Volume 22, Issue 86 (11-2022)
refahj 2022, 22(86): 89-120 |
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noorbakhsh S, Shariat Bagheri M M, Zoghi L. (2022). Developing a Structural Model of Driving Behaviors Based on Aggression Mediated by Emotion Regulation. refahj. 22(86), : 3 doi:10.32598/refahj.22.86.4055.1
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-4011-en.html
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-4011-en.html
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Extended Abstract
Introduction: Undoubtedly, driving is a necessary behavior and a necessity of mechanical life. The use of vehicles is inevitable in today's industrial world, and it is enjoyable for many of us, but this joy and happiness along with others, can be a lasting memory for us when we pay attention to the principles and culture related to it. In fact, respect for driving etiquette at all times reflects citizenship behavior, and respecting them shows that we care about the rights of others, as well as the respect we have for our fellow human beings in life. In fact, Driving etiquette and rules should be observed not as a fear of traffic police or control cameras and fine receipts (tickets), but with the aim of respecting the rights of others and the environment and as a human duty. An overview of accidents that have occurred in the country indicates that today this amenity and pleasure device in many underdeveloped countries has become a plague on human lives. Especially when these fatal accidents are caused by skilled and experienced drivers. Analysis of road accidents in Iran shows that the most important cause of traffic accidents is the human factor.
Prevalence of driving casualties in Iran are increasing every day, and studies show that the human factor has the largest share in these casualties. In fact, the aggressive driving style and violations caused by the psychological and personality conditions of people as far as it is said, everyone lives just as he drives, and studies show that the human factor has the largest share in these casualties.
Method: This study was a correlational study in which relationships between the variables of the proposed model were analyzed using structural equation modeling. In this model, driving behavior is considered as a hidden exogenous variable, emotion regulation variable is considered as a mediating variable and aggression variable is considered as a latent endogenous variable. The statistical population of the present study includes all drivers of Tehran, West Azerbaijan, and Kurdistan provinces who were selected by cluster sampling. Completed questionnaires of 935 people were analyzed by SPSS software. After screening, some of them were excluded due to outdated data. Finally, the analysis was performed on the gathered information from 917 respondents. Of these respondents, 452 (49%) were men and 465 (51%) were women. In this study, several indicators were used to evaluate and compare the overall fit of the models, such as the ratio of chi-square with a value of p <0.05, root mean square residual (RMR), goodness of fit index (GFI), comparative fit indices (CFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and normed-fit index (NFI)
Findings:
The main hypotheses
According to Table 1 Chi-Score [χ2 (df = 1021) = 3885.421] at level 0.001 is meaningful. Also the value of χ2 / df is equal to 3.805. Evaluation of other fitness indices showed that all fitness indices including (CFI) = 0.925, (NFI) = 0.915, (IFI) =0. 921 and (GFI) =0.. .934 are also larger than acceptable value. Also (RMSEA) = 0.062 indicates the proper fit of this index.
Table 1: Results of fitting indices of driving behavior measurement model
Aggression variable measurement model
The results of Table 2 showed: Chi-square [χ2 (df = 336) = 1540.272] at the level of 001. is significant. Also, χ2 / df = 4.584, (CFI) = 0.920, (NFI) = 0.913, (IFI) = 0.921, (GFI) = 0.934 and (RMSEA) = 0.072, which indicates the good fit of these indicators.
Table 2: Results of aggression fitting indices
Variable measurement model of emotion regulation strategies
According to Table 3, the chi-square [χ2 (df = 49) = 269.520] at level 0.001. is significant. Also, χ7 / df = 4/746, (CFI) = 0/902, (NFI) = 0/901, (IFI) = 0/900, (GFI) = 0/940 and (RMSEA) = 0/067 indicate the good fit of these indicators.
Table 3: Results of fitting indices of emotion regulation variable measurement model
Table 4: Structural equation model fit indices
Model 1: Modified structural model of research variables
Sub-hypotheses
1.Aggression has a direct effect on driving behavior in drivers.
The results of Table 5 show that the effect of direct standard coefficient of aggression on driving behavior (β = 0.094, P <0.05) is significant. In other words, the aggression variable had the power to explain the standard scores of the driving behavior variable in the sample group
.
Table 5: Direct effect between exogenous and endogenous variables and subcomponents in the hypothesized model
2.Aggression has an indirect effect on driving behavior with the mediating role of emotion regulation in drivers
According to Table 6, the effect of indirect standard (β = -0/ 034, p <0/05) and also the effect of total standard (β = 0/128, p <0/05) of the variables are significant. The emotion regulation variable was able to mediate between the two variables of aggression and driving behavior.
Table 6: Complete, direct and indirect effects between variables
Discussion: The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of aggression on driving behaviors mediated by emotion regulation. Statistical findings showed that aggression with (P <0.05, β = 0.193) has a significant effect on driving behaviors and this effect is direct and positive. Also, emotion regulation variable with indirect standard effect (P <0.05, β = 0.034) and also complete effect (P <0.05, β = 0.094) can play a mediating role between two aggression variables and play driving behavior. These findings are in line with the results of internal and external research of Shakeri Nia (2009) and Motrio, Kohlo, Hanel, Pimental and Guaya (2018) Smorti, Andrei and Thrombini (2018). Liu, Wang and Gao (2021).
Driving is a social behavior that affects a wide range of cognitive, emotional, and personality actions. Therefore, people who drive always need to be aware of their psychological state. Due to the importance of psychological assessment, it is recommended that in addition to psychological assessment, periodic assessment and review of driving progress to be performed for safer driving behavior. Also, since mental health assessments are unavoidable in improving and improving driving, aggressive drivers should be referred for training and counseling program.
The role of the media is not hidden from anyone by making appropriate documentary programs using behavioral science experts and emphasizing the observance of driving rules in TV programs and series and movies. Therefore, it is worthwhile to make good use of psychologists in these fields.
Ethical Considerations
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed in producing of the research.
Funding
This article is an excerpt from Mr. Sahdolah Noorbakhsh’s. Ph.D. Thesis.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Following the ethics of research
In this article, all rights relating to references are cited and resources are carefully
listed.
Introduction: Undoubtedly, driving is a necessary behavior and a necessity of mechanical life. The use of vehicles is inevitable in today's industrial world, and it is enjoyable for many of us, but this joy and happiness along with others, can be a lasting memory for us when we pay attention to the principles and culture related to it. In fact, respect for driving etiquette at all times reflects citizenship behavior, and respecting them shows that we care about the rights of others, as well as the respect we have for our fellow human beings in life. In fact, Driving etiquette and rules should be observed not as a fear of traffic police or control cameras and fine receipts (tickets), but with the aim of respecting the rights of others and the environment and as a human duty. An overview of accidents that have occurred in the country indicates that today this amenity and pleasure device in many underdeveloped countries has become a plague on human lives. Especially when these fatal accidents are caused by skilled and experienced drivers. Analysis of road accidents in Iran shows that the most important cause of traffic accidents is the human factor.
Prevalence of driving casualties in Iran are increasing every day, and studies show that the human factor has the largest share in these casualties. In fact, the aggressive driving style and violations caused by the psychological and personality conditions of people as far as it is said, everyone lives just as he drives, and studies show that the human factor has the largest share in these casualties.
Method: This study was a correlational study in which relationships between the variables of the proposed model were analyzed using structural equation modeling. In this model, driving behavior is considered as a hidden exogenous variable, emotion regulation variable is considered as a mediating variable and aggression variable is considered as a latent endogenous variable. The statistical population of the present study includes all drivers of Tehran, West Azerbaijan, and Kurdistan provinces who were selected by cluster sampling. Completed questionnaires of 935 people were analyzed by SPSS software. After screening, some of them were excluded due to outdated data. Finally, the analysis was performed on the gathered information from 917 respondents. Of these respondents, 452 (49%) were men and 465 (51%) were women. In this study, several indicators were used to evaluate and compare the overall fit of the models, such as the ratio of chi-square with a value of p <0.05, root mean square residual (RMR), goodness of fit index (GFI), comparative fit indices (CFI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and normed-fit index (NFI)
Findings:
The main hypotheses
- The measurement models of the studied variables have a good fit.
According to Table 1 Chi-Score [χ2 (df = 1021) = 3885.421] at level 0.001 is meaningful. Also the value of χ2 / df is equal to 3.805. Evaluation of other fitness indices showed that all fitness indices including (CFI) = 0.925, (NFI) = 0.915, (IFI) =0. 921 and (GFI) =0.. .934 are also larger than acceptable value. Also (RMSEA) = 0.062 indicates the proper fit of this index.
Table 1: Results of fitting indices of driving behavior measurement model
| Chi-square | DF | P | χ2/df | NFI | GFI | CFI | IFI | RMSEA |
| 3885.421 | 1021 | 0.001 | 3.805 | 0.915 | 0.934 | 0.925 | 0.921 | 0.062 |
| <5 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.90 | <0.08 |
Aggression variable measurement model
The results of Table 2 showed: Chi-square [χ2 (df = 336) = 1540.272] at the level of 001. is significant. Also, χ2 / df = 4.584, (CFI) = 0.920, (NFI) = 0.913, (IFI) = 0.921, (GFI) = 0.934 and (RMSEA) = 0.072, which indicates the good fit of these indicators.
Table 2: Results of aggression fitting indices
| Chi-square | DF | P | χ2/df | NFI | GFI | CFI | IFI | RMSEA |
| 1540/272 | 336 | 0.001 | 4.584 | 0.913 | 0.934 | 0.920 | 0.921 | 0.072 |
| <5 | >.90 | >.90 | >.90 | >.90 | <.08 |
Variable measurement model of emotion regulation strategies
According to Table 3, the chi-square [χ2 (df = 49) = 269.520] at level 0.001. is significant. Also, χ7 / df = 4/746, (CFI) = 0/902, (NFI) = 0/901, (IFI) = 0/900, (GFI) = 0/940 and (RMSEA) = 0/067 indicate the good fit of these indicators.
Table 3: Results of fitting indices of emotion regulation variable measurement model
| Chi-square | DF | P | χ2/df | NFI | GFI | CFI | IFI | RMSEA |
| 269.520 | 49 | 0.001 | 4.746 | 0.901 | 0.940 | 0.902 | 0.900 | 0.067 |
| <5 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.90 | >0.90 | <0.08 |
- The structural model of driving behaviors based on aggression mediated by emotion regulation has a good fit.
Table 4: Structural equation model fit indices
| Chi-square | DF | P | χ2/df | GFI | NFI | IFI | CFI | RMSEA |
| 154/663 | 30 | 0.001 | 5.146 | 0.966 | 0.868 | 0.889 | 0.888 | 0.072 |
Model 1: Modified structural model of research variables
Sub-hypotheses
1.Aggression has a direct effect on driving behavior in drivers.
The results of Table 5 show that the effect of direct standard coefficient of aggression on driving behavior (β = 0.094, P <0.05) is significant. In other words, the aggression variable had the power to explain the standard scores of the driving behavior variable in the sample group
.
Table 5: Direct effect between exogenous and endogenous variables and subcomponents in the hypothesized model
| Question Obvious variable | B | S.E. | Beta | C.R. | P | ||
| Aggression | <--- | Emotion regulation strategy | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.201 | 2.288 | 0.022 |
| Emotion regulation strategy | <--- | Driving behavior | -0.698 | 0.296 | -0/161 | -2.356 | 0.018 |
| Aggression | <--- | Driving behavior | 0.023 | 0.007 | 0.130 | 3.313 | *** |
| Driving behavior | <--- | Slip | 1.000 | 0.845 | |||
| Driving behavior | <--- | Intentional violations | -0.131 | 0.011 | -0.442 | -11.947 | *** |
| Driving behavior | <--- | Mistakes | 0.364 | 0.022 | 0.607 | 16.399 | *** |
| Driving behavior | <--- | Unintentional violations | 0.938 | 0.049 | 0.758 | 1.030 | *** |
| Emotion regulation strategy | <--- | re-evaluation | 1.000 | 0.299 | |||
| Emotion regulation strategy | <--- | Suppression | 1.959 | 0.812 | 0.587 | 2.412 | 0.016 |
2.Aggression has an indirect effect on driving behavior with the mediating role of emotion regulation in drivers
According to Table 6, the effect of indirect standard (β = -0/ 034, p <0/05) and also the effect of total standard (β = 0/128, p <0/05) of the variables are significant. The emotion regulation variable was able to mediate between the two variables of aggression and driving behavior.
Table 6: Complete, direct and indirect effects between variables
| (p) Indirect effect | (p) Direct effect | (p)Full effect | Exogenous variable ---> Mediator ---< Endogenous |
| -0/034 (0/005) | 0/128 (0/016) | 0/094) 0/018) | aggression -> Excitement regulation -> Driving behavior |
Discussion: The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of aggression on driving behaviors mediated by emotion regulation. Statistical findings showed that aggression with (P <0.05, β = 0.193) has a significant effect on driving behaviors and this effect is direct and positive. Also, emotion regulation variable with indirect standard effect (P <0.05, β = 0.034) and also complete effect (P <0.05, β = 0.094) can play a mediating role between two aggression variables and play driving behavior. These findings are in line with the results of internal and external research of Shakeri Nia (2009) and Motrio, Kohlo, Hanel, Pimental and Guaya (2018) Smorti, Andrei and Thrombini (2018). Liu, Wang and Gao (2021).
Driving is a social behavior that affects a wide range of cognitive, emotional, and personality actions. Therefore, people who drive always need to be aware of their psychological state. Due to the importance of psychological assessment, it is recommended that in addition to psychological assessment, periodic assessment and review of driving progress to be performed for safer driving behavior. Also, since mental health assessments are unavoidable in improving and improving driving, aggressive drivers should be referred for training and counseling program.
The role of the media is not hidden from anyone by making appropriate documentary programs using behavioral science experts and emphasizing the observance of driving rules in TV programs and series and movies. Therefore, it is worthwhile to make good use of psychologists in these fields.
Ethical Considerations
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed in producing of the research.
Funding
This article is an excerpt from Mr. Sahdolah Noorbakhsh’s. Ph.D. Thesis.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Following the ethics of research
In this article, all rights relating to references are cited and resources are carefully
listed.
Type of Study: method |
Received: 2021/12/12 | Accepted: 2022/07/20 | Published: 2022/11/13
Received: 2021/12/12 | Accepted: 2022/07/20 | Published: 2022/11/13
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