Volume 22, Issue 87 (2-2023)
refahj 2023, 22(87): 253-283 |
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Research code: مقاله مستخرج از پایان نامه می باشد.
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Mozaffari niya A, mosayyebzadeh A. (2023). Analysis of Quality of Life of Residents of Informal Settlements of Target Neighborhoods in Urmiah. refahj. 22(87), : 8 doi:10.32598/refahj.22.87.3872.1
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Introduction
One of the most important issues of urbanization is informal settlement, which is the product of failed policies, poor management, corruption, inappropriate laws, dysfunctional land market, weak financial systems, and fundamental lack of political will causing social, economic, cultural, security, environmental problems, and it in due course has made the level of quality of life in Iran's metropolises decrease, and has already provided the basis for the concept of quality of urban life. The concept of quality of life is a multidimensional concept. The most appropriate way to measure the quality of life is the simultaneous use of its objective and subjective indicators, and ignoring any of these indicators creates problems in planning. According to previously conducted studies, marginalization in the city of Urmia has been growing so that these areas have increased from 11 neighborhoods in 2003 with the population of 90,000 to 31 neighborhoods with the population of 240,000 in 1996, which have expanded from east to northeast, northwest and west. One of the consequences of marginalization in the city of Urmia is a variety of anomalies; employment of marginalized people in informal and false jobs, existence of unauthorized constructions, inability of municipalities to provide appropriate services in these areas, reduction of environmental pollution, adverse cultural, social, economic, political effects, etc., including destructive effects. Marginalization, both on the inhabitants of those areas and on the inhabitants of the city of Urmia. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of life of residents of informal settlements of target neighborhoods in the city of Urmia and seeks to answer this basic question:
1- What is the quality of life of residents of informal settlements of target neighborhoods in
Urmia?
Method
This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied-developmental in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of data type. Data was collected by referring to authoritative library and documentary sources, field studies, questionnaires and through interview and observation techniques. The sampling method is cluster sampling. Thus, out of 31 informal settlements identified in Urmia, four settlements of Islamabad 1, Haji Pirloo, Islamabad 2 and Tarzilo were selected as the target areas in this study. Using Cochran's public relations, 400 questionnaires were distributed as among the participants from each of the mentioned settlements. Then, in order to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires, first, the average of 30 quality of life indicators in six dimensions of housing, facilities, facilities and services, transportation, economic and social quality of life was inserted in Excel software and one-sample t-test was used in SPSS software to answer the research question.
Findings
The results of the one-sample t-test for the informal settlement of Islamabad 1 show that the dimensions of transportation and housing are in the average range with averages of 3.15 and 3.13 and according to the theoretical mediocrity of 3. Dimensions of facilities, services, social facilities and economic facilities with averages of 1 <2.74, 2.52, 2.50, 2.13< 5, based on the Likert scale, are below the average range of 3, so it indicates the unfavorable situation of the indicators in Islamabad 1 neighborhood. In general, it can be said that the average general quality of life of Islamabad 1 (M = 2.77) is lower than average.
The mean of the studied variables of housing and social quality of life in Haji Pirloo informal settlement show that they have been evaluated as average with averages of 3.02 and 3. Other dimensions studied, facilities, economy, and facilities and services with averages of 2.63, 2.58 and 2.56, which received scores below the average range of 3 are in poor condition. Transport component with an average of 3.56, which received a score higher than the theoretical mediocrity, which indicates the favorable situation of this index in Haji Pirloo residence. Finally, according to the average of the general situation obtained (M = 2.92), it can be said that Haji Pirloo's informal residence is in a moderate situation.
In the informal settlement of Islamabad 2, the average score of the respondents for the quality of life variables is as follows. The facility variable with the highest average of 4, which received a score higher than the average of 3, is in a very favorable situation in Islamabad 2 neighborhood. Other dimensions are transportation and housing variables of quality of life, which are evaluated with averages of 3.33 and 3.05 and have a moderate status.
The other variables of this set of economic facilities and services and social dimensions with averages of 2.84, 2.67, and 2.60, based on the theoretical mediocrity of 3, are in an unfavorable situation. In general, according to the obtained average (M = 3.06) from the general condition of Islamabad 2 settlement, it can be said that the settlement has a moderate condition. The last neighborhood to be surveyed is the informal settlement of Tarzilo. The results obtained from the one-sample t-test show that the facility index with the highest average of 4 is evaluated to be higher than the theoretical mediocrity of 3, which indicates the very favorable condition of the index in the settlement. The social and housing dimensions, with averages of 3.43 and 3.26, have received above-average scores and are in good condition. Other variables of the set, dimensions of facilities and services, transportation and economy with averages of 1 <2.88, 2.75, 2.52< 5, based on the Likert scale and average of 3, which are in an unfavorable situation (M = 3.22) has been evaluated to be above the average level.
Discussion
According to the results obtained from the sample test in Table 1, it can be said that the average general quality of life of the residents of informal settlements of Islamabad 2 and Haji Pirloo, based on the Likert scale, at an average level of 1<2.92, 3.06<5 and Islamabad 1 informal settlement with an average of 2.77 at a lower level than the average and Tarzilo informal settlement with an average of 3.22 in the average range with a theoretical average of 3 seems to improve the quality of life indicators and improve the factors that affect satisfaction impacting on the quality of life increasing the satisfaction of residents to a
significant extent.
Table 1. Results of t-test to measure the quality of life of residents of informal settlements in the target areas
One of the most important issues of urbanization is informal settlement, which is the product of failed policies, poor management, corruption, inappropriate laws, dysfunctional land market, weak financial systems, and fundamental lack of political will causing social, economic, cultural, security, environmental problems, and it in due course has made the level of quality of life in Iran's metropolises decrease, and has already provided the basis for the concept of quality of urban life. The concept of quality of life is a multidimensional concept. The most appropriate way to measure the quality of life is the simultaneous use of its objective and subjective indicators, and ignoring any of these indicators creates problems in planning. According to previously conducted studies, marginalization in the city of Urmia has been growing so that these areas have increased from 11 neighborhoods in 2003 with the population of 90,000 to 31 neighborhoods with the population of 240,000 in 1996, which have expanded from east to northeast, northwest and west. One of the consequences of marginalization in the city of Urmia is a variety of anomalies; employment of marginalized people in informal and false jobs, existence of unauthorized constructions, inability of municipalities to provide appropriate services in these areas, reduction of environmental pollution, adverse cultural, social, economic, political effects, etc., including destructive effects. Marginalization, both on the inhabitants of those areas and on the inhabitants of the city of Urmia. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of life of residents of informal settlements of target neighborhoods in the city of Urmia and seeks to answer this basic question:
1- What is the quality of life of residents of informal settlements of target neighborhoods in
Urmia?
Method
This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and applied-developmental in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of data type. Data was collected by referring to authoritative library and documentary sources, field studies, questionnaires and through interview and observation techniques. The sampling method is cluster sampling. Thus, out of 31 informal settlements identified in Urmia, four settlements of Islamabad 1, Haji Pirloo, Islamabad 2 and Tarzilo were selected as the target areas in this study. Using Cochran's public relations, 400 questionnaires were distributed as among the participants from each of the mentioned settlements. Then, in order to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires, first, the average of 30 quality of life indicators in six dimensions of housing, facilities, facilities and services, transportation, economic and social quality of life was inserted in Excel software and one-sample t-test was used in SPSS software to answer the research question.
Findings
The results of the one-sample t-test for the informal settlement of Islamabad 1 show that the dimensions of transportation and housing are in the average range with averages of 3.15 and 3.13 and according to the theoretical mediocrity of 3. Dimensions of facilities, services, social facilities and economic facilities with averages of 1 <2.74, 2.52, 2.50, 2.13< 5, based on the Likert scale, are below the average range of 3, so it indicates the unfavorable situation of the indicators in Islamabad 1 neighborhood. In general, it can be said that the average general quality of life of Islamabad 1 (M = 2.77) is lower than average.
The mean of the studied variables of housing and social quality of life in Haji Pirloo informal settlement show that they have been evaluated as average with averages of 3.02 and 3. Other dimensions studied, facilities, economy, and facilities and services with averages of 2.63, 2.58 and 2.56, which received scores below the average range of 3 are in poor condition. Transport component with an average of 3.56, which received a score higher than the theoretical mediocrity, which indicates the favorable situation of this index in Haji Pirloo residence. Finally, according to the average of the general situation obtained (M = 2.92), it can be said that Haji Pirloo's informal residence is in a moderate situation.
In the informal settlement of Islamabad 2, the average score of the respondents for the quality of life variables is as follows. The facility variable with the highest average of 4, which received a score higher than the average of 3, is in a very favorable situation in Islamabad 2 neighborhood. Other dimensions are transportation and housing variables of quality of life, which are evaluated with averages of 3.33 and 3.05 and have a moderate status.
The other variables of this set of economic facilities and services and social dimensions with averages of 2.84, 2.67, and 2.60, based on the theoretical mediocrity of 3, are in an unfavorable situation. In general, according to the obtained average (M = 3.06) from the general condition of Islamabad 2 settlement, it can be said that the settlement has a moderate condition. The last neighborhood to be surveyed is the informal settlement of Tarzilo. The results obtained from the one-sample t-test show that the facility index with the highest average of 4 is evaluated to be higher than the theoretical mediocrity of 3, which indicates the very favorable condition of the index in the settlement. The social and housing dimensions, with averages of 3.43 and 3.26, have received above-average scores and are in good condition. Other variables of the set, dimensions of facilities and services, transportation and economy with averages of 1 <2.88, 2.75, 2.52< 5, based on the Likert scale and average of 3, which are in an unfavorable situation (M = 3.22) has been evaluated to be above the average level.
Discussion
According to the results obtained from the sample test in Table 1, it can be said that the average general quality of life of the residents of informal settlements of Islamabad 2 and Haji Pirloo, based on the Likert scale, at an average level of 1<2.92, 3.06<5 and Islamabad 1 informal settlement with an average of 2.77 at a lower level than the average and Tarzilo informal settlement with an average of 3.22 in the average range with a theoretical average of 3 seems to improve the quality of life indicators and improve the factors that affect satisfaction impacting on the quality of life increasing the satisfaction of residents to a
significant extent.
Table 1. Results of t-test to measure the quality of life of residents of informal settlements in the target areas
| (P-value) | Statistics T | average | Target areas studied |
| 0.0001 | -6.74 | 2.77 | Islamabad1 |
| 0.080 | -1.75 | 2.92 | Haji Pirloo |
| 0.081 | 1.75 | 3.06 | Islamabad2 |
| 0.0001 | 6.58 | 3.22 | Tarzilo |
Type of Study: orginal |
Received: 2021/03/14 | Accepted: 2022/05/21 | Published: 2023/02/8
Received: 2021/03/14 | Accepted: 2022/05/21 | Published: 2023/02/8
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