2024-03-28T16:22:19+03:30 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=59&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 Temperament and Character in Resiliency of Tehran Male Adolescents in Substance Use Abbas Pour Shahbaz apourshahbaz@yahoo.com Alirza Jazayery Objectives: The aim of the present study is to identify the risk factors and protective factors in temperament and character dimensions for male adolescents’ involvement in substance use, based on genetic (biological) and environmental (psychological) structure of personality proposed in Cloninger’s seven-factor model of temperament and character. Method: The present study covers a sample of 725 male adolescents ranging in age from 16 to 18 years old. The members of this group who served as the sample of this ex post facto study were all residents of Tebran & third grade high school students. Half of the sample group was selected through judgmental sampling while the method for the selection of the other half was systematic random sampling. The students fell into three groups according to results from the “substance use questionnaire”. The three groups were as follows: 1) the group of adolescents who had never experienced substance use. 2) Adolescents who had experienced substance use, but they had not used any sort of substances during the past year. 3) Adolescents who were substance user. The data were collected by “temperament & character inventory short form (TCI)” and “substance use questionnaire.” Findings: The collected data from the present study were analyzed using two models one-way analysis of variance & Scheffé’s comparison test. The results indicated that according to the Cloninger’s personality theory, the users group (group 3) had significantly higher scores in novelty seeking component of temperament (& its subcomponents, which are exploratory excitability, disorderliness, impulsiveness, and extravagance). The group who had never used substances (group 1) was significantly ahead of others in seif-directedness component of character (& its subcomponents, which are purposefulness, congruent second nature, responsibility, and resourcefulness). Furthermore, adolescents who had never used substances (group 1) & those who formerly were accustomed to use it (group 2), had significantly higher scores in cooperativeness component of character (& its subcomponents which are social acceptance, helpfulness, compassion, pure hearted, and empathy). Results: Based on the results, personality risk & protective factors for substance use and resiliency in male adolescents was identified. Generally, psychological characteristics, which secure adolescents in group 1 from substance use, are low level of novelty seeking, moderate level in harm avoidance, and high levels of cooperativeness & spiritual tendencies. On the other hand, high levels of novelty seeking, excitability and impulsiveness, along with low levels of self-directedness, responsibility, and resourcefulness are among the temperamental & character risk factors for initiating the use of substances. Factors, which keep the adolescents from continuing substance use despite having the experience, and lead them to resiliency, are high levels of reward dependency, attachment & shyness with strangers among temperament components along with high level of cooperativeness & its subcomponents (social acceptance, compassion, helpfulness & pure heartedness) among character components and also having spiritual tendencies. Concerning the ages at which people usually initiate involving in substance use, it seems that the most suitable time to identify those who are at risk of smoking and having alcohol is during the primary school. Moreover, the most appropriate time to identify those children who are at risk of using heavy drugs (such as opium & heroin) seems to be during the elementary school. Adolescents Character Resiliency Substance Use Temperament 2008 7 01 11 32 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2025-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 The Addicted Experiences on Medicalization of Addiction Mehdi Keyvanara keyvanara@mng.mvi.ac.ir Masood Kianpour Mahmood Zhianpour Objectives: According to an approach, addiction is a medical condition and considers people as patient, on the other hand, it is believed that addiction is a deviant behavior and an addicted is a deviator. The term of medicalization refers to a process by which non-medical problems and issues are defined as sickness or medical condition. This concept is often associated with the control of deviance and the ways in which deviant behaviors that were once defined as immoral, sinful or criminal have been given medical meaning. The main purpose of this paper is to find out the essence experiences of addicted people related to addiction as a deviant or as a medical condition. Method: The qualitative phenomenological approach is applied. By this method, the researchers seek to understand the concept of addiction as it is being experienced by the individuals. A purposeful sample of 9 male participants able to attend and respond to questions and admitted to the TC, (a health center, affiliated to the institution of Behzisty, for well-being addicted people in Isfahan - the second largest city in Iran) were recruited. Data was gathered by a means of an in-depth semi-structured interview with each partner separately. ‘The interview guide included demographic questions such as sex, age, marital status, geographical location, and medical history. The duration of interviews was between 30 to 70 minutes, all interviews were tape- recorded and were transcribed by researchers. The analysis of the data was used the phenomenological analytic method by Colaizzi including: a) all the subjects description were read to acquire a feeling for them b) it is attempted to return each protocol and extract significant statements related to term of addiction c) the meaning of each significant statement were spelled out by researchers, totally they were 124 codes (descriptive codes) d) in this stage, the formulated meanings were organized into clusters of themes, they were 35 codes (interpretative codes) e) the codes were integrated into an exhaustive description of the addiction, they were 7 codes (explanatory codes) f) the exhaustive description were formulated as a statement of identification of addiction, and g) the data by returning to some interviewees and asking about the finding were evaluated. However, the findings of the study are as follow. Findings: Three codes were identified as descriptive, interpretative and explanatory. Totally 124 descriptive codes were extracted, they were reduced to the 35 sub- descriptive codes, then 7 interpretative codes and finally 3 explanatory codes, They included ‘self-experience as patient’, ‘institutionally medicalized addiction’ and ‘socially criminalized addiction’. The explanatory code of self-experience as patient is extracted of two interpretative codes including ‘medical contexts of addiction and the medical symptoms of addiction’. The explanatory code of ‘institutionally medicalized addiction’ also is extracted of two interpretative codes including ‘medicalization of addiction care’ and ‘problems of addiction medical cares’. The explanatory code of ‘socially criminalized addiction’ also is extracted of two interpretative codes including ‘social functions of criminal approaches to addiction’ and ‘legally functions of criminal approaches to addiction’. Results: This study portrays that the community still looks at addiction as a criminal action, in this approach addiction is not quite medicalized and then it is not included any social benefit for addicted people. The addicted people may take benefits of medicalization of institutions which their main duties is related to addiction and additional behaviors. This study also shows that although in academic discussions and medical institutions addiction is considered as a medical problem and the addicted people believed themselves as patients the community tends to see addiction as a deviant behavior. In the other hand, there are divergences between community and institutions in definition of medicalization of addiction. Addiction Criminalization Medicalization Qualitative Methods 2008 7 01 33 50 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2026-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 The Comparative Efficiency Rate of Individual-Based Training Courses of the Preventive Drug Abuse Hamed Bermas hamed.barmas@kian.ac.ir Objectives: objective of the present project is planning, assessing, and enforcing the preventive training course of drug abuse for the secondary school students. The views concerned with preventive training course of drug abuse and respective resources were studied, according to the common and different views as well as previous courses and the views of the experts, the mentioned course was developed, five psychologists approved the project. Method: The students’ questionnaire on the drug was then studied based on the concerned fundamental theories and the previous tools for the fundamental project. Validity of the test content was approved based on the assessors’ agreement, (28 psychology professors, as well as experienced adductors’ clinical consultants) approved the validity of the test. The mentioned test stability was calculated based on the fundamental 30 secondary students’ pilot study. They were studying at the third year of secondary school. We used Connacht's Alpha. The obtained index was 0.733 And Two groups of the third year secondary school students were selected in the witness group pretest posttest semi tested project. Then the groups were pre-tested based on (researcher prepared questionnaire) therefore, the test group training course was held for four sessions and then the posttest was hold. Finally the data were analyzed by t test, and covariance analysis. Findings: There has been a meaningful difference in the view of the witness test group concerning the negative view of the drug abuse, thus, the mentioned course could more extensively be used for the primary prevention of the drug abuse. Research Findings show that in 98 percents of the cases, the students who passed the recommended individualized courses on the harm effects of drug addiction have changed their attitudes modified their behaviors. In other words, the students in the experimental group who have passed the courses on preventing the drug addiction have a more negative attitude comparing to those who have not attended such courses. Results: because of that the period of individual based, after study other periods and consider powers and debilities, designing and confirm by psychology, professors and because of its effective on half-experimental has done, is recorded, it suggest period for high school students in first prevention level. Drug Abuse Prevention Training Courses 2008 7 01 51 70 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2027-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 The Relationship between Economical Poverty and Narcotics and Alcoholic Drinks Abuse among Tehran and Shemiranat Youths Jalil Azizi ja_azizi@yahoo.cam Objectives: The concept of economical power, due to its nature and context is almost subject to all problems and subjects in human, economical and social areas including social deviance and its different aspects and forms. Regarding these effects, the aim of the present article is to investigate and identify the relationship between poverty and narcotics and alcoholic drinks abuse. There for, after clarifying the concept of economical poverty and social delinquency, the related theories were gathered and the theoretical framework of the research was specified. According to this framework causal model of the research including independent variety, mid variety and the dependent variety were specified. it should be noticed that all the variants in the causal model were extracted from the theories. Method: This study was performed through filed method and survey technique among 400 ordinary youths (18-25 year old) in Tehran and Shemiranat. The factor analysis method was used for the narcotics abuse item having one factor. The instruments used were questionnaire and an interview which was performed by the questioners. The data obtained, was analyzed descriptively and deductively through the spss software package. After gathering data, 24 of the imperfect questioners were omitted and the final analysis was performed according to a group of 376 samples. In order to choose areas of Tehran representing high, low and middle classes, we divided it according to 22 local areas of Tehran’s municipality into three main areas: North (representing the high class of the society), middle (representing middle classes of society) and south(representing low class of the society). then from each area 2 parts and from each part,1 quarter were chosen including: from the north, area 1 (including tajrish and niavaran quarters),and 3 (including kavoosie and hasan abad quarters), from the middle, area 6 (including amir abad and bahjat abad quarters) and area 12 (including molavi and khani abad), from the south area 16 (including nazi abad and mohamad abad quarters) and area 19 (including khani abade no and abdol abad).after choosing each quarter, 3 spread of the variants. The unit of analysis in this research was one person and the analysis level was fragment. Findings: The finding revealed that although there is no direct link between the two variables of economical poverty and narcotics and alcohilic drink abuse,but the economical poverty can resultin alcohilic drink and narcotics abuse, by influencing middle variables. Results achieved through symbiosis tests revealed that the variants of social injustice (./110), abusement culture (./603), feeling of despair (./128), hopelessness (./151) and social dissatisfaction have some positive and meaningful link to narcotics abuse. So that by an increase of these variants among youthes, this sort of harmful behavior was also increased among them. The results revealed that there exists a meaningful negative link between the social capital and drugs and narcotics abuse. (./281). Therefore if people have higher social capital, they would be less likely to have tendency toward these abuses. The result of analyzing the relationship between gender and alcoholic drinks and narcotics abuse revealed that there exists an average difference between males and females. in other words, comparing the grades of these two groups revealed that men have more tendency toward alcoholic drinks and narcotics abuse than women. Results: The results revealed that the variables of cultural of delinquency, social capital and hopelesness have the most effect on alcohlic drinks and narcotics abuse. Cultural of delinquency and hopelesness result in the incries in alcohilic drink and narcotics abuse and the incrise social capital results in the decrise of theire abuse among youthes. Culture of Delinquency Delinquency Poverty-Drug 2008 7 01 71 90 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2086-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 The Approaches of Some Iran Newspapers toward Addiction: Crime or Illness? Mahdie Hamzehee mhamzeh7@gmail.com Objectives: The article tries to analyze the direction to addiction of four high circulating newspapers (Keyhan, Ettelaat, Etemad and Etemad melli) in iran and determines what is the share of any independent variables in this direction. To this end at first step legal social, medical approaches in all over the world, also our domestic law and social approaches on this subject has considered. The Gatekeeping approach is the theoretical base of this study. This approach Pointe out that media make people believe in special approche even without thinking to factors which are inside and outside of the media organizations such as legal system, political and social values, personal bellies lead gatekeepers to choose special news, stories and has effect on press approche Content analysis of newspapers in many countries such as Canada and Brazil is an obvious evidence to prove this approach. Indeed, the relationship between the nature of news media coverage of addiction and the media directions to addiction has received sufficient research attention in such countries. This studies have being with print media and suggested the relationship between social, political and judicial directions and media directions to addiction. Method: To analyze the direction of above – mentioned newspapers, the aricle has based on content analysis method. Then, we studied all news and contents that were published in four newspapers (Keyhan, Ettelaat, Etemad and Etemad melli) on related to addiction during 1385/4/5- 1386/4/5 .Then We subjected all available contents about addiction from these dates to content analysis. All information has punched on the SPSS program. The study has used inferential statistics and the test for analysis the findings was Chi squared (x2). Also we assessed the inter-rater reliability for 2 variables. The achieved score is more than % 70 and shows we can trust the findings Findings: According to findings there is a meaningful difference between dependent variable and independent one. a) Most of criminal directions toward addiction have been related to own newspapers’s stories. b) Most of criminal directions have been related to stories made by the judicial and military fields’s newsmakers and most of illness directions have seen in health fields. c) Most of criminal directions toward narcotic drugs and most of illness directions have related to psychothropic substances. d) Most of criminal directions have related to illicit narcotic drugs and most of illness directions have related to legitimated drugs. Results: On the contrary of the drug 'wars' in our country, addiction has remained as a serious threat to the nation's health. Then we should change our ways to eradicate this problem and the media, specially the newspapers, are one key mechanism to achieve this aim. But the findings of this study shows that the newspapers produce and disseminate the dirrecton which has continued in our social,political and judicial environments during the lengthy years. That is to say, the considered newspapers disseminate the approche which Therefore, this finding is according to gatekeeping approche. But criminal directions toward can’t solve the problem and may aggrevate it. It is imperative that the newspapers communicate with experts and researchers of medical, health and Non-Governmental Organizations to amend this dirrections. Aaddiction Crime Illness Gatekeeping Media Press 2008 7 01 91 112 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2087-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 A Study on Social Problems of Wives of Drug Dependent Men in a Catchment Area of Tehran Zahra Malayri Khah Langaroodi soosanmalayeri@yahoo.com Afarin Rahimi movaghar Masoud Yonesian Shahnaz Delbarpoor Ahmadi Mohamad Shariati Objectives: In 1380, there were 3,761,000 drug users. They included 1,158,000 addict and 1,390,000 drug abusers. In Iran, around 65 percent of drug dependent men are married. In spite of the important role of their wives in the family, the problems of this group have not been investigated yet. This study aimed to determine their problems. According to the opinion of these women social problems are the most important. Therefore this paper discusses their social problems in order to assess necessary social supports. Method: A qualitative study was designed based on focus group discussions (FGD) and in depth interviews. A total of 20 addict men from two age categories, 33 addict men’s wives from three age and education categories and several therapists selected from a referral drug abuse treatment center in the eastern district of Tehran. Information was collected based on open questions. These categories included social aspects, social and interpersonal relationships, satisfaction with the relationships and family security. Findings: Four categories of social problems were found in the 6 FGD and 15 in depth interviews. These categories included social aspects, social and interpersonal relationships, satisfaction with the relationships and family security. Social rejecting and labeling were expressed by most of the interviewed persons. Most of them declared that their relationships had been limited. In most meetings women took part without their husbands and their relationships were restricted to persons who were accepted by the addict husband, such as other addicts and drug dealers. On the other hands, the family security has been threatened by the addict husband, neighbors and other people in society. At the same time, most husbands were not aware about such problems. Results: Wives of addict men are one of the disadvantaged groups of the society. Destigmatization of the families, involving the families in self help groups and providing needed social services are recommended. Addiction Social Problems Substance abuse Violence Women 2008 7 01 113 128 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2088-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 The Effects of Life Skills Training on Mediating Factors of Drug Use among at Risk Adolescents Shahram Mohamad khani S_Moahammadkhani@yahoo.com Alireza Jazayeri Parvane Mohamad Khani Hasan Rafiei Mahmood Ghazi tabatabaei Objectives: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use are important problems that typically begin during adolescence.Fortunately substantial progress has been made in developing effective drug abuse prevention programs for youth over the past two decades. The Life Skills Training (LST) program is an effective primary prevention program for adolescent drug abuse that addresses the risk and protective factors associated with drug use initiation and teach skills related to social resistance and enhancing social and personal competence. The Life Skills Training (LST) program is a multi-component competence enhancement based preventive intervention that emphasizes drug resistance skills training within the context of a generic personal and social skills training mode The LST program is one of the most thoroughly evaluated evidence-based drug abuse prevention programs for middle school students. The LST prevention program consists of three major components. The first component is designed to teach students a set of general self-management skills, and the second focuses on general social skills. These two components are designed to enhance personal and social competence and to decrease motivations to use drugs and vulnerability to social influences that support drug use. The third component of LST focuses on information and skills that are specific to drug use in order to promote drug resistance skills, antidrug attitudes, and antidrug normsThe purpose of this study was to assess the effect of life skills training intervention on risk and protective factors of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among high-risk youths of Tehran city. Method: A sample of 75 high risk students of inner city school, 35 students as an experimental group and 35 matched students as a control group was participated in the study. While the students from the control group received no specific intervention, the students in the experimental group participated in the life skills training intervention which consisted of 10 sessions. The programme was conducted by trained school counselor. All of the subjects completed Anonymous risk and protective factors and current drug use (4-week prevalence) questionnaires pre and post intervention. Findings: Results of study indicated that The Life Skills Training (LST) program had a positive and significant effect on individual risk and protective factors such as self-concept, self-management, social and assertiveness skills, and attitude about drug abuse. Students who received the life skills training program reported less intention and desire for Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and increased anti-drug Attitudes relative to control group who did not receive the intervention. However, the program did not have a statistically significant effect on social risk factors and current use (4-week prevalence) of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug. Results: Many prevention studies focus on the efficacy of a particular prevention approach in terms of its impact on alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. However, there is an increasing recognition of the need to examine program effects on hypothesized mediating variables and the extent to which changes in these variables lead to changes in drug use behavior. A focus on mediating mechanisms in evaluation studies is important because it can identify the “active ingredients” in existing prevention programs, inform ways to refine existing programs, and provide new information to guide future prevention program development. Findings of this utudy show that the life skills training program as a universal prevention program that originally designed for general adolescent populations is effective in a sample of high risk adolescents. These findings provide evidence for the mediating mechanisms through which competence skills protect young people from drug abuse and potential mechanisms through which the Life Skills Training program is effective, and also provided a strong support for the social influence and competence enhancement model of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use prevention. Life Skills Training program is competence enhancement approaches to prevention, that applicable to multiple substances and multiple problem behaviors because it is designed to teach life skills and enhance general competence, teaching the kind of skills for coping with life that will have a relatively broad application. Drug Abuse Effectiveness Life Skills Training Risk and Protective Factors 2008 7 01 129 154 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2089-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 Social Factors Influencing Youth Addiction in Ilam Province Ali Feizollahi alifaizolahi@yahoo.com Objectives: Among the hazardous factors for society, addiction has duly attracted many scholars’ attention. The province of Ilam is seriously exposed to such a danger. Among other reasons, factors such as young structure of the population, special geographical location , its neighborhood to addiction triangle (Kermanshah, Lorestan and Khuzestan provinces), and close relationship between Ilam and these provinces has negatively affected the scope of addiction in Ilam, so that from 70s to date the number of addicts has noticeably increased. The growing number of drug addicts with their age being on the decrease has rendered addiction a social problem in the province. Thus, the present article studies related social factors of addiction among the youth from a sociological point of view seeking to point out influential conditions present in the social environment of an addict. Method: In this study we selected survey research method. The required data has been collected and analyzed has been obtained through questionnaires filled in by a sample group of 132, 15-35 year-old addicts staying at Ilam’s Rehabilitation Center. Face validity were used for validity and Coronbach alpha was used for research reliability. The statistical methods of Pearson correlation and qui-squire were use to test the hypothesis. Findings: The results indicate that 48% of the respondents belong to 20-30 age groups. 74.5% were born in urban areas and 88.7% lived in the cities. 52.5% of the respondents were unemployed and 86.1% of the employed respondents were working in low statues private sectors. 29% had family traces for addiction and 46.2% of the respondents had more than three addicted friends with the average of 3.5 years of addiction period. Analysis of the collected data is indicative of the considerable impact of familiar effects, such as disorders in the family, propensity to addiction in the family, discrepancies in parental control, and lack of emotional attachment to the family on addiction among the youth. Among other factors observable in the study of the sample group, mention should be made of the destructive effect of uncontrolled opportunities, negative peer pressure, and unsuitable educational environment. Results: In addition to endangering people’s health, addiction weakens their social norms and values. It also leads to cultural, social and personal collapse. a) The present confirmatory study notes a high degree of relationship between addiction and family background, its cultural orientation, family loyalty, and family discrimination and disorganization. When family does not shelter their members securely, they will join other social groups in which they feel secure. Such groups like deviant peers or friends often put them to danger. b) Due to the tendency for assimilation and imitation from friends, juvenile negative behavior may often result in familiarity with access to the drug materials. Meanwhile the study confirms the effect of juvenile subculture on the addiction among friends. The present research also supports an indirect relationship between addiction and religious commitment. That is, the probability for addiction grows when people are less committed to religious rituals. This is because such people have lower degree of self control for sin. The existing relationship between socializing institutions e.g. family, group of peers, educational environment, work place, uncontrolled social opportunities, etc. calls for the utilization of educational programs to strengthen the institution of the family, help with family management, and supervise the youth regarding uncontrolled social opportunities and contacts. Addiction Ilam Province Social Deviation Social-Cultural Structure 2008 7 01 155 172 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2090-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 Interrelations of Drug Use Status Ali Nadaf ali.nadaf@gmail.com Ahmad Makouei Mahtab Seyedin Objectives: Using statistical analysis on drug addiction with a view of finding solutions for its prevention and treatment is an acceptable and common method. Studying the problem in Iran with regards to existing evidences indicating high rate of drug abuse in the country and high number of drug users as well as the geographical location of Iran in neighborhood of two major illicit drug producers in the world (Afghanistan, Pakistan) is considered as an important element. Lack of appropriate statistics on the current status of drug abuse in Iran led us to focus on this important issue. Methods: Therefore, a questionnaire was prepared and relevant data were collected. Since it is not possible to have access to random sample representing the whole drug abuser population of the country, two groups of accessible drug abusers are identified: first, drug abusers referring to drop-in center in southern Tehran, and second, street drug abusers of Tehran. Between 2002 and 2005, the data related to 3933 drug abusers were collected and studied. Base on these data, in addition to demographic specification of each drug abuser (gender, age, married status, education, job …) and comparing these specifications in different years under study, appropriate models were befitted and valuable reports on drug abuse trend and behavioral models of drug abusers were developed. SPSS, SPLUS and R software were used to analyze these data. Findings: The age of drug abusers were in the range of 15 to 84 years, 96% of which were male. The result of this study shows that in recent years, crack abused has unfortunately increased sharply. Injection was reported as the most common way for using drugs (60%), 70% of that shared needles which in turn increases high risk behaviors. It was found that the average age for starting drug abuse by the addicts who had the history of drug abuse among the family members is about 2 years lower than those without such a history. Analysis of data also shows that injecting drug users started their drug abuse practice earlier than other groups. At the same time, it was indicated that crack abusers are the youngest group of addicts while opium users are the oldest ones. The analysis also proves that odds ratio of injecting among those who started the drug abuse at an older age is 95% of the people who became drug abuser at a younger age. Moreover, the Logarithm of odds ratio of opium and crack users to inject drugs is less than heroin users. Results: Through result of this study suitable behavioral analysis can be developed which will be the beginning of a harm reduction program. Behavioral Analysis Drug Abuse (Addiction) Harm Reduction Program Modeling Odds Ratio Statistical Analysis 2008 7 01 173 196 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2091-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 Proposed Model for Drug Addiction Prevention Training in Schools Based on the Viewpoints of Students and Teachers throughout the Country Akhtar Jamali akhtar-jamali2000@yahoo.com Majid Ghorbani Objectives: in the literature of drug abuse prevention, adolescents and youngsters are especially emphasized (because of their vulnerability to perceived fascinates of consuming addictive substances and delaying the first time of its consumption). In present article, since there is no designed prevention model in domestic schools, it is attempted to answer these questions: how is the relevance of necessary items in “drug addiction prevention training in Iranian schools” model (training strategies and issues) in terms of viewpoints of students, teachers and trainers of preliminary, secondary and high schools at 29 pedagogy provinces regarding each item? Which model can be provided for drug addiction prevention training in schools based on the answers of students and trainers to a questionnaire in the field of drug abuse prevention model in the country? Method: this is a survey-descriptive research with sectional method. The execution method is that after comparative studies regarding drug abuse prevention plans in Iranian schools and other countries, a questionnaire was designed (by target groups) that used relevant contents and items. Afterwards, to execute the pilot as pre-test and achieving the reliability and validity, a sample of designed questionnaire was distributed, collected and analyzed by Excel software in the format of 184 main tables along with relevant graphs by applying descriptive statistics and central tendency indicators. The sample was selected by using simple random sampling method and with the coordination of debriefed pedagogy colleagues. The student sample was totally 29,000 which consists of 1000 in each province namely 340, 330 and 330 students in high, secondary and preliminary schools respectively. The teachers sample was totally 2900 which consists of 100 in each province namely 34, 33 and 33 teachers in high, secondary and preliminary schools respectively. Findings: following results were achieved in 6 studied statistical communities: A. The poii results among students in preliminary, secondary and high schools: among 330 preliminary students, 91% of whom chose “I like to know” and remained 9% chose “I do not like to know” options regarding the relevance of training issues in drug abuse prevention. Among 330 secondary students, 49% chose “completely appropriate” and 33% chose “appropriate” options. It shows that 82% of them agree to implement preventive plans in schools. 17% chose “not appropriate” option. Among 340 high school students, 54% chose “completely appropriate” and 32% chose “appropriate” options. It shows that 68% of them agree to execute preventive plans in schools and 14% opposes it. B. The poii results among students in preliminary, secondary and high schools: among 33 preliminary school teachers, 66% chose “completely appropriate” and 28% chose “appropriate” options. It shows that totally 94% agreed the drug abuse prevention plans in schools by considering “maximum relevance degree”. Finally, 6% believed that training items included in the questionnaire are not appropriate. Among 33 secondary school teachers, 57% chose “completely appropriate” and 32% chose “appropriate” options. It shows that totally 89% agreed the drug abuse prevention plans in schools by considering “maximum appropriate degree”. Remained 11% chose “not appropriate” option and announced their opposition. Among 34 high school teachers, 58% chose “completely appropriate” and 29% chose “appropriate” options. It shows that totally 87% agreed the drug abuse prevention plans in schools by considering “maximum relevance degree”. Finally, 13% believed that training items are not appropriate. Results: the results indicate the fact that the relevance degree of necessary drug addiction prevention training model in schools in terms of students and teachers is 87%. In this line, drug addiction training model in schools was designed by considering the high percentage of training relevance items with the needs of students and teachers as well as cultural, social and economical conditions. The model includes philosophy, aim, theoretical basics, experiences, conceptual framework, infrastructures and assessment methods. Drug Addiction Drug Addiction Prevention Factors Educational Curriculum Prevention Method Students Teachers 2008 7 01 197 226 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2092-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 Effects of Social Capital on Organizational Culture Tahere Feizy tahereh-feizy@yahoo.com Masoud Geramipour Objectives: The importance of organizational culture in developing coherence, internal and external Coordination of each organization from one side, Considering PNU’s Conditions due to geographic extension, dispersion of members and managers in all over the Country, nontraditional education system, and being different educational mechanisms with other universities, Younger managers, associated professors and employees than other universities, necessity of using Communicative and informational technology for meeting educational processes on the other side, led to attention to shared features that can create identity and attachment in employees, and undertaking them to PNU’s aimes and performance which are necessary. The sense of attachment, commitment and responsibility of the members of organization depend on their identity which is defined by the organization, and the sense of identity develops when the organization members know the organization, become familiar with it's story, ideas, strategies, and aimes. Besides,when they know the exact destination of the organization, how to participate in organizational designing in order to achieve the goals, and see their goals as the same with the aimes of the organization and managers. To achieve this point some considerations are needed: continued intercommunication between members and managers, programmed participation of members in the organization strategic decision- making, informing the members about new changes and decisions in time and regularly, and developing fundamental values and beliefs in order to achieve organizational aimes, and training the members , and so on. So the effects of different varianles of social capital–as independent variables- on organizational culture-as dependent variable- in this university are studied. Method: Thes research is fundamental in terms of application, and on the basis of data gathering is descriptional correlational, and is Kind of Corre lation or Covariance matrix analysis. With application of LISREL in order to in order to univestigate the validity of construct, comlormity factor Anulusis was used with the application of LISREL. This softwane in also applied for unalyting data at path analysis method. reseach population in this inverstigation is the faculty members of PNU in Iran. The number of PNU faculty members was 57a peopleat. usiuy Cocharan formule for estimatiny sample size, 146 persons were selected by the Stratified sampling method in which the share of each province relatively determined. The time scope of this Study was 2005 and the research data were gathered by questionnaire. Findings: Statiscal results show that one of the social capital variables named organization norms have direct and powerful relation with organizational culture at PNU. Four other variables including Identity, Legal factors, Political development factors, and communication network size indirecty affect organizational culture through organization norms variables. Considering that none of the social capital variables excluding for organization norms affect organizational culture in PNU, it can be concluded that the role of organization norms is very important for creating relationship among faculty members. Results: The outstanding result of this research is the role of legal norms as one of the social capital variables in creating relationship between social capital and organizational Culture, and between organizational culture and other PNU’s social capital variables. Legal norms are very important in PNU because they are the only topics that academic member become familiar with and are charged to carry out them at the beginniny of entrance. So, PNU’s particular norms have special importance because academic members have more connection with one another in the framework of these norms. Organizational Culture Organizational Social Capital Payame noor University Social Capital 2008 7 01 227 256 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2093-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 Factors Causing Girls to Runaway From Home Ali Ardalan aardalan@gmail.com Fariba Seyedan Mostafa Zolfaghari Objectives: Among adolescents and young adults, the phenomenon of running away from the home environment has been associated with a variety of factors such as poverty, violence, discrimination, and limited access to social resources. The long-term consequences are by no means confined to the individual and are likely to have an impact on the society as well. This research uses a causative-experimental model to determine the social and psychologic factors that cause adolescent and young girls to runaway from homes. Methods: Our research included both qualitative studies (6 in-depth interviews and 4 focus group discussions) and a population-based case-control methodology with 281 cases and 250 controls. The cases were drawn from State penitentiaries and rehabilitation centers run by the Welfare Organization. Controls were chosen from the general population of girls in ten different provinces of Iran. Findings: Factors leading girls to run away from home include inequities in access to resources, absence of parents or competent caregivers, divorce, lack of a social support network, abuse and violence, rejection and neglect by the family, inadequate adaptation skills, social dependence, feelings of powerlessness, and lack of established norms of behavior. These social factors have major interactions with such psychologic variables as locus of control and emotion-seeking behavior. Results: Lack of cohesion at community level is associated with a wide range of communicative, normative and distributive abnormalities. Most runaway girls are victims of inequitable access to social and economic resources, a feature closely related to distributive inequalities within the community at large. Poor communication - indicating an absence of supportive relationships- is related to defects in the structure and function of the social milieu and often creates feelings of isolation, hopelessness, and social alienation. Within the person's immediate surroundings, defective social and emotional bonds often lead to a lack of cohesion at the family level. This situation is results from the absence of normative rules or, in other words, the absence of effective social regulation and leads to a state of intense confusion and stress. It must be remembered that poor emotional ties within the family can lead to poor adaptation and coping in the social environment. Hence, defective social integration and reluctance to conform to the social norms are two aspects of the same process their end result is a lack of social commitment. Theoretically, it might be stated that the various problems facing runaway girls are the result of a broad range of social defects at distributive, communicative, and normative levels and these defects in turn reflect poor cohesion within the larger community. Adolescents Girls Iran Runaway 2008 7 01 257 278 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2094-en.pdf
59-2095 2024-03-28 10.1002
Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 Disequilibrium in Urban Hierarchy (Case Study: Sistan and Balouchestan Province) Hamidreza Rakhshani nasab Rakhshaninasab-h@yahoo.com Hasan Beik mohamadi Objectives: Urban population of Sistan and Balouchestan province in two recent decades for many reasons such as rural and urban immigrations and to change many villages to city points has made many intensive revolutions. At the result disintegration dispersion urban regions and disequilibrium in urban hierarchy organization and appearance of primate city is carried out. Due to the capital- oriented policies adopted by the Iranian officials, Zahedan the capital of Sistan and Balouchestan province has maintained its superior position over other cities of the Province froml 956 to 2006. Therefore, no balancing programs have been determined to develop the appropriate urban spaces so for. As a result Zahedans population is now more than the total population of the vest of the Province with the pioneer specialized, economic and political facilities present therein. Method: Research method is combined of documental, descriptive and analytic methods. In this research, the required information and the population data were collected from the valid resources via library methods. Then using the Zipf rank- size model and patterns, the statistical model of levels difference limit and the Lorenz curve, the quality and quantity analyses were carried out. In order to process the data the Mat lab and Excel software’s were used. The goal of this paper is investigation and analysis of urban hierarchy organization, reasons of population fast growth over many of cities, arise problems from disordering in urban hierarchy organization and offering ways for reforms over urban organization of province. Findings: Study findings show that urban hierarchy organization of Sistan and Balouchestan province in 1986- 2006 decades is very disequilibrium and is from primate city type. The finding showed that between 1986- 2006, Zahedan had been the dominate city in the Province. Bang the capital and enjoying welfare services and commodities such as health, military and higher education centers along with the immigrations from neighboring villages and cities have made the population of Zahedan larger. Thus the development of the “Primate City” phenomenon. According to the Lorenz curve model, the differentiation coefficient of the cities of Sistan and Balouchestan province unbalance during 1986- 2006 which indicates the phenomenon of unbalance in the urban hierarchy in the province. In addition, it changed from semi-equilibrium to critical point in 2006. Results: According to for going patterns and models, inequality and imbalance can be obviously observed. The of the urban hierarchy system shows that the vast gap existing between the provinces primate city and the other cities which has caused the imbalance and the cities going faraway from the balance line. The increasing number of small cities during 1986-1996 has contributed to the imbalance in the hierarchical system of the province cities. Small cities apart from being much scattered and geographically remote, lack the appropriate local commodities and potentials. If not noticed sufficiently, small cities will lead the urban hierarchical system of the province to a crisis. In general paying attention to small and middle sized cities and the increase of capital, commodities and services to them, will decrease the local imbalance and will lead the urban hierarchy of the province to balance in a large time. Disequilibrium Primate City Spatial Equilibrium Urban Hierarchy Urban Organization 2008 7 01 279 300 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2095-en.pdf
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Social Welfare Quarterly refahj 1735-8191 10.29252/refahj 2008 7 29 Demographic Characteristics of Iranian Entrepreneurs Mohamad taghi Ansari mtxansari@yahoo.com Abbas Salmani zade Objectives: Because of the role and the importance of entrepreneurship in economic development, it is necessary to conduct surveys in this field. Entrepreneurship as a multi-disciplinary subject has been considered from different perspectives. Social scientists, who have studied entrepreneurship, emphasize three distinct sets of variables: the institutional environment, demographic variables, and personal and psychological characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to study demographic variables of Iranian Entrepreneurs such as age, gender, marriage status, formal educations, parents’ educations and jobs, the family’s economic and social status, role modeling and so on in order to understand which one of them can be considered as an Entrepreneur characteristic. In direction of the paper objective, the following questions are brought up 1. What are demographic characteristics of an entrepreneur? 2. Is there a significant relation between the demographic characteristics of an entrepreneur and his entrepreneurial behavior? Method: This research is a descriptive survey and a questionnaire is used for data gathering. Statistical population consists of identified and introduced entrepreneurs by formal and related centers and organizations that have established (created) their own independent business. Totally a list of 310 entrepreneurs was obtained and the questionnaire was sent to them and 119 questionnaires have been returned. In this research, independent variable is demographic characteristics and dependent variable is entrepreneurial behavior. The latter, has three dimensions concluding: enterprise creation, organizational growth, and organizational innovation. The dependent variable according to determined indices has a score from 1 to 26. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze statistical data with SPSS software. Findings: 28% of entrepreneurs were between 40 and 50 years old. 86.4% of them were male and 62.4% were neither the first nor the last child of the family. 92.4% of entrepreneurs were marriages. 83.2% have academic education and 54% have been graduated from engineering disciplines. 57.3% of entrepreneurs’ fathers and 91.5% their mothers are under high school education. Self- employment parents, more than six years managerial experience and average or welfare economic levels, were the highest frequencies among the entrepreneurs. 46.2% of them have begun their first entrepreneurial activity between 25 and 35 years old. 59% of entrepreneurs had a role model, which 69.6% of the role models were among the relatives. In relation to the enterprises activity field, the highest frequency was industry sector with 74.8%. Results: The results show that male gender, academic education, engineering disciplines, self employee parents, suitable age for beginning entrepreneurship (under 35 years old), having average or welfare economic levels, and having a role model (specially among the relatives) are the characteristics that can be assigned to entrepreneurs. Also, according to results, components including gender, the beginning age for entrepreneurship, director managerial experience, and the enterprise size (at 99% level), and age (at 95% level) have significant relation with entrepreneurial behavior. Some what, this research results are the same as the famous researchers’ studies such as Fry (1993), Erickson (2003), Hisrich and Peters (2002). Demographic Characteristics Entrepreneurial Behavior Entrepreneurship Role Model 2008 7 01 301 0 http://refahj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2096-en.pdf