Volume 22, Issue 86 (11-2022)
refahj 2022, 22(86): 269-312 |
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Zolfaghari A, Ashayeri T. (2022). Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Awareness of Citizenship Rights among Iranians. refahj. 22(86), : 8 doi:10.32598/refahj.22.86.3211.1
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3837-en.html
URL: http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-3837-en.html
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Extended Abstract
Introduction
Citizenship rights referto a set of rules governing the relations of individuals in a society, such rights are part of the inherent and inalienable rights of human beings and are inalienable and indivisible as well, which belong to the citizens of a country regardless of their color, ethnicity, race, religion, and class. Marshall considers citizenship as a kind of social status granted to individuals, according to which individuals enjoy equal status, rights, and duties, regardless of cultural differences. According to Marshall, the threefold citizenship rights have undergone various historical-evolutionary stages in the West over the past 250 years. Awareness of citizenship rights makes citizen participation in national and urban affairs more stable, continuous and responsible, and more productive. Awareness of citizens' rights and obligations also provides the ground for performing mutual duties and will cause citizens to be accountable and responsible towards managers and officials.
Methods:
The present study is a quantitative and meta-analysis research study. While conducting a meta-analysis, composition, coherence and uniformity of studies conducted in a specific field should be taken inti account. It is a statistical technique used for systematic review that combines the results of a large number of studies to quantify the average effect of a particular technique. The statistical population of the present study (materials) comprises all the research studies conducted in Iran in the years 1379 to 1397 on the subject of citizenship rights which have been registered in the scientific databases of SID University Jihad, Noormags specialized journals database, Magiran National Database. From among more than 32 research studies on "citizenship rights", 20 research documents were selected in accordance with quantitative meta-analysis criteria (correlation coefficient, sample size, significance level, research quality, validity and validity of the research, and survey). After initial classification, typology and description of the studies, finally the research variables, which have been repeated more than twice in the studies, were entered into CMA2 to determine the effect size and its correlation coefficient.
Findings:
The results of the correlation coefficient combination of variables are indicaed in Table 5 ..
Table 5: Correlation Coefficient and Size of the Combined Effect of Research Variables
The findings show that:
Total political variable effect: 0.396 = Effect size
- The variable of political participation at the level of P-0.000 = has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has apeared to explain 0.517% of the changes of the dependent variable;
- The variable of political orientation at the level of P-Value = 0.000 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.427% of the changes in the dependent variable;
- The political awareness variable at the level of P-0.004 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.317% of the changes in the dependent variable;
Total legal variable effect: 0.533 = Effect size
- The variable of social awareness of rights at the level of P-0.000 = has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has appeared to explain 0.506% of the changes in the dependent variable.
- The variable of citizenship rights education at the level of P-0.004 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.480% of the changes of the dependent variable with total effect of capital variable: 0.651 = Effect size;
- The economic capital variable at the level of P-Value = 0.005 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.369% of the changes in the dependent variable;
- The variable of cultural capital at the level of P-Value = 0.001 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.716% of the changes in the dependent variable;
- The social capital variable at the level of P-0.000 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.274% of the changes in the dependent variable with total effect of sociability variable: 0.422 = Effect size;
- The socialization variable at the level of P-Value = 0.001 had a significant effect on citizenship rights and was able to explain 0.459% of the changes in the dependent variable;
- Media consumption variable at the level of P-Value = 0.000 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.418% of the changes in the dependent variable with total effect of background variable: 0.378 = Effect size;
- The variable of education at the level of P-Value = 0.000 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.494% of the changes in the dependent variable; and
- The age variable at the level of P-Value = 0.001 had a significant effect on citizenship rights and was able to explain 0.392% of the changes in the dependent variable.
Discussion
Citizenship rights are among the emerging concepts that are closely related to other concepts such as citizen awareness. Just as the conscious and active citizens of any community who are themselves important assets of any community, are as much aware of their rights as they are of other social issues, it also shows the importance that governments for their members providing them with a self-governing community; thus, despite the novelty of such a concept, which some even consider as a loan that is the product of the modern world and the process of modernity, its role and importance should not be ignored. In order to study such a new phenomenon, researchers have tried to examine each of the angles of the subject. From the total results of researchers in the field of civil rights, we can mention the summary of the inferential results of the present study: political variables include (political participation, political orientation, and political awareness), legal (social awareness of law and citizenship education), capital (economic, cultural capital, and social), sociability (sociability and media consumption), and context (education and age).
Keywords: Political trust, Citizenship rights, Social capital and Meta-analysis
Ethical Considerations: It should be noted that in this article, all ethical considerations, including referencing sources, respecting the rights of beneficiaries, scientific integrity, etc., have been observed.
Introduction
Citizenship rights referto a set of rules governing the relations of individuals in a society, such rights are part of the inherent and inalienable rights of human beings and are inalienable and indivisible as well, which belong to the citizens of a country regardless of their color, ethnicity, race, religion, and class. Marshall considers citizenship as a kind of social status granted to individuals, according to which individuals enjoy equal status, rights, and duties, regardless of cultural differences. According to Marshall, the threefold citizenship rights have undergone various historical-evolutionary stages in the West over the past 250 years. Awareness of citizenship rights makes citizen participation in national and urban affairs more stable, continuous and responsible, and more productive. Awareness of citizens' rights and obligations also provides the ground for performing mutual duties and will cause citizens to be accountable and responsible towards managers and officials.
Methods:
The present study is a quantitative and meta-analysis research study. While conducting a meta-analysis, composition, coherence and uniformity of studies conducted in a specific field should be taken inti account. It is a statistical technique used for systematic review that combines the results of a large number of studies to quantify the average effect of a particular technique. The statistical population of the present study (materials) comprises all the research studies conducted in Iran in the years 1379 to 1397 on the subject of citizenship rights which have been registered in the scientific databases of SID University Jihad, Noormags specialized journals database, Magiran National Database. From among more than 32 research studies on "citizenship rights", 20 research documents were selected in accordance with quantitative meta-analysis criteria (correlation coefficient, sample size, significance level, research quality, validity and validity of the research, and survey). After initial classification, typology and description of the studies, finally the research variables, which have been repeated more than twice in the studies, were entered into CMA2 to determine the effect size and its correlation coefficient.
Findings:
The results of the correlation coefficient combination of variables are indicaed in Table 5 ..
Table 5: Correlation Coefficient and Size of the Combined Effect of Research Variables
| Variable | Type of effect | Statistical report | Assumption of heterogeneity | |||||||
| Effect size | lower | upper | Z | sig | Q | sig | ||||
| Political variable | Political participation | random | 0.517 | 0.158 | 0.533 | 3,135 | 0.000 | 98,785 | 0.000 | |
| Political orientation | random | 0.427 | 0.293 | 0.544 | 5,791 | 0.000 | 143,003 | 0.000 | ||
| Political Awareness | rand | 0.317 | 0.345 | 0.656 | 1,579 | 0.004 | 122,082 | 0.000 | ||
| Whole political variable | random | 0.396 | 0.303- | 0.737 | 4,815 | 0.000 | 237,538 | 0.000 | ||
| Legal variable | Social awareness of rights | random | 0.506 | 0.327 | 0.652 | 3,977 | 0.000 | 91,256 | 0.000 | |
| Citizenship rights education | random | 0.480 | 0.117 | 0.742 | 2,589 | 0.004 | 248,018 | 0.000 | ||
| Whole legal variable | random | 0.533 | 0.269 | 0.641 | 6,859 | 0.000 | 65,987 | 0.001 | ||
| Fund | Economic capital | random | 0.369 | 0.101 | 0.541 | 2.84 | 0.005 | 318,236 | 0.000 | |
| Cultural capital | random | 0.716 | 0.325 | 0.434 | 10,355 | 0.001 | 17,699 | 0.001 | ||
| Social capital | social trust | random | 0.379 | 0.147 | 0.523 | 3,308 | 0.001 | 9,430 | 0.006 | |
| social participation | random | 0.672 | 0.274 | 0.826 | 3,194 | 0.001 | 531,088 | 0.000 | ||
| Social status | random | 0.380 | 0.074 | 0.774 | 2,254 | 0.024 | 36,430 | 0.000 | ||
| Total social capital | random | 0.274 | 0.291 | 0.536 | 6,418 | 0.000 | 22,634 | 0.001 | ||
| Total capital effect | random | 0.651 | 0.366 | 0.752 | 15,647 | 0.003 | 92,552 | 0.000 | ||
| Sociability | Society of | Fixed | 0.459 | 0.034- | 0.341 | 3,316 | 0.001 | 0.622 | 0.430 | |
| Use of media | random | 00.418 | 0.232 | 0.482 | 5,159 | 0.000 | 8,617 | 0.003 | ||
| Whole sociability | random | 0.422 | 0.141 | 0.635 | 0.9.364 | 0.000 | 19,674 | 0.007 | ||
| Variable time cost | Level of Education | random | 0.494 | 0.266 | 0.771 | 2,664 | 0.000 | 195,314 | 0.000 | |
| Age | random | 0.392 | 0.116 | 0.450 | 3,207 | 0.001 | 5,971 | 0.014 | ||
| Varying the total cost | Fixed | 0.378 | 0.096 | 0.714 | 6,356 | 0.000 | 1,254 | 0.327 | ||
The findings show that:
Total political variable effect: 0.396 = Effect size
- The variable of political participation at the level of P-0.000 = has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has apeared to explain 0.517% of the changes of the dependent variable;
- The variable of political orientation at the level of P-Value = 0.000 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.427% of the changes in the dependent variable;
- The political awareness variable at the level of P-0.004 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.317% of the changes in the dependent variable;
Total legal variable effect: 0.533 = Effect size
- The variable of social awareness of rights at the level of P-0.000 = has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has appeared to explain 0.506% of the changes in the dependent variable.
- The variable of citizenship rights education at the level of P-0.004 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.480% of the changes of the dependent variable with total effect of capital variable: 0.651 = Effect size;
- The economic capital variable at the level of P-Value = 0.005 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.369% of the changes in the dependent variable;
- The variable of cultural capital at the level of P-Value = 0.001 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.716% of the changes in the dependent variable;
- The social capital variable at the level of P-0.000 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.274% of the changes in the dependent variable with total effect of sociability variable: 0.422 = Effect size;
- The socialization variable at the level of P-Value = 0.001 had a significant effect on citizenship rights and was able to explain 0.459% of the changes in the dependent variable;
- Media consumption variable at the level of P-Value = 0.000 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.418% of the changes in the dependent variable with total effect of background variable: 0.378 = Effect size;
- The variable of education at the level of P-Value = 0.000 has a significant effect on citizenship rights and has been able to explain 0.494% of the changes in the dependent variable; and
- The age variable at the level of P-Value = 0.001 had a significant effect on citizenship rights and was able to explain 0.392% of the changes in the dependent variable.
Discussion
Citizenship rights are among the emerging concepts that are closely related to other concepts such as citizen awareness. Just as the conscious and active citizens of any community who are themselves important assets of any community, are as much aware of their rights as they are of other social issues, it also shows the importance that governments for their members providing them with a self-governing community; thus, despite the novelty of such a concept, which some even consider as a loan that is the product of the modern world and the process of modernity, its role and importance should not be ignored. In order to study such a new phenomenon, researchers have tried to examine each of the angles of the subject. From the total results of researchers in the field of civil rights, we can mention the summary of the inferential results of the present study: political variables include (political participation, political orientation, and political awareness), legal (social awareness of law and citizenship education), capital (economic, cultural capital, and social), sociability (sociability and media consumption), and context (education and age).
Keywords: Political trust, Citizenship rights, Social capital and Meta-analysis
Ethical Considerations: It should be noted that in this article, all ethical considerations, including referencing sources, respecting the rights of beneficiaries, scientific integrity, etc., have been observed.
Type of Study: orginal |
Received: 2021/01/24 | Accepted: 2022/04/24 | Published: 2022/11/13
Received: 2021/01/24 | Accepted: 2022/04/24 | Published: 2022/11/13
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