mental health of students were not significant. Also, gender, social class, and religiosity were associated with perceived social support. Finally, applying multivariate regression analysis, it has been appeared that the rate of students’ mental health was under direct influence of such variables as perceived social support and gender. Furthermore, such variables as social class and religiosity had indirect effects on mental health, through increasing social support. However, perceived social support was the strongest predictor of the students’ mental health. Conclusion: Enjoying high level of social support is a source of proper mental health. With respect to findings of this study, it is necessary that policy makers, focus on ways of promoting social support and religious beliefs, and pay more attention to mental health issues among female and lower social class students to increase their coping skills.

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Introduction: The violence against women consider as a global phenomenon. Many researches show that there are differences in the incidence of violence against women due to unique cultural factors. Therefore, on the basis of differences in culture or geographic area, territory, national or ethnic origin, religion, there are lots of attitudes towards violence against women. Present Study of the various types of violence against women, violence against women within the family and in the field examines how much husbands violent. In this study explain the social factors of Violence by husbands against their wives in the city of Sanandaj.

 

Method: The method of research is survey The population of the study consisted of all women 15-45 years old, is married and resides in the city of Sanandaj. A total of 400 of these women were chosen through multi-step cluster random sampling. Validity study was the construct validity and content validity. It is also Cronbach's alpha reliability for the scale has been used in this research.

 

Findings: While only 6.8 percent of the survey sample said they have not experienced any violence from their husbands, 60.4% of women were under their husband violence and 32.4% of the respondents have experienced medium and large violence from their husbands. Based on the analysis of research data, women's adherence to gender roles is the most explanation husbands' violence against women.

 

Discussion: The women who have accepted roles and gender stereotypes and male domination than women who do not accept these stereotypes, and show resistance against these stereotypes, have suffered less violence from their husband.

 

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Introduction: Child abuse not only attack on the today and yesterday children, but makes the faint-hearted adults, humiliation and low self-esteem, which or become isolated individual or to take revenge toward community. This study tries to examine the phenomenon of child abuse, family factors that influence on the base the theoretical framework. Method: The method adopted for this study, was to conduct a survey. Data has been collected by a questionnaire and multistage sampling. Statistical populations are high school first grade students in Shahriyar city that three hundred seventy two of them have been selected by Cochran formula. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Analysis of Variances, Multivariate Regression and Path Analysis have been used for data analysis and test of hypotheses. Findings: The results show that the score of the construct of social isolation, disorder relationships, economic status and family size predict a significant proportion of the variance in the prediction of child abuse in the family. In the research, Variable of disorder relationships in families is highest impact factor and also has with the economic situation variable, in addition to direct effects, indirect effects on the dependent variable. Discussion: The results of this study show that the statistics of child abuse in general, compared with other studies do not show decreased, but The findings of this study reflect a significant difference between the results of some other studies have observed and it is that (emotional) Soft child abuse (emotional) in this study have been overcome on hardware (physical) child abuse.

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Introduction: Juvenile offence has been a national persistent social problem. Current strategies in prevention and decrease delinquent behaviors are still distant from a comprehensive and holistic resolutions. One critical limitation in the existing strategies for decreasing juvenile delinquency is the deterrent role of religious factors. Most of the sociological surveys in this field are about family^’s problems and the effect of religious belief. This surveys show a tremendous impact of religion on children^’s ethical growth, but unfortunately this facttor hasn’t been concerned. This carelessness in religious concepts and lack of information about this reality that religious belief can decrease harmful upshots has led to increase the amount of aberrant behavior statistically.

Hirschi is correct to assume "the existence of a common value system within the society or group whose norms are violated." Religious belief is theorized to be an element of social control that can constrain the natural tendency toward delinquent behavior in addition to other domains of social control such as family, school, and neighborhood.

Hirschi argues that those who have a belief in the legitimacy of the hegemonic system of values in a culture are most likely to follow it. If adolescents can share a moral doctrine and social rules, they are more likely to share in pro-social behavior. Persons who strongly belief in the moral validity of shared social values and norms are less likely to deviate from them. Those whose acceptance is weak have a greater propensity to behave in a deviant manner. Also, he proposes that variations exist in the extent to which people believe social rules should be obeyed because some believe in conventional values more strongly than others. This study tests the central hypotheses concerning the belief element of social control Theory. In social control theory religious belief and allegiance to the society values ​​and moralities is a deterrent factor in the participation in deviant activities such as running away from home. To sum up, maladjustment in teenagers or children behavior, namely running away from home can be mentioned as a characteristic phenomenon at first sight, though due to its directly wrecked effect on society it should be considered as a harmful upshot to the public. Also, most of researches have been limited to number of the girls running away and the matter of girls' tendencies has been left inattentively.

In this paper, sociological clarification about Religious belief impact on attitude to run away from home in school girl has been discussed.

Method: Data has been collected by descriptive research design and via self-administered questionnaire, and subjects of the study method. Using a sample of 370 high school girl students from urban areas of Babolsar city. Accordingly, information has been collected at the base of questionnaire, 1597 individuals were investigated that all were high school students educating in Babolsar high school in 91-92 educational year. Data were analyzed by using the Lisrel software have been selected by means of a two-stage cluster sampling method and stratified proportional.

Findings: In general, structural equations Lisrel has shown that the research hypothesis was confirmed, and religious belief have (-0 .31) deterrent effect on tendency to run away from home. Belief variables are strongly related to deviant behavior.

Those who do not hold strong beliefs in conventional values free from the bond and therefore are more likely to commit deviant acts.

 Discussion: The result of research indicates that most conventional religious belief encourage adolescents to embrace the tenets of the religion which proscribe delinquent behavior. An adolescents' religious belief is a highly important factor in their lives. Hirschi suggests that it is not that people need to rationalize their wrong actions, but some people feel less obliged to comply with the moral code than others. In other words, people vary in the amount they feel they need to act morally.

The argument is that religious youths feel obliged to act morally and therefore will refrain from delinquent activities. Finally, if a youth believes it is wrong to violate the formal (laws) and informal (social norms) rules, the youth will not engage in delinquent. The study provides empirical support of claim that adolescent belief may deter serious delinquent behaviors directly and independently. To sum up, the present study finds that adolescent religious belief is directly related to serious offenses. There is an inverse relationship between religious beliefs and commission of serious offenses.

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Introduction: The purpose of this research is to investigate the type of attitude and behavior of married women who have extramarital relationships from the perspective of rational choice theory.
Method: The research method was a survey and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was confirmed through content validity, and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha. The research population consisted of 87 married women from Behshahr, Babol and Babolsar cities in 1400 who had extramarital relationships. The theoretical framework of the research, the rational choice theory and the independent variables of the research, were derived from this theory. The non-random sampling method was snowballing type. The type of attitude towards extramarital relationships was investigated in three cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions.
Findings: The results of the research showed that 35.6 percent of the respondents have an average attitude, 33.3 percent have a positive attitude, and 31 percent have a negative attitude towards extramarital relationships. Also, among the variables of the theory of rational choice, the variables of pleasure-excitement and utilitarian need had a significant relationship.  The independent variables of the research were able to explain 72.6% of the changes in the dependent variable of extramarital behavior and 50.3% of the changes in the dependent variable of attitude towards extramarital relationships.
Discussion: The meaningfulness of the pleasure-excitement variable means that by increasing the motivation of pleasure and excitement, curiosity, freedom and adventure in new relationships, the positive attitude of married women towards extramarital relationships increases and the commission of extramarital behavior increases. Also, the significance of the utilitarian need variable means that if the costs of extramarital relations are less than its benefits and the costs are long-term and ineffective, the probability of committing it increases. Examining and explaining the attitude towards extramarital relationships and extramarital behavior based on the choice theory is one of the innovations of this research.
Keywords: attitude, extramarital relations, extramarital behavior, family, married women, rational choice.