Volume 22, Issue 85 (8-2022)
refahj 2022, 22(85): 221-270 |
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feizolahi A. (2022). A Meta- synthesis of Studies Conducted on Suicide in Iran. refahj. 22(85), 221-270.
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3941-en.html
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3941-en.html
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Introduction: Suicide is a historical and global phenomenon that has always been considered as an important challenge in the field of public health and welfare. According to statistics, approximately 800,000 people commit suicide annually in the world, which accounts for 1.4% of all deaths and makes it the 18th leading cause of death (WHO, 2019). Suicide after accidents and illness is the third leading cause of youth mortality in some countries (WHO, 2016). Although the suicide rate in Iran is lower than the global rate, but the increase in suicide rate in some parts of the country, depicts worrying conditions, so that various studies have the highest prevalence in the male population of Hamadan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and Ilam provinces and among women the highest prevalence has been reported in Ilam province (Rico, 2014).
Due to the high frequency of suicide statistics and its growing trend, studies have been conducted on this phenomenon since 1370s (1990s), but studies on a common question have often yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, in order to apply the results of these studies, it is necessary to conduct meta-synthesis studies. The first goal of a cross-curricular study can be to summarize the knowledge generated in a field in order to reach a direct conclusion related to the practice or to present it for future research. The second can be to report or resolve seemingly inconsistent findings. The third can be modeling relationships, defining the contextualized conditions of a phenomenon, combining the findings of early qualitative research, or mapping the fields of that knowledge. However, the main purpose of the present study is to combine the findings of qualitative research conducted on suicide and also to establish a relationship between studies and obtain a coherent result from among the scattered results of studies. Therefore, the main questions will be as follows:1. What are the most important findings of qualitative studies conducted on suicide in Iran? 2. Under what causal circumstances, contexts, and grounds have people fallen victim to violent action against themselves? 3. What strategies were used and what were the consequences for them? The purpose of this study is to synthesis of the findings of qualitative research studies on suicide in Iran in order to obtain integrated results from their findings to investigate the causes and contexts of suicidal action.
Method: This research has been done through the meta- synthesis method and collect evidence to provide interpretation to be able to extract from these studies, categories and structures that have implications for both individual and social life and in refining or presenting a useful theory. In this study, the extracted categories are presented in the form of grounded theory method.
The materials include the research articles published in scientific journals having been conducted using qualitative and field study methods, and from among them 29 articles were selected. Open, axial and selective data coding has been performed using Nvivo12 software. The validity of the research has been confirmed by experts and the reliability of the research based on Cohen’s Kappa coefficient was found to be 782.
Findings: Based on the findings, all studies have been performed qualitatively. More than 70% of the studies in Ilam and Lorestan provinces and the population studied are mainly women. The total sample size of the studies was 296 people, the share of the statistical sample in each study in average was approximately 20 people, in all studies the purposeful sampling method was used and the data were gathered through interview. Four studies have been done by phenomenological method and the same number have been done by grounded theory method. 78% of the studies were conducted in the 1390s (2010s), it is worth considering that in terms of research orientation more researchers have turned to qualitative studies on suicide. The most important findings of the study are: family disorder, abnormal family management, social pressure, tense marital relationship, tradition mismatch, access to instrument of suicide, neutralization of suicide, and social rejection.
Discussion: A review of previous studies shows that they have used less qualitative methods on the subject of suicide in Iran. Also, in few studies the persons attempting suicide were asked to interpret and narrate their experiences. Therefore, in order to reflect the experience of such people, this study has gone beyond the results of this type of qualitative study.
Comparison of the research results with the findings of previous research studies indicates consistencies in the field of interaction of structures related to social institutions and their impact on the decision to commit suicide.
The results of the present study also indicate that the highest frequency of injuries were related to dysfunction and traumatic family status of the subjects in all studies. Then there are the cultural, social, personal, and economic spheres, respectively.
The findings of this study help to explain the causes of certain types of suicide. Comparison of the categories extracted from the findings of the studies with sociological theories shows that the violent act of suicide against oneself in the category of behaviors based on the occurrence of an unintended personal catastrophe, and it may not be accidental or merely a social expression, but it is a meaningful social action.
Imposing special demands and coercions on the role of women activists in deprived societies in the purgatory of the struggle between tradition and modernity such as Lorestan, Ilam and other provinces in the field of currently unacceptable marriage patterns, such as forced, traditional or young age marriage. It is full of hesitation in the sense of marriage, instability in status and instability in the criterion of competence, which is consistent with the theories of abroutin and Müller (2018) and Gibbs’ (2001) findings that the rate of suicide is inversely related to the degree of cohesion of status. The culture can also guide one’s actions inthisregard. Finally, based on the axial categories of the research and in a simultaneous analysis, an overview of suicide is shown, especially in the form of interactive strategies of suicide perpetrators, who mainly observe passive reactions, such as affection, heterogeneous confrontation, and suicide as a protest. And in general, neutralization is suicidal. As a result of merging the content of the categories, the core category of “suicide is the product of the mechanism of pervasive rejection “ has been extracted, so that the concurrence and interaction of the categories of tradition mismatch and abnormal family management has led to the formation of the mechanism of rejection from the family. It commits suicide by Neutralization of suicidal behavior by perpetrators.
Ethical considerations
Contribution of authors
Writing this article is the product of the author’s efforts.
Financial Resources
No direct or indirect financial support has been received from any organization for the publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
there is no conflict of interest in this article.
Following Principles of Research Ethics
All information is collected with trusteeship, also in this article, all ethical principles in the field of plagiarism and data distortion, etc. are observed.
Introduction: Suicide is a historical and global phenomenon that has always been considered as an important challenge in the field of public health and welfare. According to statistics, approximately 800,000 people commit suicide annually in the world, which accounts for 1.4% of all deaths and makes it the 18th leading cause of death (WHO, 2019). Suicide after accidents and illness is the third leading cause of youth mortality in some countries (WHO, 2016). Although the suicide rate in Iran is lower than the global rate, but the increase in suicide rate in some parts of the country, depicts worrying conditions, so that various studies have the highest prevalence in the male population of Hamadan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and Ilam provinces and among women the highest prevalence has been reported in Ilam province (Rico, 2014).
Due to the high frequency of suicide statistics and its growing trend, studies have been conducted on this phenomenon since 1370s (1990s), but studies on a common question have often yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, in order to apply the results of these studies, it is necessary to conduct meta-synthesis studies. The first goal of a cross-curricular study can be to summarize the knowledge generated in a field in order to reach a direct conclusion related to the practice or to present it for future research. The second can be to report or resolve seemingly inconsistent findings. The third can be modeling relationships, defining the contextualized conditions of a phenomenon, combining the findings of early qualitative research, or mapping the fields of that knowledge. However, the main purpose of the present study is to combine the findings of qualitative research conducted on suicide and also to establish a relationship between studies and obtain a coherent result from among the scattered results of studies. Therefore, the main questions will be as follows:1. What are the most important findings of qualitative studies conducted on suicide in Iran? 2. Under what causal circumstances, contexts, and grounds have people fallen victim to violent action against themselves? 3. What strategies were used and what were the consequences for them? The purpose of this study is to synthesis of the findings of qualitative research studies on suicide in Iran in order to obtain integrated results from their findings to investigate the causes and contexts of suicidal action.
Method: This research has been done through the meta- synthesis method and collect evidence to provide interpretation to be able to extract from these studies, categories and structures that have implications for both individual and social life and in refining or presenting a useful theory. In this study, the extracted categories are presented in the form of grounded theory method.
The materials include the research articles published in scientific journals having been conducted using qualitative and field study methods, and from among them 29 articles were selected. Open, axial and selective data coding has been performed using Nvivo12 software. The validity of the research has been confirmed by experts and the reliability of the research based on Cohen’s Kappa coefficient was found to be 782.
Findings: Based on the findings, all studies have been performed qualitatively. More than 70% of the studies in Ilam and Lorestan provinces and the population studied are mainly women. The total sample size of the studies was 296 people, the share of the statistical sample in each study in average was approximately 20 people, in all studies the purposeful sampling method was used and the data were gathered through interview. Four studies have been done by phenomenological method and the same number have been done by grounded theory method. 78% of the studies were conducted in the 1390s (2010s), it is worth considering that in terms of research orientation more researchers have turned to qualitative studies on suicide. The most important findings of the study are: family disorder, abnormal family management, social pressure, tense marital relationship, tradition mismatch, access to instrument of suicide, neutralization of suicide, and social rejection.
Discussion: A review of previous studies shows that they have used less qualitative methods on the subject of suicide in Iran. Also, in few studies the persons attempting suicide were asked to interpret and narrate their experiences. Therefore, in order to reflect the experience of such people, this study has gone beyond the results of this type of qualitative study.
Comparison of the research results with the findings of previous research studies indicates consistencies in the field of interaction of structures related to social institutions and their impact on the decision to commit suicide.
The results of the present study also indicate that the highest frequency of injuries were related to dysfunction and traumatic family status of the subjects in all studies. Then there are the cultural, social, personal, and economic spheres, respectively.
The findings of this study help to explain the causes of certain types of suicide. Comparison of the categories extracted from the findings of the studies with sociological theories shows that the violent act of suicide against oneself in the category of behaviors based on the occurrence of an unintended personal catastrophe, and it may not be accidental or merely a social expression, but it is a meaningful social action.
Imposing special demands and coercions on the role of women activists in deprived societies in the purgatory of the struggle between tradition and modernity such as Lorestan, Ilam and other provinces in the field of currently unacceptable marriage patterns, such as forced, traditional or young age marriage. It is full of hesitation in the sense of marriage, instability in status and instability in the criterion of competence, which is consistent with the theories of abroutin and Müller (2018) and Gibbs’ (2001) findings that the rate of suicide is inversely related to the degree of cohesion of status. The culture can also guide one’s actions inthisregard. Finally, based on the axial categories of the research and in a simultaneous analysis, an overview of suicide is shown, especially in the form of interactive strategies of suicide perpetrators, who mainly observe passive reactions, such as affection, heterogeneous confrontation, and suicide as a protest. And in general, neutralization is suicidal. As a result of merging the content of the categories, the core category of “suicide is the product of the mechanism of pervasive rejection “ has been extracted, so that the concurrence and interaction of the categories of tradition mismatch and abnormal family management has led to the formation of the mechanism of rejection from the family. It commits suicide by Neutralization of suicidal behavior by perpetrators.
Ethical considerations
Contribution of authors
Writing this article is the product of the author’s efforts.
Financial Resources
No direct or indirect financial support has been received from any organization for the publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
there is no conflict of interest in this article.
Following Principles of Research Ethics
All information is collected with trusteeship, also in this article, all ethical principles in the field of plagiarism and data distortion, etc. are observed.
Type of Study: orginal |
Received: 2021/08/3 | Accepted: 2022/04/24 | Published: 2022/08/8
Received: 2021/08/3 | Accepted: 2022/04/24 | Published: 2022/08/8
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