Volume 22, Issue 84 (4-2022)
refahj 2022, 22(84): 147-174 |
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zohoorparvandeh V, bagheri nesvan T. (2022). Investigating the Moderating Role of Social Intelligence in the Relationship between Social Frustration and Life Expectancy in Female-headed Households. refahj. 22(84), : 5
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3847-en.html
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3847-en.html
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Introduction
According to the definition of the Welfare Organization, women heads of households are women who are responsible for providing material and spiritual livelihood for themselves and their family members. This group of women can be divided into several categories: divorced women, widows, women whose spouses are disabled or unemployed, women whose husbands are addicted and living on their own, women whose husbands are in prison and women whose husbands are looking for work or have migrated for any other reasons (Azamzadeh et al., 2018).
In 2016, the number of female-headed households in Iran was 2.5 million, of which about 70%, of which 1.80 million, became heads of households due to the death of their husbands, and 350,000 female-headed households were imprisoned due to disability. Or leaving her husband in the family were included in this group, 250,000 people became self-employed due to divorce and separation, and 135,000 people because of not getting married. This number of women according to the latest statistics, i.e., the statistics of 2019 is about three million and 200 thousand people (Shaykhol-Islami et al., 2016).
Along with the quantitative growth of this phenomenon, qualitative changes in the socio-economic characteristics of this group of women such as age, education, income and economic poverty, the issue of female-headed households seem to be more than a relatively natural phenomenon turning into a social issue of harm. (Barabara et al., 2014). Women heads of households are very vulnerable due to problems such as lack of access to equal employment opportunities with men, lower levels of literacy and lower wages than other groups. In fact, a head of household requires the financial and spiritual resources of family members and according to the common gender division of labor, the role of guardianship is the responsibility of men and women are not trained to perform this role from the beginning and instead follow the common gender pattern and principles for women (Javadian et al., 2016).
Method
The research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of how to collect descriptive information of correlation type with emphasis on structural equations. The statistical population included all female-headed households under the auspices of the Kashmir Welfare Department, 105 people. Due to the limited size of the statistical population, the census or complete counting method was used instead of the sampling method. The tools used in the present study included three standard questionnaires: ¬Social-frustration scale: this scale was prepared by Harrington (2005) and translated by Babarisi et al. (2014) and its psychometric properties were studied. This scale has 35 items that measure the four factors of emotional intolerance, grief intolerance, progress, and entitlement. Scoring in the Likert scale is 1 point. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed that the reliability of this tool for all participants was 0.84, for the component of non-emotional 0.50, the component of emotional intolerance 0.61, the component of progress 0.52, and the component of entitlement 0.71. In addition, the alpha coefficient in the foreign sample of Harrington (2005) is higher than the Iranian sample with a range of 0.88 (component of intolerance) to 0.94 of the whole scale. The reliability of this test in the present study was estimated by Cronbach's alpha method for the components 0.65, 0.57, 0.50 and 0.65, respectively, and the reliability of this tool for all participants was 0.76. Schneider Adult Life Expectancy Scale: the Adult Life Expectancy Scale is a self-report questionnaire developed by Schneider et al. (1991) for adults over 15 years of age. This scale includes two subscales of passage and motivation, and is intended to answer each continuum question of 1 strongly disagree,
2 disagree and 3 slightly disagree, 4 slightly agree, 5 agree, 6 strongly agree _ life expectancy score is the sum of these two subscales (Schneider and Patterson, 2000). In a study conducted by Golzari (2007), the reliability of Schneider's life expectancy scale was 0.89 by internal correlation method. The reliability of this test in the present study was 0.83. Social Intelligence Scale: This scale, developed by Silvera, Martin Eusen, and Dahl (2001), consists of 21 questions and three subscales of information processing, social skills and social awareness, which are scored based on a five-point Likert scale. The total score of the scale is obtained from the sum of the scores of the questions. In the study sample, internal consistency was calculated through Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale and information processing, social awareness and social skills 0.87, 0.86, 0.77 and 0.72, respectively. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by calculating Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis through Statistical Software for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18 and Liserel software.
Findings
Findings related to demographic variables showed that 15.3% of participants were between 25 and 30 years old, 27.2% were between 30 and 35 years old, 57% were between 35 and 40 years old and 3.5% were up to 50 years old. In terms of degree, 60% had a high school diploma or lower, 32.9% an A.A and 7.1% a bachelor’s degree.
Findings from Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that in all variables, the level of significance is more than 0.05, which rejects the assumption of abnormal data distribution. Therefore, the data have a normal distribution. The conceptual model of the research shows the relationship between the research variables. According to the information obtained, the effect of variables is as follows.
Hypothesis 1: "There is a statistically significant relationship between social frustration and life expectancy in female-headed households".
According to the results of statistical tests of this hypothesis, it can be said that at a significant level of five percent, "there is a negative and significant relationship between social frustration and life expectancy. This means that the life expectancy of female-headed households increases. Slowly, their social frustration decreases proportionately, so this hypothesis is confirmed at a confidence level of 0.99.
Hypothesis 2: "There is a statistically significant relationship between social frustration and social intelligence in female-headed households."
According to the results of statistical tests of this hypothesis, it can be said that at a significance level of 5%, there is a negative and significant relationship between social frustration and social intelligence. This means that as the amount of social intelligence of female-headed households increases, their social frustration decreases and vice versa, so the second hypothesis is confirmed at the level of 0.99.
Hypothesis 3: "There is a statistically significant relationship between social intelligence and life expectancy in female-headed households in Kashmar."
According to the results of statistical tests of this hypothesis, it can be said that at a significance level of five percent, "there is a positive and significant relationship between social intelligence and life expectancy." This means that the higher the social intelligence of women heads of households, the higher their life expectancy. Therefore, the third hypothesis is accepted at the level of 0.99.
Discussion: One of the most important changes in Iranian society in the field of women and the family is the increase in the number of female-headed households. Female-headed household is a new term that has been used in the cultural, social, economic, and political spheres with the presence of more women (Buzariumehri, 2009) in which a female-headed household without the presence or support of a male is responsible for the economic management of the family and major decisions. In other words, divorce, death, wife addiction, wife disability, wife imprisonment, abandonment by immigrant men or lack of prosperity is the cause of the phenomenon of female-headed households. Households headed by women (Nahavandi, 2009) make up a quarter of the world's population. In Iran, statistical data show an increasing trend and the proportion of women heads of households in the last four decades, so that the ratio of female-headed households to total households in 1986 was equal to 7.1 percent. This statistical data reached 8.4% in 1996 and the increasing trend of female-headed households has continued. So that this figure has reached 9.5 percent in 1385 and 12.1 percent in 1390 with rapid growth (Roshani et al., 1399). According to the latest census of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016, the ratio of female-headed households to total households in the country has been 12.7% (Ghorbani et al., 1398). Research in the world also shows that about 60% of women in the world are breadwinners and 37.5% of households in the world are headed by women (Boldaji et al., 2011). The statistics of female-headed households depend in part on statistics on social harms, such as divorce rates, social crime rates, the number of prisoners, addiction and family breakdown. The increase in these injuries at the community level leads to an increase in the number of these women. In general, it can be said that the category of women heads of households is a focal point that is directly and indirectly affected by other injuries and can be the basis and reinforcer of other injuries (Daghaghleh & Kalhor, 2010 as cited in Roshani et al., 1399).
Ethical Considerations
Contribution of authors
All authors have contributed to this article.
Funds
No direct financial support has been received for the publication of this article from any institution or organization.
Conflict of interest
This article dose not overlap with other published works by the authors.
Adherence to the principles of research ethics
In this article, all rights related to research ethics have been observed
Full-Text: (97 Views)
Introduction
According to the definition of the Welfare Organization, women heads of households are women who are responsible for providing material and spiritual livelihood for themselves and their family members. This group of women can be divided into several categories: divorced women, widows, women whose spouses are disabled or unemployed, women whose husbands are addicted and living on their own, women whose husbands are in prison and women whose husbands are looking for work or have migrated for any other reasons (Azamzadeh et al., 2018).
In 2016, the number of female-headed households in Iran was 2.5 million, of which about 70%, of which 1.80 million, became heads of households due to the death of their husbands, and 350,000 female-headed households were imprisoned due to disability. Or leaving her husband in the family were included in this group, 250,000 people became self-employed due to divorce and separation, and 135,000 people because of not getting married. This number of women according to the latest statistics, i.e., the statistics of 2019 is about three million and 200 thousand people (Shaykhol-Islami et al., 2016).
Along with the quantitative growth of this phenomenon, qualitative changes in the socio-economic characteristics of this group of women such as age, education, income and economic poverty, the issue of female-headed households seem to be more than a relatively natural phenomenon turning into a social issue of harm. (Barabara et al., 2014). Women heads of households are very vulnerable due to problems such as lack of access to equal employment opportunities with men, lower levels of literacy and lower wages than other groups. In fact, a head of household requires the financial and spiritual resources of family members and according to the common gender division of labor, the role of guardianship is the responsibility of men and women are not trained to perform this role from the beginning and instead follow the common gender pattern and principles for women (Javadian et al., 2016).
Method
The research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of how to collect descriptive information of correlation type with emphasis on structural equations. The statistical population included all female-headed households under the auspices of the Kashmir Welfare Department, 105 people. Due to the limited size of the statistical population, the census or complete counting method was used instead of the sampling method. The tools used in the present study included three standard questionnaires: ¬Social-frustration scale: this scale was prepared by Harrington (2005) and translated by Babarisi et al. (2014) and its psychometric properties were studied. This scale has 35 items that measure the four factors of emotional intolerance, grief intolerance, progress, and entitlement. Scoring in the Likert scale is 1 point. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed that the reliability of this tool for all participants was 0.84, for the component of non-emotional 0.50, the component of emotional intolerance 0.61, the component of progress 0.52, and the component of entitlement 0.71. In addition, the alpha coefficient in the foreign sample of Harrington (2005) is higher than the Iranian sample with a range of 0.88 (component of intolerance) to 0.94 of the whole scale. The reliability of this test in the present study was estimated by Cronbach's alpha method for the components 0.65, 0.57, 0.50 and 0.65, respectively, and the reliability of this tool for all participants was 0.76. Schneider Adult Life Expectancy Scale: the Adult Life Expectancy Scale is a self-report questionnaire developed by Schneider et al. (1991) for adults over 15 years of age. This scale includes two subscales of passage and motivation, and is intended to answer each continuum question of 1 strongly disagree,
2 disagree and 3 slightly disagree, 4 slightly agree, 5 agree, 6 strongly agree _ life expectancy score is the sum of these two subscales (Schneider and Patterson, 2000). In a study conducted by Golzari (2007), the reliability of Schneider's life expectancy scale was 0.89 by internal correlation method. The reliability of this test in the present study was 0.83. Social Intelligence Scale: This scale, developed by Silvera, Martin Eusen, and Dahl (2001), consists of 21 questions and three subscales of information processing, social skills and social awareness, which are scored based on a five-point Likert scale. The total score of the scale is obtained from the sum of the scores of the questions. In the study sample, internal consistency was calculated through Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale and information processing, social awareness and social skills 0.87, 0.86, 0.77 and 0.72, respectively. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by calculating Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis through Statistical Software for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18 and Liserel software.
Findings
Findings related to demographic variables showed that 15.3% of participants were between 25 and 30 years old, 27.2% were between 30 and 35 years old, 57% were between 35 and 40 years old and 3.5% were up to 50 years old. In terms of degree, 60% had a high school diploma or lower, 32.9% an A.A and 7.1% a bachelor’s degree.
Findings from Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that in all variables, the level of significance is more than 0.05, which rejects the assumption of abnormal data distribution. Therefore, the data have a normal distribution. The conceptual model of the research shows the relationship between the research variables. According to the information obtained, the effect of variables is as follows.
Hypothesis 1: "There is a statistically significant relationship between social frustration and life expectancy in female-headed households".
According to the results of statistical tests of this hypothesis, it can be said that at a significant level of five percent, "there is a negative and significant relationship between social frustration and life expectancy. This means that the life expectancy of female-headed households increases. Slowly, their social frustration decreases proportionately, so this hypothesis is confirmed at a confidence level of 0.99.
Hypothesis 2: "There is a statistically significant relationship between social frustration and social intelligence in female-headed households."
According to the results of statistical tests of this hypothesis, it can be said that at a significance level of 5%, there is a negative and significant relationship between social frustration and social intelligence. This means that as the amount of social intelligence of female-headed households increases, their social frustration decreases and vice versa, so the second hypothesis is confirmed at the level of 0.99.
Hypothesis 3: "There is a statistically significant relationship between social intelligence and life expectancy in female-headed households in Kashmar."
According to the results of statistical tests of this hypothesis, it can be said that at a significance level of five percent, "there is a positive and significant relationship between social intelligence and life expectancy." This means that the higher the social intelligence of women heads of households, the higher their life expectancy. Therefore, the third hypothesis is accepted at the level of 0.99.
Discussion: One of the most important changes in Iranian society in the field of women and the family is the increase in the number of female-headed households. Female-headed household is a new term that has been used in the cultural, social, economic, and political spheres with the presence of more women (Buzariumehri, 2009) in which a female-headed household without the presence or support of a male is responsible for the economic management of the family and major decisions. In other words, divorce, death, wife addiction, wife disability, wife imprisonment, abandonment by immigrant men or lack of prosperity is the cause of the phenomenon of female-headed households. Households headed by women (Nahavandi, 2009) make up a quarter of the world's population. In Iran, statistical data show an increasing trend and the proportion of women heads of households in the last four decades, so that the ratio of female-headed households to total households in 1986 was equal to 7.1 percent. This statistical data reached 8.4% in 1996 and the increasing trend of female-headed households has continued. So that this figure has reached 9.5 percent in 1385 and 12.1 percent in 1390 with rapid growth (Roshani et al., 1399). According to the latest census of the Statistics Center of Iran in 2016, the ratio of female-headed households to total households in the country has been 12.7% (Ghorbani et al., 1398). Research in the world also shows that about 60% of women in the world are breadwinners and 37.5% of households in the world are headed by women (Boldaji et al., 2011). The statistics of female-headed households depend in part on statistics on social harms, such as divorce rates, social crime rates, the number of prisoners, addiction and family breakdown. The increase in these injuries at the community level leads to an increase in the number of these women. In general, it can be said that the category of women heads of households is a focal point that is directly and indirectly affected by other injuries and can be the basis and reinforcer of other injuries (Daghaghleh & Kalhor, 2010 as cited in Roshani et al., 1399).
Ethical Considerations
Contribution of authors
All authors have contributed to this article.
Funds
No direct financial support has been received for the publication of this article from any institution or organization.
Conflict of interest
This article dose not overlap with other published works by the authors.
Adherence to the principles of research ethics
In this article, all rights related to research ethics have been observed
Type of Study: orginal |
Received: 2021/02/7 | Accepted: 2022/01/11 | Published: 2022/05/13
Received: 2021/02/7 | Accepted: 2022/01/11 | Published: 2022/05/13
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