Volume 22, Issue 84 (4-2022)
refahj 2022, 22(84): 9-38 |
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Bakhtiyari Shahri A, Noferesti S, Eftekhari N, Jahantigh N. (2022). Extraction of Drug Crime Patterns and Identifying People at Risk Using Data Mining Techniques. refahj. 22(84), : 1
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3897-en.html
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3897-en.html
Keywords: Drug offenses, Data mining, Support vector machine (SVM), Crime patterns, Crime prediction
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Introduction: One of the most important issues in any society is to plan and pay attention to the elderly in the society so as to prevent the isolation and exclusion of these people. Therefore, the present study seeks to assess the factors affecting the social exclusion of the elderly in the cities of Kashan and Aran and Bidgol. Due to the fact that the elderly population of Kashan and Aran and Bidgol cities is higher than the average elderly population of the country, in these cities special attention should be paid to the elderly and their lives. According to field studies in the cities of Kashan and Aran and Bidgol, when the elderly reach the age of 60, they are generally isolated and no one pays much attention to them. Also, the elderly at this age no longer have much social activities and spend most of their time at home. Children also feel that the burden of their parents' responsibilities falling on their shoulders and argue with each other to take care of their parents. Also, due to the fact that with the modernization of society, women and children are no longer at home to take care of their elderly, the elderly are either alone at home or they are left in a nursing home; therefore, the level of social exclusion and isolation increases among them. Due to the aforementioned reasons, as well as the lack of sufficient studies in this field in the cities of Kashan and Aran and Bidgol, we have sought to identify and investigate the social factors affecting the social exclusion of the elderly in these cities.
In general, the empirical background of research conducted worldwide and in Iran shows that the elderly are deprived and rejected in areas, such as material resources, social relations, civic activities, basic services, respect of others, neighborhood relations, social and mental health. The theoretical framework of this research is related to the theories of social exclusion and aging, and in this context, the theories of Anthony Giddens, Emile Durkheim, George Humans and the theory of aging activity have been mostly used. In general, in analyzing the social exclusion of the elderly, these theories emphasize variables, such as disability of the elderly, social disorder in the process of individualism, reducing the social status of the elderly and reducing the material profitability of the elderly for family and society. Based on the aforementioned theories, it can be concluded that the social exclusion of the elderly is a multidimensional process and according to the amount of economic capital, cultural capital and social capital of the elderly, which is different; with the lack of this type of capital social exclusion of the elderly is increasing. Also, if there is no support for formal and informal social institutions and the support of children and the network of kinship, social isolation and exclusion will increase among the elderly.
Method: In this study, we hypothesized that there is a significant relationship between the variables of children support, relative support, social capital, economic capital, support of formal and informal institutions and organizations with social exclusion of the elderly. This research was conducted by survey method and the sample size of the research, using Cochran's formula, was 320 people. In this study, stratified sampling method has been used to determine the sample individuals. The statistical population of the present study consists of the elderly in Kashan and Aran and Bidgol in 2020. In this research, data entry was performed using SPSS statistical software and after performing statistical tests, the relationship between research variables was investigated. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients obtained for the research variables were all above 0.7, and therefore the instruments for measuring the research indicators were sufficiently valid.
Findings: Descriptive data of the main variables of the research show that: 1. Most of the respondents are from the middle and low level in terms of cultural capital; 2. Most of the respondents are in the middle and low level in terms of the level of support of their children and relatives; 3. Most respondents are in the middle level in terms of social capital and economic capital; 4. Most of the respondents are in the middle and low level in terms of the level of support of formal and informal institutions and organizations; and 5. Most of the mentioned respondents are in the middle and low level in terms of social exclusion. In general, the data of this study show that the statistical population of the study is not in a favorable position in terms of children support, support of relatives, social capital, economic capital, support of formal, and informal institutions and organizations.
In this study, using Pearson Correlation coefficient test, the relationship between independent variables and the social exclusion variable of the elderly has been investigated. The data obtained from the test of research hypotheses show that there is a significant and inverse relationship between the variables of children support, relative support, economic capital, social capital, support of formal institutions and organizations and the variable of social exclusion. In other words, with the reduction of children support, the support of relatives, economic capital, social capital, the support of formal institutions and organizations for the elderly, their social exclusion increases, and vice versa. The research data indicate that there is no significant relationship between the variables of support of informal organizations and social exclusion of the elderly. In Multivariate Analysis and Path Analysis, it was observed that the most important variables by which the social exclusion of the elderly can be predicted are the variables of Economic Capital and Children Support.
Discussion: Given that the older age groups are vulnerable to the negative effects of aging, it is scientifically necessary to examine the feeling of rejection among the elderly and the problems associated with this phenomenon. Basically, neglecting the phenomenon of aging and the problems of the elderly will cause many problems for this stratum of society; a stratum that is currently growing in societies like ours. With the increasing problems of life and the nucleation of families and the fact that today in families as in the past not only men are looking for work but also other family members are working during the day, the level of care for the elderly has decreased. Over time, this leads to social exclusion of the elderly and reduced attention to them. The findings of this study are often in line with the findings of previous foreign and domestic studies on the effect of social factors in the exclusion of the elderly. In general, these studies show that the attitude of people in the community towards the elderly is effective in their support and can be effective in their rejection or social acceptance. Based on the experimental findings of this study, it can be said that the more the elderly are involved in daily life activities, the more they have access to various assets, the more they are supported by family and society and the more attention they receive, and the less they will feel being rejected. But if they do not participate in the activities of society and are not supported and taken care by the family and society, gradually they will be socially excluded and isolated.
In this study, the following suggestions have been made to deal with the factors affecting the social exclusion of the elderly: 1. Paying attention to the various needs of the elderly; 2. Attention to formal and informal institutions to provide suitable conditions for the life of the elderly; 3. Informing relatives about the material and immaterial benefits of supporting the elderly; 4. Strengthening the support of governmental and non-governmental institutions and institutions in charge of the elderly for this stratum of society; 5. Establishment of associations and voluntary organizations for the support of the elderly; 6. More attention of formal and informal institutions to the living conditions of the elderly; and 7. Strengthening the social relations of the elderly through culture building in this field.
Ethical Considerations:
Authors’ Contributions:
The authors contributed effectively to this article.
Funding:
No financial support for the publication of this article has been received from any institution or organization.
Conflicts of Interest:
The authors did not have any conflict of interest in conducting this study.
Acknowledgments:
In this article, in addition to the observance of the principles of ethics, all the rights related to the sources of citation have been observed and the sources have been carefully mentioned.
Introduction: One of the most important issues in any society is to plan and pay attention to the elderly in the society so as to prevent the isolation and exclusion of these people. Therefore, the present study seeks to assess the factors affecting the social exclusion of the elderly in the cities of Kashan and Aran and Bidgol. Due to the fact that the elderly population of Kashan and Aran and Bidgol cities is higher than the average elderly population of the country, in these cities special attention should be paid to the elderly and their lives. According to field studies in the cities of Kashan and Aran and Bidgol, when the elderly reach the age of 60, they are generally isolated and no one pays much attention to them. Also, the elderly at this age no longer have much social activities and spend most of their time at home. Children also feel that the burden of their parents' responsibilities falling on their shoulders and argue with each other to take care of their parents. Also, due to the fact that with the modernization of society, women and children are no longer at home to take care of their elderly, the elderly are either alone at home or they are left in a nursing home; therefore, the level of social exclusion and isolation increases among them. Due to the aforementioned reasons, as well as the lack of sufficient studies in this field in the cities of Kashan and Aran and Bidgol, we have sought to identify and investigate the social factors affecting the social exclusion of the elderly in these cities.
In general, the empirical background of research conducted worldwide and in Iran shows that the elderly are deprived and rejected in areas, such as material resources, social relations, civic activities, basic services, respect of others, neighborhood relations, social and mental health. The theoretical framework of this research is related to the theories of social exclusion and aging, and in this context, the theories of Anthony Giddens, Emile Durkheim, George Humans and the theory of aging activity have been mostly used. In general, in analyzing the social exclusion of the elderly, these theories emphasize variables, such as disability of the elderly, social disorder in the process of individualism, reducing the social status of the elderly and reducing the material profitability of the elderly for family and society. Based on the aforementioned theories, it can be concluded that the social exclusion of the elderly is a multidimensional process and according to the amount of economic capital, cultural capital and social capital of the elderly, which is different; with the lack of this type of capital social exclusion of the elderly is increasing. Also, if there is no support for formal and informal social institutions and the support of children and the network of kinship, social isolation and exclusion will increase among the elderly.
Method: In this study, we hypothesized that there is a significant relationship between the variables of children support, relative support, social capital, economic capital, support of formal and informal institutions and organizations with social exclusion of the elderly. This research was conducted by survey method and the sample size of the research, using Cochran's formula, was 320 people. In this study, stratified sampling method has been used to determine the sample individuals. The statistical population of the present study consists of the elderly in Kashan and Aran and Bidgol in 2020. In this research, data entry was performed using SPSS statistical software and after performing statistical tests, the relationship between research variables was investigated. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients obtained for the research variables were all above 0.7, and therefore the instruments for measuring the research indicators were sufficiently valid.
Findings: Descriptive data of the main variables of the research show that: 1. Most of the respondents are from the middle and low level in terms of cultural capital; 2. Most of the respondents are in the middle and low level in terms of the level of support of their children and relatives; 3. Most respondents are in the middle level in terms of social capital and economic capital; 4. Most of the respondents are in the middle and low level in terms of the level of support of formal and informal institutions and organizations; and 5. Most of the mentioned respondents are in the middle and low level in terms of social exclusion. In general, the data of this study show that the statistical population of the study is not in a favorable position in terms of children support, support of relatives, social capital, economic capital, support of formal, and informal institutions and organizations.
In this study, using Pearson Correlation coefficient test, the relationship between independent variables and the social exclusion variable of the elderly has been investigated. The data obtained from the test of research hypotheses show that there is a significant and inverse relationship between the variables of children support, relative support, economic capital, social capital, support of formal institutions and organizations and the variable of social exclusion. In other words, with the reduction of children support, the support of relatives, economic capital, social capital, the support of formal institutions and organizations for the elderly, their social exclusion increases, and vice versa. The research data indicate that there is no significant relationship between the variables of support of informal organizations and social exclusion of the elderly. In Multivariate Analysis and Path Analysis, it was observed that the most important variables by which the social exclusion of the elderly can be predicted are the variables of Economic Capital and Children Support.
Discussion: Given that the older age groups are vulnerable to the negative effects of aging, it is scientifically necessary to examine the feeling of rejection among the elderly and the problems associated with this phenomenon. Basically, neglecting the phenomenon of aging and the problems of the elderly will cause many problems for this stratum of society; a stratum that is currently growing in societies like ours. With the increasing problems of life and the nucleation of families and the fact that today in families as in the past not only men are looking for work but also other family members are working during the day, the level of care for the elderly has decreased. Over time, this leads to social exclusion of the elderly and reduced attention to them. The findings of this study are often in line with the findings of previous foreign and domestic studies on the effect of social factors in the exclusion of the elderly. In general, these studies show that the attitude of people in the community towards the elderly is effective in their support and can be effective in their rejection or social acceptance. Based on the experimental findings of this study, it can be said that the more the elderly are involved in daily life activities, the more they have access to various assets, the more they are supported by family and society and the more attention they receive, and the less they will feel being rejected. But if they do not participate in the activities of society and are not supported and taken care by the family and society, gradually they will be socially excluded and isolated.
In this study, the following suggestions have been made to deal with the factors affecting the social exclusion of the elderly: 1. Paying attention to the various needs of the elderly; 2. Attention to formal and informal institutions to provide suitable conditions for the life of the elderly; 3. Informing relatives about the material and immaterial benefits of supporting the elderly; 4. Strengthening the support of governmental and non-governmental institutions and institutions in charge of the elderly for this stratum of society; 5. Establishment of associations and voluntary organizations for the support of the elderly; 6. More attention of formal and informal institutions to the living conditions of the elderly; and 7. Strengthening the social relations of the elderly through culture building in this field.
Ethical Considerations:
Authors’ Contributions:
The authors contributed effectively to this article.
Funding:
No financial support for the publication of this article has been received from any institution or organization.
Conflicts of Interest:
The authors did not have any conflict of interest in conducting this study.
Acknowledgments:
In this article, in addition to the observance of the principles of ethics, all the rights related to the sources of citation have been observed and the sources have been carefully mentioned.
Type of Study: orginal |
Received: 2021/05/27 | Accepted: 2022/01/11 | Published: 2022/05/13
Received: 2021/05/27 | Accepted: 2022/01/11 | Published: 2022/05/13
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