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In this article, the Poverty Line in urban and rural is estimated according to four methods during the years (1984-2000) as follows: a) needing for Calorie, b) the percentage of family average income, c) the average of family expenses, and d) the parasite inverted indices. The results point to this fact that Poverty is not a fixed extemal phenomenon and to some extent relies on the researcher's definition and attitude towards poverty and the variables used for assessment that totally will lead to different values and search of poverty. The findings of this article indicate to this fact that urban poverty line steadily placed in a higher rank than rural poverty line, and the poverty line based on the smaller in concept is a relative definition of poverty line. The vast amount of urban and rural poverty lies on parasite inverted indices.

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Objectives: In each year, Iranian government provides for food subsidy in its budget. Recently, the effect of food subsidy to the households has been controversial. It is clear that the goal of paying food subsidy is providing the needs of calories for each person and the community food security as a whole. Studies show that about 10-20 percent of Iranian households, intake less calorie than they need. Then it can be a good reason for Iranian government to continue the food subsidy payment. Method: In this Article we use vector autoregressive method for investigating relationship between per capita calorie intake, food subsidy, income and food prices in Iran, using annual data for 1961-2004. Calorie intake is average per capita energy (calorie) intake per day, calculated on the basis of per capita dietary energy derived from national food balance sheets (source FAO:2006). Real per capita GDP is adjusted with CPI in 1990 and the real food price index is the corresponding nominal index deflated by the CPI in 1990 (Source: Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran year book). The real food price index (1990 prices) is the corresponding nominal indexed by the CPI (source: Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran year book). Food subsidy (1990 prices) is deflated by CPI (source: Consumers and Producers Protection Organization). Findings: On the basis of Augmented Dicky Fuller unit root test we find that all variables have only one unit root. In respect to LR, AIC and FPE criteria, the best lag length for initial VAR model is 3 lag. For determining the number of long-run relationships between the variables, we used trace statistics. On the basis of this statistics we only find one long-run relationship (cointegration) between variables. The long run relationship was only significant between calorie intake, income and food subsidy variables. The weakly exogenous test shows that food subsidy does not respond to the discrepancy from long-run equilibrium and income and calorie intake do all of the adjustment. We use the final model for investigating the effect of food subsidy reduction on Iranian households' calorie intake. The final model shows that long run income elasticity of calorie demand is 0/16. Also results show that long run food subsidy elasticity of calorie demand is inelastic at 0/009. Since feedback exists between calorie intake, income and food subsidy variables, this ceteris paribus interpretation is potentially misleading because it ignores relations between the three variables in the VAR model. Then, impulse responses may give a better picture of the relations between the variables. Since all the variables are I (1), the effects of the shocks are permanent. The results show that one unit reduction in food subsidy without income compensation has a considerable negative effect on calorie intake in short-run and that it takes around five years for households to adjust themselves to the new condition. But, if one standard error food subsidy reduction occurs with the same amount of income compensation, then the effect of income compensation not only removes the negative effects of subsidy reduction, but also will have positive effect on calorie intake in short-run and long-run. Results: it seems that focus on food subsidy reduction without considering income growth will deteriorate Iranian household calorie intake.

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Objectives: The Social capital can be considered as one of the major concept of development-centre approved in studying of poverty. The importance of these two social variables is to the extent that in both modern theoretical and practical approach, the production of social capital is considered as one of the most useful strategies in poverty alleviation. Therefore based on the importance of the role of the social capital and its direct relation ship with the promotion of social welfare and poverty alleviation, we test this hypothesis through a comparative study of this variable for the homilies sponsored by the Committee Emdad Imam Khomaini in Ghazvin as representative of families under poverty and rich residents of the city. This study test the hypothesis stating that there is a significant difference in the average of social capital and its components (social trust, social relations and participation and organizational membership) between the poor and the rich families. Method: This is a survey - based study .The data is collected through questioner. The target group under the statistical study is the families sponsored by the Committee Emdad Imam Khomaini out of which a group of 311 families from the poor and 50 families from the rich have been selected by Cochran equation through random analysis a system. Data processing and the statistical analysis are conducted through the spss software package. Findings: The findings of the study show that there is a significant difference in social capital and its components between the rich and the poor. Also the finding shows that poverty has a negative strong correlation with the social capital and the poor have lower average of social capital and its all components. The social capital is approximated as the following regression analysis (equation): Social capital= 68.04+9.10 (welfare situation of family) +2.450 (gender of families chief Results: This research shows that the amount of social capital for individuals and groups is depended to the situation of poverty and privation. Poverty has a negative impact on social capital. The outcome of this relationship is that the effort for increasing the amount of social capital may has useful impacts on poverty reduction because, social capital in regard of convertibility process of capitals, can provide the necessary conditions for promoting the welfare level of the poor and private actors.

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Introduction: Income distribution is such a controversial subject which besides the economic aspect, its social aspect is also very important, as any economic approach to income distribution, followed by the  special social consequences inevitably. Given that health is one of the categories that directly and indirectly affected by income distribution, in this study, we examine the relationship between income inequality and life expectancy as an indicator of health regarding the role of other factors such as health, environment and community can be studied.

 

Method: This paper uses time series data of 1351-1388 to evaluate the long-run and short-run dynamic relationships among the Gini coefficient, income per capita, doctors per capita, literacy rates and life expectancy in Iran. In order to test for existence of long-run relationship the bound testing approach to level relationship and error correction model (ECM) are applied.

 

Finding: Bounds test results indicate the existence of long-run equilibrium relationship between income inequality, literacy rate, and doctores (per 10000 population) and life Expectancy. According to the results of the ECM, deviations from long-run equilibrium rate adjustment is equal to 0/15. This confirms that the deviation from the long-run equilibrium is adjusted with rate of 15% per period. Moreover, estimated long-run coefficients indicate that an increase in literacy rate and physicians per ten thousand people, improves health indicators. While the effect of income inequality on health is significant and negative, rising inequality threatens public health.

 

Conclusion: The results indicate that income inequality affects public health more than any other variables. Therefore, the income distribution is important determinant of the health and the appropriate policies to improve income distribution can be effective in promoting public health.

 

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Introduction: Deteriorated fabric are the part of city that influence on city form, function, quality and security. Therefore, realization of sustainable development and improve the quality of life and welfare of citizens require reconstruction and rehabilitation of city deteriorated fabric. Achieving this requires an enterprise and to facilitate the participation of all institutions involved the urban planning development and the people.

Method: This study is applied with quantitative and qualitative approach and for achieving data field survey is used. Operational indicators identified with the exploratory study through conducting interviews with ten experts and executives related to reconstruction of deteriorated fabric. The population of the research included managers and professionals related to the renewal of city deteriorated fabric and current residents that participated in the reconstruction. Sample society includes 362 heads of households that were random selected.

Findings: Study finding indicate that the amount and intensity of the influence of the individual factors is more than structural, institutional and organizational factors. Assessment of importance of indicators shows that citizens participation in setting objectives, granting financial facilities and residents education factors are higher than average.

Discussion: To achieve effective and lasting contribution to structural, institutional, organizational and individual factors, combined and considered at the same time. However, individual factors have an important role. Attitude of people to participate requires consideration of individual factors. However, only changing peoples' attitudes for participation in the modernization and rehabilitation projects is not enough. In addition to individual factors, organizational and legal structures is necessary for participation.

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Social welfare is the most important part of the concept of sustainable development which provides the possibility of meeting the needs of today's generation without destroying the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Rural social welfare includes an organized series of laws, regulations and policies, which are presented in the form of welfare and social institutions in order to meet the spiritual and material needs of people and to provide human felicity. The development literature suggests that promotion of rural social welfare indices is a function of various factors such as tourism activities. Development and prosperity of rural tourism as an efficient catalyst for the reproduction and the promotion of social welfare in rural areas should be highlighted. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effects of tourism on the promotion of social welfare indices in rural areas of the Meshginshahr county.

Method: This study was conducted through a survey method using simple random sampling among 331 residents of Onar village, a touristy village. On the one hand, in order to have an equal test and result, using causal-comparative, 331 residents of Kojang village a non-touristy village were selected through causal-comparative method as the control group. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. A pre-test was carried out with 30 questionnaires and by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient the reliability of the study was 0/79.

Findings: With regard to the characteristics of indicators of social welfare of two groups, tourism development had an impact on all indicators of social welfare, except for membership in civic organizations. In other words, statistical analysis showed that development in tourism had an effect on the promotion of social welfare indicators in rural areas of Meshginshahr, as the correlation between  tourism development and all components of the promotion of social welfare indicators except for the membership in civic organizations hypothesis was proved. In this regard, the calculated P for tourism development with leisure components, access to education, access to health services, personal well-being, diversity, social participation, social capital and housing situation was less than 0/01.

Discussion: Tourism plays an important role in the promotion of social welfare indices in terms of improved housing, personal well-being, strengthening social capital, strengthening the participation of rural residents as stakeholders in rural development projects and strengthening social sustainability, creating social connections, improving productivity due to increased awareness and reducing conflicts collective and strengthening the education and health infrastructure in rural areas. Finally, in order to develop rural tourism due to its positive effects on the promotion of social welfare indices in rural areas of Meshginshahr, tourism infrastructures such as water supply, electricity, waste disposal, sewage and telecommunications have to be properly developed in this city.

Also, protecting and preserving the environment, efficient and balanced use of natural resources and rural assets should be taken into account and any interference with the structure of the village for rural tourism planning should be carried out alongside increasing the  awareness of villagers, participation rural and the involvement of the villagers in the process of rural tourism as the main beneficiaries of the project. There should be a financial support for the development of rural tourism in rural areas of Meshginshahr. The results of this study showed that tourism development had an impact on in the promotion of social welfare indices in rural areas of Meshginshahr.

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Introduction: Providing social justice  and eradication of poverty and deprivation by creating balance between  the distribution of income and wealth among the people of society is emphasized in the constitution. In this regard, explaining the relationship between income inequality and economic growth has been the most challenging economic issues in the recent decades and despite extensive research in this area, there are still unclear topics in this subject and empirical studies have also led to contradictory results. Some believe that there is a conflict between these two categories and  argue that the unequal distribution of income in the early stages of development of each country is essential for growth and in contrast, opponents of this theory  argue  that an increase in the  income inequality prevents economic growth. In this regard and in the present study, in addition to reviewing the theoretical foundations of the different effects of income inequality on economic growth, the level of inequality as a determinant factor of this relation  has been taken into account and a non-linear relationship between these two variables has been  specified.

Method: Using smooth transition nonlinear regression model, the effects of income inequality on Iran's GDP per capita over the period of 1391-1348 have been examined.

Findings: The link between income inequity and economic growth in Iran is nonlinear and includes  a two-regime structure,  that is the effect of income inequality on GDP per capita is negative in the first regime and positive in the second. Therefore,   a net positive or negative impact of the inequality on growth that was achieved in most studies, cannot be accepted. Additionally, an optimal rate of Gini coefficient equal to 0.3838 was estimated that maximizes GDP per capita and at levels less than this rate, an increase in GDP per capita has led to an increase inequality and vice versa.

Discussion: The role and impact of income inequality on the path to  economic growth achievement is important and economic development strategies must be based on rapid economic growth and equitable distribution of income. Considering  the results and estimating the optimal rate for the Gini coefficient, policymakers should  adopt a policy of "growth with distribution" in order to reduce income inequality and increase the share of low-income classes, particularly the middle class while   achieving the optimal rate of income inequality through redistribution leverage such as poverty eradication policies based on reducing income inequality and redistribution using targeted subsidies and taxation of high-income groups.